Atorvastatin inhibits proliferation and apoptosis, but induces senescence in hepatic myofibroblasts and thereby attenuates hepatic fibrosis in rats

Friedman, 2001, The hepatic stellate cell, 307 Friedman, 2008, Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis, Gastroenterology, 134, 1655, 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.003 Ramadori, 2002, Mesenchymal cells in the liver--one cell type or two?, Liver, 22, 283, 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.01726.x Pinzani, 2002, PDGF and signal transduction in hepatic stellate cells, Front Biosci, 7, d1720, 10.2741/pinzani Bataller, 2005, Liver fibrosis, J Clin Invest, 115, 209, 10.1172/JCI24282 Gressner, 2006, Modern pathogenetic concepts of liver fibrosis suggest stellate cells and TGF-beta as major players and therapeutic targets, J Cell Mol Med, 10, 76, 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00292.x Parola, 2008, Myofibroblast—like cells and liver fibrogenesis: emerging concepts in a rapidly moving scenario, Mol Aspects Med, 29, 58, 10.1016/j.mam.2007.09.002 Trebicka, 2010, Atorvastatin attenuates hepatic fibrosis in rats after bile duct ligation via decreased turnover of hepatic stellate cells, J Hepatol, 53, 702, 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.025 Trebicka, 2007, Atorvastatin lowers portal pressure in cirrhotic rats by inhibition of RhoA/Rho-kinase and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Hepatology, 46, 242, 10.1002/hep.21673 Abraldes, 2009, Simvastatin lowers portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: a randomized controlled trial, Gastroenterology, 136, 1651, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.043 Laufs, 1998, Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by Rho GTPase, J Biol Chem, 273, 24266, 10.1074/jbc.273.37.24266 Laufs, 1999, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors attenuate vascular smooth muscle proliferation by preventing rho GTPase-induced down-regulation of p27(Kip1), J Biol Chem, 274, 21926, 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21926 Rikitake, 2005, Rho GTPases statins, and nitric oxide, Circ Res, 97, 1232, 10.1161/01.RES.0000196564.18314.23 Schuppan, 1998, Hepatic fibrosis - therapeutic strategies, Digestion, 59, 385, 10.1159/000007494 Krizhanovsky, 2008, Senescence of activated stellate cells limits liver fibrosis, Cell, 134, 657, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.049 Green, 2008, Senescence: not just for tumor suppression, Cell, 134, 562, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.003 Schrader, 2009, Senescence of activated stellate cells: not just early retirement, Hepatology, 49, 1045, 10.1002/hep.22832 Lee, 2006, Lovastatin-induced RhoA modulation and its effect on senescence in prostate cancer cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 339, 748, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.075 Debacq-Chainiaux, 2009, Protocols to detect senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-betagal) activity, a biomarker of senescent cells in culture and in vivo, Nat Protoc, 4, 1798, 10.1038/nprot.2009.191 Dimri, 1995, A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 9363, 10.1073/pnas.92.20.9363 Lee, 2006, Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase is lysosomal beta-galactosidase, Aging Cell, 5, 187, 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00199.x Chen, 2005, Crucial role of p53-dependent cellular senescence in suppression of Pten-deficient tumorigenesis, Nature, 436, 725, 10.1038/nature03918 Kuilman, 2010, The essence of senescence, Genes Dev, 24, 2463, 10.1101/gad.1971610 Zhang, 2011, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling induces the aging of mesenchymal stem cells through the DNA damage response and the p53/p21 pathway, PLoS One, 6, e21397, 10.1371/journal.pone.0021397 Mason, 2004, The growth arrest-specific gene CCN5 is deficient in human leiomyomas and inhibits the proliferation and motility of cultured human uterine smooth muscle cells, Mol Hum Reprod, 10, 181, 10.1093/molehr/gah028 Sabbah M, Prunier C, Ferrand N et al. CCN5, a novel transcriptional repressor of the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol; 31:1459–1469. Weiskirchen, 2005, Isolation and culture of hepatic stellate cells, Methods Mol Med, 117, 99 Watson, 1987, A pragmatic approach to the analysis of DNA histograms with a definable G1 peak, Cytometry, 8, 1, 10.1002/cyto.990080101 Huss, 2011, Development and evaluation of an open source Delphi-based software for morphometric quantification of liver fibrosis, Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair, 3, 10, 10.1186/1755-1536-3-10 Trebicka, 2011, Role of cannabinoid receptors in alcoholic hepatic injury: steatosis and fibrogenesis are increased in CB(2) receptor-deficient mice and decreased in CB(1) receptor knockouts, Liver Int, 31, 862, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02496.x Aprigliano, 2008, Atorvastatin induces apoptosis by a caspase-9-dependent pathway: an in vitro study on activated rat hepatic stellate cells, Liver Int, 28, 546, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01682.x Kato, 1999, Role of Rho small GTP binding protein in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton in hepatic stellate cells, J Hepatol, 31, 91, 10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80168-8 Rombouts, 2003, Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on proliferation and protein synthesis by rat hepatic stellate cells, J Hepatol, 38, 564, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00051-5 Sohail, 2009, Adenosine induces loss of actin stress fibers and inhibits contraction in hepatic stellate cells via Rho inhibition, Hepatology, 49, 185, 10.1002/hep.22589