Postoperative delirium following gastrointestinal surgery in elderly patients

American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature (1987) Statistics diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd dn, revised (DMS-IIIR). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) Mini Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189–198

Gamino LA, Hunter RB, Bradon RA (1985) Psychiatric complications associated with geriatric surgery. Geriatr Clin North Am 1:417–422

Golinger RC (1986) Delirium in surgical patients seen at psychiatric consultation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 163:104–106

Francis J, Martin D, Kapoor WN (1990) A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elederly. JAMA 263:1097–1101

Dement WC, Miles LE, Carskadon MA (1982) “White paper” on sleep and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 30:25–50

Katoh S, Shimogaki H, Onodera A, Ueda H, Oikawa K, Ikeda K, Kosaka A, Imai Y, Hasegawa K (1991) Development of the revised version of Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS-R) (in Japanese). Rounen Seishin Igaku Zasshi (Jpn J Geriat Psychiat) 2:1339–1347

WilliampRusso P, Urquhart BL, Sharrock NE, Charlson ME (1992) Post-operative delirium: Predicators and prognosis in elderly orthopedic patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 40:759–767

Jahnigen DW (1990) Delirium in the elderly hospitalized patients. Hosp Pract (off ed) 25(8):135–139, 142, 152, 154, 157

Riis J, Lomholt B, Haxholt O, Kehlet H, Valentin N, Danielsen U, Dyrberg V (1983) Immediate and long-term mental recovery from general versus epidural anesthesia in elderly patients. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 27:44–49

Lipowski ZJ (1989) Delirium in the elderly patient. New Engl J Med 320:578–581

Simpson CJ, Kellett JM (1987) The relationship between preoperative anxiety and post-operative delirium. J Psychosom Res 31:491–497

Lipowski ZJ (1980) Delirium: acute brain failure in man. Thomas. Springfield

Lipowski ZJ (1983) Transient cognitive disorders (delirium, acute confusional states) in the eederly. Am J Psychiatr 140:1426–1436

Hirasawa H (1990) Clinical study of postoperative delirium in the elderly (in Japanese). Seishin Shinkei Gaku Zasshi (Psychiat Neurol Jpn) 92:391–410

Millar HR (1981) Psychiatric morbidity in elderly surgical patients. Br J Psychiatr 138:17–20

Seymour DG, Vaz FGA (1989) Postoperative study of elderly general surgical patients: II. Post-operative complications. Age Ageing 18:316–326

Tavani CA (1990) Perioperative psychiatric considerations in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 6:543–556