Role of excess volume in the pathophysiology of hypertension in chronic kidney disease

The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group, 2002, Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), JAMA, 288, 2981, 10.1001/jama.288.23.2981 Jones, 1998, Serum creatinine levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Am J Kidney Dis, 32, 992, 10.1016/S0272-6386(98)70074-5 Buckalew, 1996, Prevalence of hypertension in 1,795 subjects with chronic renal disease: The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study baseline cohort. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group, Am J Kidney Dis, 28, 811, 10.1016/S0272-6386(96)90380-7 Vasavada, 2003, A double-blind randomized crossover trial of two loop diuretics in chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 64, 632, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00124.x Agarwal, 2002, High-performance liquid chromatography for iothalamate in biological samples, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 785, 345, 10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00960-1 Molloy, 1992, Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by the simple QRS voltage-duration product, J Am Coll Cardiol, 20, 1180, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90376-X Koomans, 1985, Sodium balance in renal failure. A comparison of patients with normal subjects under extremes of sodium intake, Hypertens, 7, 714, 10.1161/01.HYP.7.5.714 Koomans, 1983, A study on the distribution of body fluids after rapid saline expansion in normal subjects and in patients with renal insufficiency: Preferential intravascular deposition in renal failure, Clin Sci Lond, 64, 153, 10.1042/cs0640153 Zillikens, 1992, Whole-body and segmental bioelectrical-impedance analysis in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: Changes after treatment of ascites, Am J Clin Nutr, 55, 621, 10.1093/ajcn/55.3.621 Corsini, 1975, Control of renin secretion in the dog. Effects of furosemide on the vascular and macula densa receptors, Circ Res, 37, 464, 10.1161/01.RES.37.4.464 Fernandez, 1980, Peripheral renin activity before and after furosemide in normotensives and hypertensives, Clin Invest Med, 3, 253 Pratt, 1982, Role of angiotensin II in potassium-mediated stimulation of aldosterone secretion in the dog, J Clin Invest, 70, 667, 10.1172/JCI110661 Totsune, 1996, Urinary immunoreactive brain natriuretic peptide in patients with renal disease, Regul Pept, 63, 141, 10.1016/0167-0115(96)00035-3 Vogt-Schaden, 1989, Degradation of porcine brain natriuretic peptide (pBNP-26) by endoprotease-24.11 from kidney cortical membranes, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 161, 1177, 10.1016/0006-291X(89)91366-1 Wilcox, 1991, Differential regional expression of three natriuretic peptide receptor genes within primate tissues, Mol Cell Biol, 11, 3454, 10.1128/MCB.11.7.3454 Almirez, 1999, Clearance of human brain natriuretic peptide in rabbits; effect of the kidney, the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor, and peptidase activity, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 289, 976 Koomans, 1982, Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in chronic renal failure. Evidence for renal control of body fluid distribution in man, Hypertension, 4, 190, 10.1161/01.HYP.4.2.190 Conway, 1960, Hemodynamic and hypotensive effects of long-term therapy with chlorothiazide, Circulation, 21, 21, 10.1161/01.CIR.21.1.21 Vardan, 1983, Systolic hypertension in the elderly. Hemodynamic response to long-term thiazide diuretic therapy and its side effects, JAMA, 250, 2807, 10.1001/jama.1983.03340200041026 Wilson, 1959, Relationship between plasma and extracellular fluid volume depletion and the antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide, Circulation, 20, 1028, 10.1161/01.CIR.20.6.1028 Leth, 1970, Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes in patients with essential hypertension during long-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide, Circulation, 42, 479, 10.1161/01.CIR.42.3.479 van Brummelen, 1980, Body fluid volumes and the response of renin and aldosterone to short- and long-term thiazide therapy of essential hypertension, Acta Med Scand, 207, 259, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1980.tb09718.x Ram, 1981, Moderate sodium restriction and various diuretics in the treatment of hypertension, Arch Intern Med, 141, 1015, 10.1001/archinte.1981.00340080055014 Winer, 1961, The antihypertensive mechanisms of salt depletion induced by hydrochlorothiazide, Circulation, 24, 788, 10.1161/01.CIR.24.4.788 Aleksandrow, 1959, Influence of chlorothiazide upon arterial responsiveness to norepinephrine in hypertensive subjects, N Engl J Med, 261, 1052, 10.1056/NEJM195911192612103 van Brummelen, 1980, Body fluid volumes and the response of renin and aldosterone to short- and long-term thiazide therapy of essential hypertension, Acta Med Scand, 207, 259, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1980.tb09718.x Muniz, 2001, Effects of loop diuretics on angiotensin II-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell growth, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 16, 14, 10.1093/ndt/16.suppl_1.14 Luft, 1993, Torasemide in the treatment of arterial hypertension, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 22, S32, 10.1097/00005344-199322003-00005 Spannbrucker, 1988, Comparative study on the antihypertensive efficacy of torasemide and indapamide in patients with essential hypertension, Arzneimittelforschung, 38, 190 Leonetti, 1978, Relationship between the hypotensive and renin-stimulating actions of diuretic therapy in hypertensive patients, Clin Sci Mol Med, 307s Vaughan, 1978, The renin response to diuretic therapy: A limitation of antihypertensive potential, Circ Res, 42, 376, 10.1161/01.RES.42.3.376 Graudal, 1998, Effects of sodium restriction on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride: A meta-analysis, JAMA, 279, 1383, 10.1001/jama.279.17.1383