Mercury transformation processes in nature: Critical knowledge gaps and perspectives for moving forward

Journal of Environmental Sciences - Tập 119 - Trang 152-165 - 2022
Zhiyuan Gao1, Wang Zheng2, Yanbin Li3, Yurong Liu4, Mengjie Wu5, Shouying Li5, Ping Li6, Guangliang Liu7, Xuewu Fu6, Shuxiao Wang8, Feiyue Wang1, Yong Cai7, Xinbin Feng6, Baohua Gu9, Huan Zhong5,10, Yongguang Yin11
1Centre for Earth Observation Science, And Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
2Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300192, China
3Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
4State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
5School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China
6State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
7Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
8School of Environment, and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
9Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
10Environmental and Life Sciences Program (EnLS), Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
11Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China

Tài liệu tham khảo

2018, Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2018 Amezcua, 2022, A global review of cadmium, mercury, and selenium in sharks: Geographical patterns, baseline levels and human health implications, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 260 Amos, 2012, Gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric Hg(II) and its effect on global mercury deposition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 591, 10.5194/acp-12-591-2012 Ariya, 2015, Mercury physicochemical and biogeochemical transformation in the atmosphere and at atmospheric interfaces: A review and future directions, Chem. Rev., 115, 3760, 10.1021/cr500667e Azaroff, 2020, Marine mercury-methylating microbial communities from coastal to Capbreton Canyon sediments (North Atlantic Ocean), Environ. Pollut., 262, 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114333 Barkay, 2022, Demethylation─The Other Side of the Mercury Methylation Coin: A Critical Review, ACS Environmental Au, 2, 77, 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00022 Bash, 2014, Regional air quality model application of the aqueous-phase photo reduction of atmospheric oxidized mercury by dicarboxylic acids, Atmosphere (Basel), 5, 1 Battke, 2005, Ascorbate promotes emission of mercury vapour from plants, Plant, Cell Environ., 28, 1487, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01385.x Beckers, 2019, Impact of biochar on mobilization, methylation, and ethylation of mercury under dynamic redox conditions in a contaminated floodplain soil, Environ. Int., 127, 276, 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.040 Bergquist, 2007, Mass-dependent and -independent fractionation of Hg isotopes by photoreduction in aquatic systems, Science, 318, 417, 10.1126/science.1148050 Bergquist, 2009, The odds and evens of mercury isotopes: Applications of mass-dependent and mass-independent isotope fractionation, Elements, 5, 353, 10.2113/gselements.5.6.353 Blum, 2013, Methylmercury production below the mixed layer in the North Pacific Ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6, 879, 10.1038/ngeo1918 Blum, 2014, Mercury isotopes in earth and environmental sciences, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 42, 249, 10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124107 Bowman, 2020, Distribution of mercury-cycling genes in the Arctic and equatorial Pacific Oceans and their relationship to mercury speciation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 65, S310, 10.1002/lno.11310 Branco, 2011, Inhibition of the thioredoxin system in the brain and liver of zebra-seabreams exposed to waterborne methylmercury, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 251, 95, 10.1016/j.taap.2010.12.005 Cai, 2016, Mass-independent fractionation of even mercury isotopes, Sci. Bull., 61, 116, 10.1007/s11434-015-0968-8 Cai, 2022, Extraction and quantification of nanoparticulate mercury in natural soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 1763, 10.1021/acs.est.1c07039 Cai, 1997, Ethylmercury in the soils and sediments of the Florida Everglades, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 302, 10.1021/es960587a Calvert, 2005, Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3355, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.055 Capo, 2020, Deltaproteobacteria and Spirochaetes-like bacteria are abundant putative mercury methylators in oxygen-deficient water and marine particles in the Baltic Sea, Front. Microbiol., 11, 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574080 Capo, 2022, Oxygen-deficient water zones in the Baltic Sea promote uncharacterized Hg methylating microorganisms in underlying sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 67, 135, 10.1002/lno.11981 Chakraborty, 2015, Reduction of mercury(II) by humic substances—Influence of pH, salinity of aquatic system, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 10529, 10.1007/s11356-015-4258-4 Chandan, 2015, Mercury isotope fractionation during aqueous photoreduction of monomethylmercury in the presence of dissolved organic matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 259, 10.1021/es5034553 Chen, 2012, Unusual fractionation of both odd and even mercury isotopes in precipitation from Peterborough, ON, Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 90, 33, 10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.005 Chen, 2017, Analytical methods, formation, and dissolution of cinnabar and its impact on environmental cycle of mercury, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 2415, 10.1080/10643389.2018.1429764 Christensen, 2016, Development and validation of broad-range qualitative and clade-specific quantitative molecular probes for assessing mercury methylation in the environment, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 82, 10.1128/AEM.01271-16 Cossa, 2009, The origin of methylmercury in open Mediterranean waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 837, 10.4319/lo.2009.54.3.0837 Dang, 2019, Methylmercury and selenium interactions: Mechanisms and implications for soil remediation, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1737, 10.1080/10643389.2019.1583051 Demers, 2013, Mercury isotopes in a forested ecosystem: Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global mercury cycle, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 27, 222, 10.1002/gbc.20021 Deng, 2019, Impact of particle chemical composition and water content on the photolytic reduction of particle-bound mercury, Atmos. Environ., 200, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.054 Dibble, 2020, Modeling the OH-initiated oxidation of mercury in the global atmosphere without violating physical laws, J. Phys. Chem. A, 124, 444, 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10121 Dibble, 2012, Thermodynamics of reactions of ClHg and BrHg radicals with atmospherically abundant free radicals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12 Driscoll, 2013, Mercury as a global pollutant: sources, pathways, and effects, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 4967, 10.1021/es305071v Durnford, 2011, The behavior of mercury in the cryosphere: a review of what we know from observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D06305, 10.1029/2010JD014809 Feinberg, 2015, The kinetics of aqueous mercury(II) reduction by sulfite over an array of environmental conditions, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 226 Francés-Monerris, 2020, Photodissociation mechanisms of major mercury(ii) species in the atmospheric chemical cycle of mercury, Angew. Chemie - Int., 59 Fritsche, 2008, Evidence of microbial control of Hg0 emissions from uncontaminated terrestrial soils, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 171, 200, 10.1002/jpln.200625211 Fu, 2021, Mass-independent fractionation of even and odd mercury isotopes during atmospheric mercury redox reactions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 10164, 10.1021/acs.est.1c02568 Fu, 2016, Depletion of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury by plant uptake at Mt. Changbai, Northeast China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16 Gao, 2008, Speciation of mercury in coal using HPLC-CV-AFS system: Comparison of different extraction methods, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 23, 1397, 10.1039/b801613e Gencarelli, 2017, Sensitivity model study of regional mercury dispersion in the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17 Gilmour, 2013, Mercury methylation by novel microorganisms from new environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11810, 10.1021/es403075t Goodsite, 2004, A theoretical study of the oxidation of Hg0 to HgBr2 in the Troposphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1772, 10.1021/es034680s Göthberg, 2006, Formation of methyl mercury in an aquatic macrophyte, Chemosphere, 65, 2096, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.045 Graham, 2017, Sulfurization of dissolved organic matter increases Hg-Sulfide-DOM bioavailability to a Hg-Methylating bacterium, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 9080, 10.1021/acs.est.7b02781 Grasby, 2019, Mercury as a proxy for volcanic emissions in the geologic record, Earth-Sci. Rev., 196, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102880 Gratz, 2015, Oxidation of mercury by bromine in the subtropical Pacific free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42 Gratz, 2010, Isotopic composition and fractionation of mercury in Great Lakes precipitation and ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7764, 10.1021/es100383w Gustin, 2021, Development of an understanding of reactive mercury in ambient air: A review, Atmosphere (Basel), 12, 73, 10.3390/atmos12010073 Hamelin, 2011, Methanogens: principal methylators of mercury in lake periphyton, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 7693, 10.1021/es2010072 Hollweg, 2009, Methylmercury production in sediments of Chesapeake Bay and the mid-Atlantic continental margin, Mar. Chem., 114, 86, 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.04.004 Holmes, 2010, Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12037, 10.5194/acp-10-12037-2010 Holmes, 2006, Global lifetime of elemental mercury against oxidation by atomic bromine in the free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 1, 10.1029/2006GL027176 Horowitz, 2017, A new mechanism for atmospheric mercury redox chemistry: Implications for the global mercury budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6353, 10.5194/acp-17-6353-2017 Huang, 2019, Diel variation in mercury stable isotope ratios records photoreduction of PM2.5-bound mercury, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 315, 10.5194/acp-19-315-2019 Huang, 2021, Mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes during photoreduction of soot particle bound Hg(II), Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 13783, 10.1021/acs.est.1c02679 Huang, 2019, Bio-oxidation of elemental mercury into mercury sulfide and humic acid-bound mercury by sulfate reduction for Hg0 removal in flue gas, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 12923, 10.1021/acs.est.9b04029 Huang, 2019, Nitrification/denitrification shaped the mercury-oxidizing microbial community for simultaneous Hg0 and NO removal, Bioresour. Technol., 274, 18, 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.069 Hynes, 2009, Our current understanding of major chemical and physical processes affecting mercury dynamics in the atmosphere and at the air-water/terrestrial interfaces, 427 Jiao, 2017, First kinetic study of the atmospherically important reactions BrHg + NO2 and BrHg + HOO, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 19, 1826, 10.1039/C6CP06276H Jiskra, 2021, Mercury stable isotopes constrain atmospheric sources to the ocean, Nature, 597, 678, 10.1038/s41586-021-03859-8 Jiskra, 2018, A vegetation control on seasonal variations in global atmospheric mercury concentrations, Nat. Geosci., 11, 244, 10.1038/s41561-018-0078-8 Jones, 2019, Molecular evidence for novel mercury methylating microorganisms in sulfate-impacted lakes, ISME J, 13, 1659, 10.1038/s41396-019-0376-1 Jonsson, 2016, Dimethylmercury formation mediated by inorganic and organic reduced sulfur surfaces, Sci. Rep., 6, 27958, 10.1038/srep27958 Joshi, 2021, Deep-sea mercury resistant bacteria from the Central Indian Ocean: A potential candidate for mercury bioremediation, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 169, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112549 Kaschak, 2014, Biotic methylation of mercury by intestinal and sulfate-reducing bacteria and their potential role in mercury accumulation in the tissue of the soil-living Eisenia foetida, Soil Biol. Biochem., 69, 202, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.004 Khan, 2010, Chemical demethylation of methylmercury by selenoamino acids, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 23, 1202, 10.1021/tx100080s Khiri, 2020, BrHgO• + CO: Analogue of OH + CO and reduction path for Hg(II) in the atmosphere, ACS Earth Sp. Chem., 4 Kodamatani, 2018, Behavior of mercury from the fumarolic activity of Mt. Myoko, Japan: production of methylmercury and ethylmercury in forest soil, Environ. Earth Sci., 77, 478, 10.1007/s12665-018-7616-y Kritee, 2018, Photomicrobial visible light-induced magnetic mass independent fractionation of mercury in a marine microalga, ACS Earth Space Chem, 2, 432, 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.7b00056 Kwon, 2020, Mercury stable isotopes for monitoring the effectiveness of the minamata convention on mercury, Earth-Sci. Rev., 203, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103111 Lam, 2019, Computational study on the photolysis of BrHgONO and the Reactions of BrHgO ¢ with CH4, C2H6, NO, and NO2: Implications for formation of Hg(II) compounds in the atmosphere, J. Phys. Chem. A, 123, 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11216 Lavoie, 2020, Reduced sulphur sources favour HgII reduction during anoxygenic photosynthesis by Heliobacteria, Geobiology, 18, 70, 10.1111/gbi.12364 Lavoie, 2013, Biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food webs: a worldwide meta-analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 13385, 10.1021/es403103t Lehnherr, 2011, Methylation of inorganic mercury in polar marine waters, Nat. Geosci., 4, 298, 10.1038/ngeo1134 Li, 2020, Kinetics and metabolism of mercury in rats fed with mercury contaminated rice using mass balance and mercury isotope approach, Sci. Total Environ., 736, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139687 Li, 2018, Insights on chemistry of mercury species in clouds over northern China: Complexation and adsorption, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 5125, 10.1021/acs.est.7b06669 Lin, 2021, Mercury methylation by metabolically versatile and cosmopolitan marine bacteria, ISME J, 15, 1810, 10.1038/s41396-020-00889-4 Lindberg, 2001, Formation of reactive gaseous mercury in the Arctic: Evidence of oxidation of Hg0 to gas-phase Hg-II compounds after Arctic sunrise, Water, Air, Soil Pollut, 1, 295, 10.1023/A:1013171509022 Liu, 2022, The underappreciated role of natural organic matter bond Hg(II) and nanoparticulate HgS as substrates for methylation in paddy soils across a Hg concentration gradient, Environ. Pollut., 292, 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118321 Liu, 2021, Gaseous elemental mercury [Hg(0)] oxidation in poplar leaves through a two-step single-electron transfer process, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 8, 1098, 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00735 Liu, 2018, Unraveling microbial communities associated with methylmercury production in paddy soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 13110, 10.1021/acs.est.8b03052 Liu, 2016, Effects of cellular sorption on mercury bioavailability and methylmercury production by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 13335, 10.1021/acs.est.6b04041 Lohman, 2006, Modeling mercury in power plant plumes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3848, 10.1021/es051556v Loria, 2022, Widespread elevated concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury in Guanajuato, Mexico, centuries after historical silver refining by mercury amalgamation, Sci. Total Environ., 843, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157093 Lu, 2017, Methylmercury uptake and degradation by methanotrophs, Sci. Adv., 3, 10.1126/sciadv.1700041 Lu, 2016, Anaerobic mercury methylation and demethylation by Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 4366, 10.1021/acs.est.6b00401 Luo, 2017, Photochemical reactions between mercury (Hg) and dissolved organic matter decrease Hg bioavailability and methylation, Environ. Pollut., 220, 1359, 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.099 Ma, 2018, In vivo fractionation of mercury isotopes in tissues of a mammalian carnivore (Neovison vison), Sci. Total Environ., 627, 1228, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.296 Mahbub, 2017, Mercury remediation potential of a mercury resistant strain Sphingopyxis sp. SE2 isolated from contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci., 51, 128, 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.032 Manceau, 2021, Demethylation of methylmercury in bird, fish, and earthworm, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 1527, 10.1021/acs.est.0c04948 Mao, 2010, Occurrence of monoethylmercury in the Florida Everglades: Identification and verification, Environ. Pollut., 158, 3378, 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.031 Martín-Doimeadios, 2017, Is gastrointestinal microbiota relevant for endogenous mercury methylation in terrestrial animals?, Environ. Res., 152, 454, 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.018 Mason, 1995, The Role of Microorganisms in elemental mercury formation in natural-waters, Water Air Soil Pollut, 80, 775, 10.1007/BF01189729 Motta, 2020, Mercury isotope fractionation during the photochemical reduction of Hg(II) coordinated with organic ligands, J. Phys. Chem. A, 124, 2842, 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06308 Niu, 2021, Trends and sources of heavy metal pollution in global river and lake sediments from 1970 to 2018, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 257, 1 Obrist, 2017, Tundra uptake of atmospheric elemental mercury drives Arctic mercury pollution, Nature, 547, 201, 10.1038/nature22997 Obrist, 2018, A review of global environmental mercury processes in response to human and natural perturbations: Changes of emissions, climate, and land use, Ambio, 47, 116, 10.1007/s13280-017-1004-9 Obrist, 2021, Previously unaccounted atmospheric mercury deposition in a midlatitude deciduous forest, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 118, 10.1073/pnas.2105477118 Oremland, 1991, Methylmercury decomposition in sediments and bacterial cultures: Involvement of methanogens and sulfate reducers in oxidative demethylation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57, 130, 10.1128/aem.57.1.130-137.1991 Pak, 1998, Mercury methylation and demethylation in anoxic lake sediments and by strictly anaerobic bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 1013, 10.1128/AEM.64.3.1013-1017.1998 Parks, 2013, The genetic basis for bacterial mercury methylation, Science, 339, 1332, 10.1126/science.1230667 Podar, 2015, Global prevalence and distribution of genes and microorganisms involved in mercury methylation, Sci. Adv., 1, 10.1126/sciadv.1500675 Raofie, 2004, Product study of the gas-phase bro-initiated oxidation of Hg0:  Evidence for stable Hg1+ compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4319, 10.1021/es035339a Regnell, 2018, Microbial mercury methylation in aquatic environments: A critical review of published field and laboratory studies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 4, 10.1021/acs.est.8b02709 Renedo, 2021, Mercury isotopes of key tissues document mercury metabolic processes in seabirds, Chemosphere, 263, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127777 Rowland, 1977, Volatilization of methylmercuric chloride by hydrogen-sulfide, Nature, 265, 718, 10.1038/265718a0 Saiz-Lopez, 2019, Gas-phase photolysis of Hg(I) radical species: a new atmospheric mercury reduction process, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 141, 8698, 10.1021/jacs.9b02890 Saiz-Lopez, 2018, Photoreduction of gaseous oxidized mercury changes global atmospheric mercury speciation, transport and deposition, Nat. Commun., 1 Saiz-Lopez, 2020, Photochemistry of oxidized Hg(I) and Hg(II) species suggests missing mercury oxidation in the troposphere, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 117, 30949, 10.1073/pnas.1922486117 Schroeder, 1998, Atmospheric mercury—An overview, Atmospheric Environ., Atmospheric Transport, Chem. Deposition of Mercury, 32, 809 Selin, 2007, Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, 1, 10.1029/2006JD007450 Shah, 2021, Improved mechanistic model of the atmospheric redox chemistry of mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 14445, 10.1021/acs.est.1c03160 Shah, 2016, Origin of oxidized mercury in the summertime free troposphere over the southeastern US, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1511, 10.5194/acp-16-1511-2016 Sherman, 2010, Mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes in Arctic snow driven by sunlight, Nat. Geosci., 3, 173, 10.1038/ngeo758 Siciliano, 2003, Are methylmercury concentrations in the wetlands of Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada, dependent on geology?, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 2085, 10.2134/jeq2003.2085 Singh, 2021, Notch signaling pathway is activated by sulfate reducing bacteria, Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11, 10.3389/fcimb.2021.695299 Song, 2018, Thermodynamics of Hg(II) bonding to thiol groups in suwanee river natural organic matter resolved by competitive ligand exchange, Hg LIII-edge EXAFS and 1H NMR Spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 8292, 10.1021/acs.est.8b00919 Sonke, 2011, A global model of mass independent mercury stable isotope fractionation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 4577, 10.1016/j.gca.2011.05.027 Strickman, 2017, Accumulation and translocation of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in Oryza sativa: An enriched isotope tracer study, Sci. Total Environ., 574, 1415, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.068 Sun, 2019, Modelling the mercury stable isotope distribution of Earth surface reservoirs: Implications for global Hg cycling, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 246, 156, 10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.036 Sun, 2020, Methylmercury produced in upper oceans accumulates in deep Mariana Trench fauna, Nat. Commun., 11, 3389, 10.1038/s41467-020-17045-3 Sun, 2020, Influences of high-level atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury on methylmercury accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.), Environ. Pollut., 265, 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114890 Sunderland, 2009, Mercury sources, distribution, and bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean: Insights from data and models, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB2010, 10.1029/2008GB003425 Tang, 2020, Understanding mercury methylation in the changing environment: Recent advances in assessing microbial methylators and mercury bioavailability, Sci. Total Environ., 714, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136827 Templeton, 2000, Guidelines for terms related to chemical speciation and fractionation of elements. Definitions, structural aspects, and methodological approaches (IUPAC Recommendations 2000), Pure Appl. Chem., 72, 1453, 10.1351/pac200072081453 Tian, 2021, Microbial methylation potential of mercury sulfide particles dictated by surface structure, Nat. Geosci., 14, 409, 10.1038/s41561-021-00735-y Tong, 2014, Comparison of heterogeneous photolytic reduction of Hg(II) in the coal fly ashes and synthetic aerosols, Atmos. Res., 138, 324, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.015 Tsz-Ki Tsui, 2019, Controls of methylmercury bioaccumulation in forest floor food webs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 2434, 10.1021/acs.est.8b06053 Ullrich, 2001, Mercury in the aquatic environment: A review of factors affecting methylation, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 241, 10.1080/20016491089226 Vigneron, 2021, Transcriptomic evidence for versatile metabolic activities of mercury cycling microorganisms in brackish microbial mats. npj, Biofilms Microbiomes, 7, 83, 10.1038/s41522-021-00255-y Villar, 2020, Widespread microbial mercury methylation genes in the global ocean, Environ. Microbiol. Rep., 12, 277, 10.1111/1758-2229.12829 Wang, 2014, Enhanced production of oxidised mercury over the tropical Pacific Ocean: A key missing oxidation pathway, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1323, 10.5194/acp-14-1323-2014 Wang, 2018, Subsurface seawater methylmercury maximum explains biotic mercury concentrations in the, Canadian Arctic. Sci. Rep., 8, 14465 Wang, 2020, Determining seawater mercury methylation and demethylation rates by the seawater incubation approac ritique, Mar. Chem., 219, 10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103753 Wang, 2019, Direct detection of atmospheric atomic bromine leading to mercury and ozone depletion, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 116, 14479, 10.1073/pnas.1900613116 Wang, 2020, Global warming accelerates uptake of atmospheric mercury in regions experiencing glacier retreat, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 117, 2049, 10.1073/pnas.1906930117 Wang, 2017, In vivo mercury demethylation in a marine fish (Acanthopagrus schlegeli), Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 6441, 10.1021/acs.est.7b00923 Wang, 2021, Mercury cycling and isotopic fractionation in global forests, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 0, 1 Wang, 2015, Elemental mercury in natural waters: Occurrence and determination of particulate Hg(0), Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 9742, 10.1021/acs.est.5b01940 Weiss-Penzias, 2016, Total- and monomethyl-mercury and major ions in coastal California fog water: Results from two years of sampling on land and at sea, Elem. Sci. Anth., 4, 00101, 10.12952/journal.elementa.000101 Windmoller, 2015, The redox processes in Hg-contaminated soils from Descoberto (Minas Gerais, Brazil): implications for the mercury cycle, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 112, 201, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.009 Wu, 2020, First experimental kinetic study of the atmospherically important reaction of BrHg + NO2, Chem. Phys. Lett., 759 Xu, 2016, Demethylation of methylmercury in growing rice plants: An evidence of self-detoxification, Environ. Pollut., 210, 113, 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.013 Yang, 2019, Experimental rainwater divalent mercury speciation and photoreduction rates in the presence of halides and organic carbon, Sci. Total Environ., 697, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133821 Ye, 2016, Investigation of processes controlling summertime gaseous elemental mercury oxidation at midlatitudinal marine, coastal, and inland sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8461, 10.5194/acp-16-8461-2016 Yuan, 2019, Mercury methylation-related microbes and genes in the sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the South China Sea, Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 185, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109722 Zhang, 2022, Decreasing mercury levels in consumer fish over the three decades of increasing mercury emissions in China, Eco-Environ. Health, 1, 46, 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.04.002 Zhang, 2021, Impacts of climate change on methylmercury formation and bioaccumulation in the 21st century ocean, One Earth, 4, 279, 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.005 Zheng, 2021, Mercury stable isotopes reveal the sources and transformations of atmospheric Hg in the high Arctic, Appl. Geochem., 131, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.105002 Zheng, 2009, Mercury isotope fractionation during photoreduction in natural water is controlled by its Hg/DOC ratio, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 6704, 10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.016 Zheng, 2010, Isotope Fractionation of mercury during its photochemical reduction by low-molecular-weight organic compounds, J. Phys. Chem. A, 114, 4246, 10.1021/jp9111348 Zheng, 2016, Mercury isotope compositions across North American forests, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 30, 1475, 10.1002/2015GB005323 Zhu, 2021, Mercury isotope fractionation during the exchange of Hg(0) between the atmosphere and land surfaces: Implications for Hg(0) exchange processes and controls, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 1445, 10.1021/acs.est.1c05602