One-part alkali-activated materials: A review

Cement and Concrete Research - Tập 103 - Trang 21-34 - 2018
Tero Luukkonen1, Zahra Abdollahnejad1, Juho Yliniemi1, Paivo Kinnunen1,2, Mirja Illikainen1
1University of Oulu, Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland
2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom

Tài liệu tham khảo

Andrew, 2017, Global CO2 emissions from cement production, Earth Syst. Sci. Data. Discuss. Schneider, 2011, Sustainable cement production—present and future, Cem. Concr. Res., 41, 642, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.019 The Cement Sustainability Initiative, 2009 Damtoft, 2008, Sustainable development and climate change initiatives, Cem. Concr. Res., 38, 115, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.008 Flatt, 2012, Concrete: an eco material that needs to be improved, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 32, 2787, 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.11.012 Gartner, 2015, A review of alternative approaches to the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the manufacture of the binder phase in concrete, Cem. Concr. Res., 78, 126, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.012 Provis, 2014, Introduction and scope, 1 Provis, 2017, Alkali-activated materials, Cem. Concr. Res. Aiken, 2017, Resistance of geopolymer and Portland cement based systems to silage effluent attack, Cem. Concr. Res., 92, 56, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.11.015 Albitar, 2017, Durability evaluation of geopolymer and conventional concretes, Constr. Build. Mater., 136, 374, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.056 Bakharev, 2005, Resistance of geopolymer materials to acid attack, Cem. Concr. Res., 35, 658, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.005 Kong, 2010, Effect of elevated temperatures on geopolymer paste, mortar and concrete, Cem. Concr. Res., 40, 334, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.017 Sarker, 2014, Effect of fire exposure on cracking, spalling and residual strength of fly ash geopolymer concrete, Mater. Des., 63, 584, 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.06.059 Sarker, 2015, Fire endurance of steel reinforced fly ash geopolymer concrete elements, Constr. Build. Mater., 90, 91, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.054 Sagoe-Crentsil, 2013, Drying shrinkage and creep performance of geopolymer concrete, J. Sustain. Cement-Based Mater., 2, 35, 10.1080/21650373.2013.764963 Al Bakri, 2013, Comparison of geopolymer fly ash and ordinary portland cement to the strength of concrete, Adv. Sci. Lett., 19, 3592, 10.1166/asl.2013.5187 Zhang, 2014, Fly ash-based igeopolymers: the relationship between composition, pore structure and efflorescence, Cem. Concr. Res., 64, 30, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.06.004 García-Lodeiro, 2007, Alkali–aggregate reaction in activated fly ash systems, Cem. Concr. Res., 37, 175, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.002 Shi, 2015, A review on alkali-aggregate reactions in alkali-activated mortars/concretes made with alkali-reactive aggregates, Mater. Struct., 48, 621, 10.1617/s11527-014-0505-2 Mehta, 2016, An overview of geopolymers derived from industrial by-products, Constr. Build. Mater., 127, 183, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.136 Hooton, 2015, Current developments and future needs in standards for cementitious materials, Cem. Concr. Res., 78, 165, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.022 DSTU B V.2.7-181, 2009 van Deventer, 2012, Technical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement, Miner. Eng., 29, 89, 10.1016/j.mineng.2011.09.009 H. Kühl, Slag cement and process making the same, US Patent 900,939 (1908). Glukhovsky, 1959 Krivenko, 1986 Davidovits, 1991, Geopolymers - Inorganic polymeric new materials, J. Therm. Anal., 37, 1633, 10.1007/BF01912193 Palomo, 1992, Chemically-bonded cementitious materials based on metakaolin, Br. Ceram. Trans. J., 91, 107 Pacheco-Torgal, 2008, Alkali-activated binders: a review: part 1. Historical background, terminology, reaction mechanisms and hydration products, Constr. Build. Mater., 22, 1305, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.015 Provis, 2015, Milestones in the analysis of alkali-activated binders, J. Sustain. Cement-Based Mater., 4, 74, 10.1080/21650373.2014.958599 Roy, 1999, Alkali-activated cements Opportunities and challenges, Cem. Concr. Res., 29, 249, 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00093-3 Palomo, 2014, A review on alkaline activation: new analytical perspectives, Mater. Constr., 64, 140, 10.3989/mc.2014.00314 Lecomte, 2006, (Micro)-structural comparison between geopolymers, alkali-activated slag cement and Portland cement, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 26, 3789, 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.12.021 Duxson, 2005, 29Si NMR study of structural ordering in aluminosilicate geopolymer gels, Langmuir, 21, 3028, 10.1021/la047336x Rahier, 1997, Low-temperature synthesized aluminosilicate glasses: part III Influence of the composition of the silicate solution on production, structure and properties, J. Mater. Sci., 32, 2237, 10.1023/A:1018563914630 Provis, 2009, Introduction to geopolymers, 1 Duxson, 2007, Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art, J. Mater. Sci., 42, 2917, 10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z Provis, 2014, Geopolymers and other alkali activated materials: why, how, and what?, Mater. Struct., 47, 11, 10.1617/s11527-013-0211-5 Provis, 2014, Historical aspects and overview, 11 Provis, 2009, Activating solution chemistry for geopolymers, 50 Duxson, 2008, Designing precursors for geopolymer cements, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91, 3864, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02787.x Purdon, 1940, The action of alkalis on blast-furnace slag, J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 59, 191 R.F. Heitzmann, M. Fitzgerald, J.L. Sawyer, Mineral binder and compositions employing the same, Mineral binder and compositions employing the same. US Patent 4,642,137 (1987). W. Schwarz, A. Lerat, Tectoaluminosilicate cement and a process for its manufacture, Tectoaluminosilicate cement and a process for its manufacture. U.S. Patent 5,372,640 (1994). J. Davidovits, Method for obtaining a geopolymeric binder allowing to stabilize, solidify and consolidate toxic or waste materials, Method for obtaining a geopolymeric binder allowing to stabilize, solidify and consolidate toxic or waste materials. U.S. Patent 5,349,118 (1994). Davidovits, 2015, 558 Palomo, 2007, Railway sleepers made of alkali activated fly ash concrete, Rev. Ing. Constr., 22, 75, 10.4067/S0718-50732007000200001 Glasby, 2015, EFC Geopolymer Concrete Aircraft Pavements at Brisbane West Wellcamp Airport Zhuang, 2016, Fly ash-based geopolymer: clean production, properties and applications, J. Clean. Prod., 125, 253, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.019 Khale, 2007, Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review, J. Mater. Sci., 42, 729, 10.1007/s10853-006-0401-4 Singh, 2015, Geopolymer concrete: a review of some recent developments, Constr. Build. Mater., 85, 78, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.036 Mohd Salahuddin, 2015, A review on thermophysical evaluation of alkali-activated geopolymers, Ceram. Int., 41, 4273, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.11.119 Part, 2015, An overview on the influence of various factors on the properties of geopolymer concrete derived from industrial by-products, Constr. Build. Mater., 77, 370, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.065 Rao, 2015, Geopolymerization and its potential application in mine tailings consolidation: a review, Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev., 36, 399, 10.1080/08827508.2015.1055625 Nematollahi, 2014, Efficacy of available superplasticizers on geopolymers, Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 7, 1278, 10.19026/rjaset.7.420 Shaikh, 2013, Review of mechanical properties of short fibre reinforced geopolymer composites, Constr. Build. Mater., 43, 37, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.026 Pacheco-Torgal, 2012, Are geopolymers more suitable than Portland cement to produce high volume recycled aggregates HPC?, Constr. Build. Mater., 36, 1048, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.004 Obonyo, 2011, Advancing the use of secondary inputs in geopolymer binders for sustainable cementitious composites: a review, Sustain., 3, 410, 10.3390/su3020410 Provis, 2010, The role of particle technology in developing sustainable construction materials, Adv. Powder Technol., 21, 2, 10.1016/j.apt.2009.10.006 Majidi, 2009, Geopolymer technology, from fundamentals to advanced applications: a review, Mater. Technol., 24, 79, 10.1179/175355509X449355 Komnitsas, 2007, Geopolymerisation: a review and prospects for the minerals industry, Miner. Eng., 20, 1261, 10.1016/j.mineng.2007.07.011 Yang, 2008, Properties of cementless mortars activated by sodium silicate, Constr. Build. Mater., 22, 1981, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.003 Yang, 2009, Workability loss and compressive strength development of cementless mortars activated by combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 21, 119, 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:3(119) J.S.J. van Deventer, D. Feng, P. Duxson, Dry mix cement composition, methods and system involving same, US Patent 7,691,198 B2 (2010). Nematollahi, 2015, Synthesis of heat and ambient cured one-part geopolymer mixes with different grades of sodium silicate, Ceram. Int., 41, 5696, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.12.154 Wang, 2017, Preparation of drying powder inorganic polymer cement based on alkali-activated slag technology, Powder Technol., 312, 204, 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.036 Nematollahi, 2017, Micromechanics-based investigation of a sustainable ambient temperature cured one-part strain hardening geopolymer composite, Constr. Build. Mater., 131, 552, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.117 Nematollahi, 2017, High ductile behavior of a polyethylene fiber-reinforced one-part geopolymer composite: A micromechanics-based investigation, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 17, 555, 10.1016/j.acme.2016.12.005 Hajimohammadi, 2017, Characterisation of one-part geopolymer binders made from fly ash, Waste Biom. Valor., 8, 225, 10.1007/s12649-016-9582-5 ASTM, 2015 Chindaprasirt, 2012, Effect of SiO2 and Al2O3 on the setting and hardening of high calcium fly ash-based geopolymer systems, J. Mater. Sci., 47, 4876, 10.1007/s10853-012-6353-y Rattanasak, 2011, Effect of chemical admixtures on properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 18, 364, 10.1007/s12613-011-0448-3 Duxson, 2009, Geopolymer precursor design, 37 Ye, 2016, Co-disposal of MSWI fly ash and Bayer red mud using an one-part geopolymeric system, J. Hazard. Mater., 318, 70, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.042 Matalkah, 2017, Mechanochemical synthesis of one-part alkali aluminosilicate hydraulic cement, Mater. Struct., 50, 97, 10.1617/s11527-016-0968-4 Temuujin, 2009, Effect of mechanical activation of fly ash on the properties of geopolymer cured at ambient temperature, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 209, 5276, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.03.016 Djobo, 2016, Mechanical activation of volcanic ash for geopolymer synthesis: effect on reaction kinetics, gel characteristics, physical and mechanical properties, RSC Adv., 6, 39106, 10.1039/C6RA03667H Li, 2013, Influence of curing on the strength development of calcium-containing geopolymer mortar, Mater., 6, 5069, 10.3390/ma6115069 Shi, 2017 Peys, 2017, Mix-design Parameters and Real-life Considerations in the Pursuit of Lower Environmental Impact Inorganic Polymers, Waste Biomass Valoris., 1 Hu, 2009, Alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymers with zeolite or bentonite as additives, Cem. Concr. Compos., 31, 762, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.07.006 Buchwald, 2009, The suitability of thermally activated illite/smectite clay as raw material for geopolymer binders, Appl. Clay Sci., 46, 300, 10.1016/j.clay.2009.08.026 Seiffarth, 2013, Effect of thermal pre-treatment conditions of common clays on the performance of clay-based geopolymeric binders, Appl. Clay Sci., 73, 35, 10.1016/j.clay.2012.09.010 Ruiz-Santaquiteria, 2013, Clay reactivity: Production of alkali activated cements, Appl. Clay Sci., 73, 11, 10.1016/j.clay.2012.10.012 Feng, 2012, Thermal activation of albite for the synthesis of one-part mix geopolymers, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 95, 565, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04925.x Jannesar Malakooti, 2014, Characterisation of the Sarcheshmeh copper mine tailings, Kerman province, southeast of Iran, Environ. Earth Sci., 71, 2267, 10.1007/s12665-013-2630-6 Khorasanipour, 2015, Environmental mineralogy of Cu-porphyry mine tailings, a case study of semi-arid climate conditions, sarcheshmeh mine, SE Iran, J. Geochem. Explor., 153, 40, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.03.001 Paramguru, 2005, Trends in red mud utilization - a review, Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev., 26, 1, 10.1080/08827500490477603 Hind, 1999, The surface chemistry of Bayer process solids: a review, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 146, 359, 10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00798-5 Pontikes, 2013, Bauxite residue in cement and cementitious applications: Current status and a possible way forward, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 73, 53, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.005 Vangelatos, 2009, Utilization of ferroalumina as raw material in the production of Ordinary Portland Cement, J. Hazard. Mater., 168, 473, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.049 Tsakiridis, 2004, Red mud addition in the raw meal for the production of Portland cement clinker, J. Hazard. Mater., 116, 103, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.08.002 Jamieson, 2016, Optimising ambient setting Bayer derived fly ash geopolymers, Mater., 9, 10.3390/ma9050392 Nie, 2016, Strength properties of geopolymers derived from original and desulfurized red mud cured at ambient temperature, Constr. Build. Mater., 125, 905, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.144 Zhang, 2016, Durability of red mud-fly ash based geopolymer and leaching behavior of heavy metals in sulfuric acid solutions and deionized water, Constr. Build. Mater., 124, 373, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.108 Ke, 2015, One-part geopolymers based on thermally treated red Mud/NaOH blends, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 98, 5, 10.1111/jace.13231 Ye, 2016, Synthesis and strength optimization of one-part geopolymer based on red mud, Constr. Build. Mater., 111, 317, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.099 Choo, 2016, Compressive strength of one-part alkali activated fly ash using red mud as alkali supplier, Constr. Build. Mater., 125, 21, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.015 Chandrasekhar, 2003, Processing, properties and applications of reactive silica from rice husk - an overview, J. Mater. Sci., 38, 3159, 10.1023/A:1025157114800 Della, 2002, Rice husk ash as an alternate source for active silica production, Mater. Lett., 57, 818, 10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00879-0 Armesto, 2002, Combustion behaviour of rice husk in a bubbling fluidised bed, Biomass Bioenergy, 23, 171, 10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00046-6 Hajimohammadi, 2016, Solid reactant-based geopolymers from rice hull ash and sodium aluminate, Waste Biomass Valorization Sturm, 2016, Synthesizing one-part geopolymers from rice husk ash, Constr. Build. Mater., 124, 961, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.017 Venkatanarayanan, 2013, Material characterization studies on low-and high-carbon rice husk ash and their performance in portland cement mixtures, Adv. Civ. Eng. Mat., 2, 266 Peys, 2016, Potassium-rich biomass ashes as activators in metakaolin-based inorganic polymers, Appl. Clay Sci., 119, 401, 10.1016/j.clay.2015.11.003 Sturm, 2016, The effect of heat treatment on the mechanical and structural properties of one-part geopolymer-zeolite composites, Thermochim. Acta, 635, 41, 10.1016/j.tca.2016.04.015 Sturm, 2015, Degree of reaction and phase content of silica-based one-part geopolymers investigated using chemical and NMR spectroscopic methods, J. Mater. Sci., 50, 6768, 10.1007/s10853-015-9232-5 Gluth, 2013, Geopolymerization of a silica residue from waste treatment of chlorosilane production, Mater. Struct., 46, 1291, 10.1617/s11527-012-9972-5 Pambudi, 2015, The behavior of silica in geothermal brine from Dieng geothermal power plant, Indonesia, Geothermics, 54, 109, 10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.12.003 Hajimohammadi, 2008, One-part geopolymer mixes from geothermal silica and sodium aluminate, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47, 9396, 10.1021/ie8006825 Khan, 2011, Utilization of silica fume in concrete: review of durability properties, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 57, 30, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.09.016 Li, 2010, A review: The comparison between alkali-activated slag (Si Ca) and metakaolin (Si Al) cements, Cem. Concr. Res., 40, 1341, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.03.020 Kim, 2013, J.E. Oh, Use of CaO as an activator for producing a price-competitive non-cement structural binder using ground granulated blast furnace slag, Cem. Concr. Res., 54, 208, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.09.011 Lagaly, 2000, Silicates Peng, 2015, Synthesis, characterization and mechanisms of one-part geopolymeric cement by calcining low-quality kaolin with alkali, Mater. Struct., 48, 699, 10.1617/s11527-014-0350-3 Peng, 2017, Alkali fusion of bentonite to synthesize one-part geopolymeric cements cured at elevated temperature by comparison with two-part ones, Constr. Build. Mater., 130, 103, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.010 Kovtun, 2015, Dry powder alkali-activated slag cements, Adv. Cem. Res., 27, 447, 10.1680/jadcr.14.00078 Helmboldt, 2000, Inorganic aluminum compounds Hardjito, 2005, Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, Aust. J. Struct. Eng., 6, 77, 10.1080/13287982.2005.11464946 Palacios, 2008, Rheology and setting of alkali-activated slag pastes and mortars: effect if organic admixture, ACI Mater. J., 105, 140 Palacios, 2005, Effect of superplasticizer and shrinkage-reducing admixtures on alkali-activated slag pastes and mortars, Cem. Concr. Res., 35, 1358, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.014 Hardjito, 2004, On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, ACI Mater. J., 101, 467 Palacios, 2009, Adsorption of superplasticizer admixtures on alkali-activated slag pastes, Cem. Concr. Res., 39, 670, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.05.005 Nematollahi, 2014, Effect of superplasticizers on workability of fly ash based geopolymer, 713 Memon, 2012, Effect of superplasticizer and extra water on workability and compressive strength of self-compacting geopolymer concrete, Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4, 407 Carabba, 2016, Superplasticizer addition to carbon fly ash geopolymers activated at room temperature, Mater., 9, 586, 10.3390/ma9070586 Yang, 2010, Properties of alkali-activated mortar and concrete using lightweight aggregates, Mater. Struct., 43, 403, 10.1617/s11527-009-9499-6 Suwan, 2017, Effect of manufacturing process on the mechanisms and mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer in ambient curing temperature, Mater. Manuf. Process., 32, 461, 10.1080/10426914.2016.1198013 Garg, 2017, Mechanism of zinc oxide retardation in alkali-activated materials: an in situ X-ray pair distribution function investigation, J. Mat. Chem. A., 5, 11794, 10.1039/C7TA00412E Gong, 2000, Effect of phosphate on the hydration of alkali-activated red mud–slag cementitious material, Cem. Concr. Res., 30, 1013, 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00260-X Chang, 2003, A study on the setting characteristics of sodium silicate-activated slag pastes, Cem. Concr. Res., 33, 1005, 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01096-7 Kalina, 2016, Effect of Na3PO4 on the hydration process of alkali-activated blast furnace slag, Mater., 9, 10.3390/ma9050395 Kusbiantoro, 2013, Development of sucrose and citric acid as the natural based admixture for fly ash based geopolymer, proc, Environ. Sci., 17, 596 Brough, 2000, Sodium silicate-based alkali-activated slag mortars. Part II. The retarding effect of additions of sodium chloride or malic acid, Cem. Concr. Res., 30, 1375, 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00356-2 Hajimohammadi, 2011, Time-resolved and spatially-resolved infrared spectroscopic observation of seeded nucleation controlling geopolymer gel formation, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 357, 384, 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.02.045 Nematollahi, 2016, Ambient temperature cured one-part engineered geopolymer composite: a sustainable alternative to engineered cementitious composite Nematollahi, 2016, Influence of type of fiber on tensile performance of one-part "dry-mix" strain hardening geopolymer composite (SHGC), 831 Nematollahi, 2015, Tensile strain hardening behavior of PVA fiber-reinforced engineered geopolymer composite, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 27, 04015001, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001242 Nematollahi, 2014, Comparative deflection hardening behavior of short fiber reinforced geopolymer composites, Constr. Build. Mater., 70, 54, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.085 García-Lodeiro, 2012, Hybrid alkaline cements. Part I: Fundamentals, Rev. Rom. Mater. Rom. J. Mater., 42, 330 Shi, 2011, New cements for the 21st century: the pursuit of an alternative to Portland cement, Cem. Concr. Res., 41, 750, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.016 García-Lodeiro, 2013, Variation in hybrid cements over time. Alkaline activation of fly ash-portland cement blends, Cem. Concr. Res., 52, 112, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.022 Garcia-Lodeiro, 2016, Hydration of hybrid alkaline cement containing a very large proportion of fly ash: a descriptive model, Mater., 9, 10.3390/ma9070605 Palomo, 2007, Opc-fly ash cementitious systems: Study of gel binders produced during alkaline hydration, J. Mater. Sci., 42, 2958, 10.1007/s10853-006-0585-7 Garcia-Lodeiro, 2016, Manufacture of hybrid cements with fly ash and bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator, Constr. Build. Mater., 105, 218, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.079 Fernández-Jiménez, 2014, Specific examples of hybrid alkaline cement, MATEC Web Conf., 11, 10.1051/matecconf/20141101001 García-Lodeiro, 2015, Cements with a low clinker content: Versatile use of raw materials, J. Sustain. Cement-Based Mater., 4, 140, 10.1080/21650373.2015.1040865 Abdollahnejad, 2014, Compressive strength, microstructure and hydration products of hybrid alkaline cements, Mater. Res., 17, 829, 10.1590/S1516-14392014005000091 Abdollahnejad, 2016 Abdollahnejad Sperinck, 2011, Dehydroxylation of kaolinite to metakaolin—a molecular dynamics study, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 2118, 10.1039/C0JM01748E Peng, 2017, Effects of alkali on one-part alkali-activated cement synthesized by calcining bentonite with dolomite and Na2CO3, Appl. Clay Sci., 139, 64, 10.1016/j.clay.2017.01.020 Koloušek, 2007, Preparation, structure and hydrothermal stability of alternative (sodium silicate-free) geopolymers, J. Mater. Sci., 42, 9267, 10.1007/s10853-007-1910-5 O'Connor, 2010, Synthesis, characterisation and thermal behaviour of lithium aluminosilicate inorganic polymers, J. Mater. Sci., 45, 3707, 10.1007/s10853-010-4383-x Lee, 2016, Benefits of sealed-curing on compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymers, Mater., 9, 10.3390/ma9070598 Duxson, 2007, The effect of alkali and Si/Al ratio on the development of mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 292, 8, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.05.044 Duxson, 2005, Understanding the relationship between geopolymer composition, microstructure and mechanical properties, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 269, 47, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.06.060 Hajimohammadi, 2017, Pore characteristics in one-part mix geopolymers foamed by H2O2: the impact of mix design, Mater. Des., 130, 381, 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.084 Gluth, 2013, Geopolymerization of a silica residue from waste treatment of chlorosilane production, Mater. Struct., 46, 1291, 10.1617/s11527-012-9972-5 Hewlett, 2003 Hajimohammadi, 2010, Effect of alumina release rate on the mechanism of geopolymer gel formation, Chem. Mater., 22, 5199, 10.1021/cm101151n Yang, 2009, Flow and compressive strength of alkali-activated mortars, ACI Mater. J., 106, 50 Abdel-Gawwad, 2016, A novel method to produce dry geopolymer cement powder, HBRC J., 12, 13, 10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.06.008 EN 206-1, 2000 ASTM, 2015 EN 197-1, 2000 Rees, 2007 Rees, 2008, The mechanism of geopolymer gel formation investigated through seeded nucleation, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 318, 97, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.12.019 Bernal, 2014, Binder chemistry - High-calcium alkali-activated materials, 59 Provis, 2014, Binder chemistry – Low-calcium alkali-activated materials, 93 Hajimohammadi, 2011, The effect of silica availability on the mechanism of geopolymerisation, Cem. Concr. Res., 41, 210, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.02.001 Myers, 2014, A thermodynamic model for C-(N-)A-S-H gel: CNASH_ss. Derivation and validation, Cem. Concr. Res., 66, 27, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.07.005 Wan, 2017, Geopolymerization reaction, microstructure and simulation of metakaolin-based geopolymers at extended Si/Al ratios, Cem. Concr. Compos., 79, 45, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.01.014 Myers, 2013, Generalized structural description of calcium-sodium aluminosilicate hydrate gels: The cross-linked substituted tobermorite model, Langmuir, 29, 5294, 10.1021/la4000473 Walkley, 2016, Phase evolution of C-(N)-A-S-H/N-A-S-H gel blends investigated via alkali-activation of synthetic calcium aluminosilicate precursors, Cem. Concr. Res., 89, 120, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.08.010 García-Lodeiro, 2011, Compatibility studies between N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels. Study in the ternary diagram Na2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O, Cem. Concr. Res., 41, 923, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.05.006 García-Lodeiro, 2013, Hydration kinetics in hybrid binders: Early reaction stages, Cem. Concr. Compos., 39, 82, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.025 14040, 2006 Rockström, 2009, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature, 461, 472, 10.1038/461472a Habert, 2011, Roussel, An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: Reviewing current research trends, J. Clean. Prod., 19, 1229, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.012 Turner, 2013, Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) emissions: A comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete, Constr. Build. Mater., 43, 125, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.023 Jamieson, 2015, Comparison of embodied energies of Ordinary Portland Cement with Bayer-derived geopolymer products, J. Clean. Prod., 99, 112, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.008 McLellan, 2011, Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary portland cement, J. Clean. Prod., 19, 1080, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.010 Mellado, 2014, Carbon footprint of geopolymeric mortar: study of the contribution of the alkaline activating solution and assessment of an alternative route, RSC Adv., 4, 23846, 10.1039/C4RA03375B Petrillo, 2016, An environmental evaluation: a comparison between geopolymer and OPC concrete paving blocks manufacturing process in italy, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 35, 1699, 10.1002/ep.12421 Heath, 2014, Minimising the global warming potential of clay based geopolymers, J. Clean. Prod., 78, 75, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.046 Weil, 2009, Life-cycle analysis of geopolymers, 194 Abdollahnejad, 2017, Cost-efficient one-part alkali-activated mortars with low global warming potential for floor heating systems applications, Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 21, 412, 10.1080/19648189.2015.1125392 Yang, 2013, Assessment of CO 2 reduction of alkali-activated concrete, J. Clean. Prod., 39, 265, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.08.001 Yang, 2014, Properties and sustainability of alkali-activated slag foamed concrete, J. Clean. Prod., 68, 226, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.068 Habert, 2016, Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers, RILEM Tech. Lett., 1, 17, 10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.6 Ouellet-Plamondon, 2014, Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alkali-activated cements and concretes, 663 Davidovits Fawer, 1999, Life cycle inventories for the production of sodium silicates, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 4, 207, 10.1007/BF02979498 Chan, 2016, An evaluation of life long fly ash based geopolymer cement and ordinary Portland cement costs using extended life cycle cost method in Australia