Friction Drag Reduction of External Flows with Bubble and Gas Injection
Tóm tắt
The lubrication of external liquid flow with a bubbly mixture or gas layer has been the goal of engineers for many years, and this article presents the underlying principles and recent advances of this technology. It reviews the use of partial and supercavities for drag reduction of axisymmetric objects moving within a liquid. Partial cavity flows can also be used to reduce the friction drag on the nominally two-dimensional portions of a horizontal surface, and the basic flow features of two-dimensional cavities are presented. Injection of gas can lead to the creation of a bubbly mixture near the flow surface that can significantly modify the flow within the turbulent boundary layer, and there have been significant advances in the understanding of the underlying physical process of drag reduction. Moreover, with sufficient gas flux, the bubbles flowing beneath a solid surface can coalesce to form a thin drag-reducing air layer. The current applications of these techniques to underwater vehicles and surface ships are discussed.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amromin E, 2003, Mar. Technol., 40, 181
Bogdevich VG, 1976, Inv. Boundary Layer Control, 49
Butuzov AA, 1967, Fluid Dyn., 3, 56
Buyvol VN, 1980, Slender Cavities in Flows with Perturbations
Campbell IJ, 1958, Proc. Second Symp. Naval Hydrodyn. Washington, DC, 467
Cox RN, 1955, Proc. Symp. Cavitation Hydrodyn., 121
Deutsch S, Money M, Fontaine A, Petrie H. 2006. Microbubble drag reduction in rough walled turbulent boundary layers.Proc. 4th ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Eng. Conf., Hawaii, FEDSM2003-45647, pp. 1–9
Epshteyn LA, 1961, Tr. TsAGI, 824, 45
Kawanami Y, Kato H, Yamaguchi H. 1998. Three-dimensional characteristics of the cavities formed on a two-dimensional hydrofoil.Proc. Third Int. Symp. Cavitation, Grenoble, France, pp. 191–96
Kinnas SA, 2001, Proc. RTO AVT Lect. Ser. Supercavitating Flows, 21.1
Kirschner IN, Arzoumanian SH. 2008. Implication and extension of Paryshev's model of cavity dynamics.Proc. Int. Conf. Innov. Approaches Further Increase Speed Fast Mar. Veh., Mov. Above, Under Water Surf., SuperFAST’2008,Saint-Petersburg, Russia, pp. 1–32
Kirschner IN, 2001, Proc. RTO AVT Lect. Ser. Supercavitating Flows, 9.1
Knapp RT, 1970, Cavitation
Kodama Y, Hori T, Kawashima MM, Hinatsu M. 2006. A full scale microbubble experiment using a cement carrier.Proc. Eur. Drag Reduct. Flow Control Meet., Ischia, Italy, POL1_2
Kunz RF, 2001, Proc. RTO AVT Lect. Ser. Supercavitating Flows, 13.1
Lay KA, 2009, J. Ship Res.
May A. 1975. Water entry and the cavity-running behavior of missiles.SEAHAC Tech. Rep. 75-2, Nav. Surf. Weapons Cent., White Oak Lab., Silver Spring, Maryland
Meng JCS, Uhlman JS. 1998. Microbubble formation and splitting in a turbulent boundary layer for turbulence reduction.Proc. Int. Symp. Seawater Drag Reduct., Newport, Rhode Island, pp. 341–55
Paryshev EV. 1978. A system of nonlinear differential equations with a time delay describing the dynamics of nonstationary axially symmetric cavities.Tr. TsAGINo. 1907 (In Russian)
Reichardt H. 1946. The laws of cavitation bubbles at axially symmetric bodies in a flow.Rep. Trans. 766, Minist. Aircr. Prod., Britain
Savchenko YN, 2001, Proc. RTO AVT Lect. Ser. Supercavitating Flows, 17.1
Schauer TJ, 2003, An experimental study of a ventilated supercavitating vehicle
Semenenko VN, 2001, Proc. RTO AVT Lect. Ser. Supercavitating Flows, 11.1
Semenenko VN, 2001, Proc. RTO AVT Lect. Ser. Supercavitating Flows, 12.1
Song CS, Qin Q. 2001. Numerical simulations of unsteady cavitating flows.Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. Cavitation, Pasadena, CA, pp. 1–8
Stinebring DR, Billet ML, Holl JW. 1985. An experimental study of cavity cycling for ventilated and vaporous cavities.Proc. ASME Int. Symp. Jets Cavities, Miami Beach, FL, pp. 1–4
Takahashi T, 2003, J. Kansai Soc. Nav. Archit. Jpn., 239, 11
Takahashi T, Kakugawa A, Nagaya S, Yanagihara T, Kodama Y. 2001. Mechanisms and scale effects of skin friction reduction by microbubbles.Proc. Second Symp. Smart Control Turbul., Univ. Tokyo, Japan, pp. 1–9
Tulin MP, 1955, NPL Symp. Cavitation Hydrodyn, 16.1