Removal of pharmaceutical compounds by activated carbon prepared from agricultural by-product

Adsorption of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac onto a low-cost activated carbon, prepared at the laboratory scale from olive-waste cakes, has been investigated. Single and mixture drug solutions were considered. The equilibrium adsorption data obtained at 25°C were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The former provides the best fit of the experimental data. The adsorption capacities of the carbon for the four drugs were quite different and were linked essentially to their pKa and their octanol/water coefficient. The adsorption kinetics of these adsorbates have been investigated and the results indicated that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for the four tested drugs. The effect of pH and temperature on the drugs uptake by the adsorbent was also investigated. Increasing pH gradually reduced the uptake of the four drugs, and this effect was more perceptible when the pH became alkaline. The increase of temperature in the range 4–40°C does not have a perceptible effect on the adsorption process for all the studied drugs.