Genetic complexity of the human surfactant-associated proteins SP-A1 and SP-A2

Alcorn, 1993, Genomic elements involved in transcriptional regulation of the rabbit surfactant protein-A gene, Mol. Endocrinol., 7, 1072 Alcorn, 2004, Glucocorticoid inhibition of SP-A gene expression in lung type II cells is mediated via the TTF-1-binding element, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 286, L767, 10.1152/ajplung.00280.2003 Augusto, 2003, Interaction of pulmonary surfactant protein C with CD14 and lipopolysaccharide, Infect. Immun., 71, 61, 10.1128/IAI.71.1.61-67.2003 Bates, 2010, P63 (CKAP4) as an SP-A receptor: implications for surfactant turnover, Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 25, 41, 10.1159/000272062 Benlhabib, 2011, Epigenetic regulation of surfactant protein A gene (SP-A) expression in fetal lung reveals a critical role for Suv39h methyltransferases during development and hypoxia, Mol. Cell. Biol., 31, 1949, 10.1128/MCB.01063-10 Botas, 1998, Altered surfactant homeostasis and alveolar type II cell morphology in mice lacking surfactant protein D, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 11869, 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11869 Bräuer, 2007, Detection of surfactant proteins A and D in human tear fluid and the human lacrimal system, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48, 3945, 10.1167/iovs.07-0201 Bräuer, 2009, Human parotid and submandibular glands express and secrete surfactant proteins A, B, C and D, Histochem. Cell Biol., 132, 331, 10.1007/s00418-009-0609-x Bräuer, 2012, Detection of surfactant proteins A, B, C, and D in human gingiva and saliva, Biomed. Tech. (Berl), 57, 59, 10.1515/bmt-2011-0031 Bruce, 2009, Respiratory syncytial virus infection alters surfactant protein A expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells by reducing translation efficiency, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 297, L559, 10.1152/ajplung.90507.2008 Bruno, 1995, Lung cell-specific expression of the murine surfactant protein A (SP-A) gene is mediated by interactions between the SP-A promoter and thyroid transcription factor-1, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 6531, 10.1074/jbc.270.12.6531 Bruno, 2000, GATA-6 activates transcription of surfactant protein A, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 1043, 10.1074/jbc.275.2.1043 Bruns, 1987, The 35kd pulmonary surfactant-associated protein is encoded on chromosome 10, Hum. Genet., 76, 58, 10.1007/BF00283051 Christie, 2004, Genetic epidemiology of acute lung injury: choosing the right candidate genes is the first step, Crit. Care, 8, 411, 10.1186/cc2931 Condon, 2004, Surfactant protein secreted by the maturing mouse fetal lung acts as a hormone that signals the initiation of parturition, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101, 4978, 10.1073/pnas.0401124101 Crouch, 1998, Collectins and pulmonary host defense, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 19, 177, 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.2.140 Crouch, 2001, Surfactant proteins A and D and pulmonary host defense, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 63, 521, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.521 Crouch, 2000, Collectins and pulmonary innate immunity, Immunol. Rev., 173, 52, 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2000.917311.x deMello, 2001, Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a review, Pediatr. Pathol. Mol. Med., 20, 413, 10.3109/15513810109168623 DiAngelo, 1999, Novel, non-radioactive, simple and multiplex PCR-cRFLP methods for genotyping human SP-A and SP-D marker alleles, Dis. Markers, 15, 269, 10.1155/1999/961430 Ding, 2004, Factors affecting SP-A-mediated phagocytosis in human monocytic cell lines, Respir. Med., 98, 637, 10.1016/j.rmed.2003.12.018 Floros, 1997, Pulmonary surfactant, 1259 Floros, 2001, Human surfactant protein A (SP-A) variants: why so many, why such a complexity?, Swiss Med. Wkly., 131, 87 Floros, 1998, Genetics of the hydrophilic surfactant proteins A and D, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1408, 312, 10.1016/S0925-4439(98)00077-5 Floros, 1998, Surfactant proteins: molecular genetics of neonatal pulmonary diseases, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 60, 365, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.365 Floros, 2003, Genetics of acute respiratory distress syndrome: challenges, approaches, surfactant proteins as candidate genes, Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 24, 161, 10.1055/s-2003-39015 Floros, J., Thomas, N., 2009. Genetic variations of surfactant proteins and lung injury. Nakos G, and Papathanasiou A, editors., in: Research Signpost, K., India (Ed.), Surfactant Pathogenesis and Treatment of Lung Diasease. pp. 25–48. Floros, 2001, A point of view: quantitative and qualitative imbalance in disease pathogenesis; pulmonary surfactant protein A genetic variants as a model, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol., 129, 295, 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00325-7 Floros, 2000, Surfactant protein genetic marker alleles identify a subgroup of tuberculosis in a Mexican population, J. Infect. Dis., 182, 1473, 10.1086/315866 Floros, 2001, Family-based transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and case–control association studies reveal surfactant protein A (SP-A) susceptibility alleles for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and possible race differences, Clin. Genet., 60, 178, 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.600303.x Floros, 2005, Genetic diversity of human SP-A, a molecule with innate host defense and surfactan-related function; characteristics, primary function, and significance, Curr. Pharmacogenomics, 3, 87, 10.2174/1570160054022935 Floros, 2009, Genetic complexity of the human innate host defense molecules, surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1) and SP-A2 — impact on function, Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr., 19, 125, 10.1615/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v19.i2.30 Gao, 1996, Characterization of two baboon surfactant protein A genes, Am. J. Physiol., 271, L617 Gao, 2003, Transcription factor USF2 is developmentally regulated in fetal lung and acts together with USF1 to induce SP-A gene expression, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 284, L1027, 10.1152/ajplung.00219.2002 Garcia-Verdugo, 2002, Structural analysis and lipid-binding properties of recombinant human surfactant protein a derived from one or both genes, Biochemistry, 41, 14041, 10.1021/bi026540l Glasser, 2001, Altered stability of pulmonary surfactant in SP-C-deficient mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 6366, 10.1073/pnas.101500298 Grigoryev, 2004, Science review: searching for gene candidates in acute lung injury, Crit. Care, 8, 440, 10.1186/cc2901 Haagsman, 1998, Interactions of surfactant protein A with pathogens, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1408, 264, 10.1016/S0925-4439(98)00072-6 Hallman, 2003, Genetic influences and neonatal lung disease, Semin. Neonatol., 8, 19, 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00196-3 Hawgood, 2001, The pulmonary collectins and surfactant metabolism, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 63, 495, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.495 Hogenkamp, 2006, Characterization and expression sites of newly identified chicken collectins, Mol. Immunol., 43, 1604, 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.09.015 Hoover, 1998, Organization of the human SP-A and SP-D loci at 10q22–q23. Physical and radiation hybrid mapping reveal gene order and orientation, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 18, 353, 10.1165/ajrcmb.18.3.3035 Hoover, 1999, SP-A 3′-UTR is involved in the glucocorticoid inhibition of human SP-A gene expression, Am. J. Physiol., 276, L917 Hoover, 1999, Glucocorticoid inhibition of human SP-A1 promoter activity in NCI-H441 cells, Biochem. J., 340, 69, 10.1042/0264-6021:3400069 Hoover, 2000, Induction of AP-1 binding to intron 1 of SP-A1 and SP-A2 is implicated in the phorbol ester inhibition of human SP-A promoter activity, Exp. Lung Res., 26, 303, 10.1080/019021400408272 Huang, 2004, Human SP-A genetic variants and bleomycin-induced cytokine production by THP-1 cells: effect of ozone-induced SP-A oxidation, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 286, L546, 10.1152/ajplung.00267.2003 Hughes, 2007, Evolution of the lung surfactant proteins in birds and mammals, Immunogenetics, 59, 565, 10.1007/s00251-007-0218-6 Ikegami, 2000, Surfactant metabolism in SP-D gene-targeted mice, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 279, L468, 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.3.L468 Islam, 2002, Potential role of nuclear factor kappaB and reactive oxygen species in cAMP and cytokine regulation of surfactant protein-A gene expression in lung type II cells, Mol. Endocrinol., 16, 1428 Islam, 2006, Permissive effects of oxygen on cyclic AMP and interleukin-1 stimulation of surfactant protein A gene expression are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, Mol. Cell. Biol., 26, 2901, 10.1128/MCB.26.8.2901-2912.2006 Islam, 2008, Glucocorticoid/glucocorticoid receptor inhibition of surfactant protein-A (SP-A) gene expression in lung type II cells is mediated by repressive changes in histone modification at the SP-A promoter, Mol. Endocrinol., 22, 585, 10.1210/me.2007-0412 Karinch, 1995, 5′ splicing and allelic variants of the human pulmonary surfactant protein A genes, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 12, 77, 10.1165/ajrcmb.12.1.7811473 Karinch, 1995, Translation in vivo of 5′ untranslated-region splice variants of human surfactant protein-A, Biochem. J., 307, 327, 10.1042/bj3070327 Karinch, 1998, Regulation of expression of human SP-A1 and SP-A2 genes in fetal lung explant culture, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1398, 192, 10.1016/S0167-4781(98)00047-5 Kishore, 2005, Surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in human health and disease, Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.), 53, 399 Kishore, 2006, Surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D: structure, function and receptors, Mol. Immunol., 43, 1293, 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.08.004 Komar, 2011, Cellular IRES-mediated translation: the war of ITAFs in pathophysiological states, Cell Cycle, 10, 229, 10.4161/cc.10.2.14472 Kouretas, 1993, Conservation analysis of rat and human SP-A gene identifies 5′ flanking sequences of rat SP-A that bind rat lung nuclear proteins, Exp. Lung Res., 19, 485, 10.3109/01902149309064359 Krizkova, 1994, Human SP-A: genotype and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, Am. J. Physiol., 266, L519 Kumar, 1998, Differential regulation of SP-A1 and SP-A2 genes by cAMP, glucocorticoids, and insulin, Am. J. Physiol., 274, L177 Lacaze-Masmonteil, 1992, Characterization of the rat pulmonary surfactant protein A promoter, Eur. J. Biochem., 206, 613, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16966.x Lam, 2008, Advances in molecular acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-induced lung injury: the role of genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and translational biology, Curr. Opin. Crit. Care, 14, 3, 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f42211 Leikauf, 2002, Acute lung injury: functional genomics and genetic susceptibility, Chest, 121, 70S, 10.1378/chest.121.3_suppl.70S LeVine, 2001, Pulmonary collectins and innate host defense of the lung, Microbes Infect., 3, 161, 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01363-0 LeVine, 2000, Distinct effects of surfactant protein A or D deficiency during bacterial infection on the lung, J. Immunol., 165, 3934, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3934 Li, 1998, Cyclic AMP-responsive expression of the surfactant protein-A gene is mediated by increased DNA binding and transcriptional activity of thyroid transcription factor-1, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 4592, 10.1074/jbc.273.8.4592 Lin, 2007, DNA methylation markers of surfactant proteins in lung cancer, Int. J. Oncol., 31, 181 Liu, 2003, Study of human SP-A, SP-B and SP-D loci: allele frequencies, linkage disequilibrium and heterozygosity in different races and ethnic groups, BMC Genet., 4, 13, 10.1186/1471-2156-4-13 Liu, 2006, Estrogen related receptor-alpha enhances surfactant protein-A gene expression in fetal lung type II cells, Endocrinology, 147, 5187, 10.1210/en.2006-0664 Liu, 2008, TTF-1 response element is critical for temporal and spatial regulation and necessary for hormonal regulation of human surfactant protein-A2 promoter activity, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 295, L264, 10.1152/ajplung.00069.2008 Liu, 2009, cAMP enhances estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha) transcriptional activity at the SP-A promoter by increasing its interaction with protein kinase A and steroid receptor coactivator 2 (SRC-2), Mol. Endocrinol., 23, 772, 10.1210/me.2008-0282 MacNeill, 2004, Surfactant protein A, an innate immune factor, is expressed in the vaginal mucosa and is present in vaginal lavage fluid, Immunology, 111, 91, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01782.x Malik, 2006, Variants of the SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes and susceptibility to tuberculosis in Ethiopia, Hum. Genet., 118, 752, 10.1007/s00439-005-0092-y McCormick, 1994, Characterization of mRNA transcripts and organization of human SP-A1 and SP-A2 genes, Am. J. Physiol., 266, L354 McNeely, 1994, Aggregation and opsonization of type A but not type B Hemophilus influenzae by surfactant protein A, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 11, 114, 10.1165/ajrcmb.11.1.8018334 Mendelson, 1998, Regulation of expression of surfactant protein-A, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1408, 132, 10.1016/S0925-4439(98)00063-5 Meyer, 2007, Wading into the genomic pool to unravel acute lung injury genetics, Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc., 4, 69, 10.1513/pats.200609-157JG Meyers, 2010, Genetics of asthma and allergy: what have we learned?, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 126, 439, 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.012 Mikerov, 2005, SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants differentially enhance association of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with rat alveolar macrophages, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 288, L150, 10.1152/ajplung.00135.2004 Mikerov, 2007, Surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2) variants expressed in CHO cells stimulate phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa more than do SP-A1 variants, Infect. Immun., 75, 1403, 10.1128/IAI.01341-06 Mikerov, 2008, Impact of ozone exposure on the phagocytic activity of human surfactant protein A (SP-A) and SP-A variants, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 294, L121, 10.1152/ajplung.00288.2007 Mikerov, 2008, Inhibition of hemagglutination activity of influenza A viruses by SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants expressed in CHO cells, Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 197, 9, 10.1007/s00430-007-0051-4 Mikerov, 2008, Ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure: sex differences, Respir. Res., 9, 77, 10.1186/1465-9921-9-77 Nogee, 2004, Alterations in SP-B and SP-C expression in neonatal lung disease, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 66, 601, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.134711 Nonas, 2005, Functional genomic insights into acute lung injury: role of ventilators and mechanical stress, Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc., 2, 188, 10.1513/pats.200501-005AC Oberley, 2003, Recombinant human SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins have different carbohydrate-binding characteristics, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 284, L871, 10.1152/ajplung.00241.2002 Paananen, 2001, Expression and localization of lung surfactant protein B in Eustachian tube epithelium, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 280, L214, 10.1152/ajplung.2001.280.2.L214 Perez-Gil, 2010, Pulmonary surfactant pathophysiology: current models and open questions, Physiology (Bethesda), 25, 132, 10.1152/physiol.00006.2010 Phelps, 2001, Surfactant regulation of host defense function in the lung: a question of balance, Pediatr. Pathol. Mol. Med., 20, 269, 10.1080/152279501750412225 Postle, 2001, A comparison of the molecular species compositions of mammalian lung surfactant phospholipids, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol., 129, 65, 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00306-3 Rämet, 2000, Association between the surfactant protein A (SP-A) gene locus and respiratory-distress syndrome in the Finnish population, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 66, 1569, 10.1086/302906 Reddy, 2009, Genetic polymorphisms associated with acute lung injury, Pharmacogenomics, 10, 1527, 10.2217/pgs.09.89 Rosenberg, 1999, Transcriptional activation and protein binding by two regions of the rat surfactant protein A promoter, Am. J. Physiol., 277, L134 Rosenberg, 2002, Members of the C/EBP transcription factor family stimulate expression of the human and rat surfactant protein A (SP-A) genes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1575, 82, 10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00287-7 Rubio, 1995, Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) is expressed by epithelial cells of small and large intestine, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 12162, 10.1074/jbc.270.20.12162 Sánchez-Barbero, 2007, Structural and functional differences among human surfactant proteins SP-A1, SP-A2 and co-expressed SP-A1/SP-A2: role of supratrimeric oligomerization, Biochem. J., 406, 479, 10.1042/BJ20070275 Schagat, 2001, Surfactant protein A enhances alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, J. Immunol., 166, 2727, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2727 Silveyra, 2012, Air pollution and epigenetics: effects on SP-A and innate host defence in the lung, Swiss Med. Wkly., 142, w13579 Silveyra, 2012, Genetic variant associations of human SP-A and SP-D with acute and chronic lung injury, Front. Biosci., 17, 407, 10.2741/3935 Silveyra, 2010, Human SP-A1 (SFTPA1) variant-specific 3′ UTRs and poly(A) tail differentially affect the in vitro translation of a reporter gene, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 299, L523, 10.1152/ajplung.00113.2010 Silveyra, 2011, The untranslated exon B of human surfactant protein A2 (SFTPA2) mRNAs is an enhancer for transcription and translation, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 301, L795, 10.1152/ajplung.00439.2010 Snegovskikh, 2011, Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) selectively inhibits prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) production in term decidua: implications for the onset of labor, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 96, E624, 10.1210/jc.2010-1496 Tagaram, 2007, Characterization of a human surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1) gene-specific antibody; SP-A1 content variation among individuals of varying age and pulmonary health, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 292, L1052, 10.1152/ajplung.00249.2006 Vaid, 2009, Surfactant protein DNA methylation: a new entrant in the field of lung cancer diagnostics? (Review), Oncol. Rep., 21, 3 Villar, 2003, Genetic susceptibility to acute lung injury, Crit. Care Med., 31, S272, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000057903.11528.6D Vlachaki, 2010, Altered surfactant protein-A expression in type II pneumocytes in COPD, Chest, 137, 37, 10.1378/chest.09-1029 Voss, 1991, Structural comparison of recombinant pulmonary surfactant protein SP-A derived from two human coding sequences: implications for the chain composition of natural human SP-A, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 4, 88, 10.1165/ajrcmb/4.1.88 Wang, 2007, The immunoregulatory roles of lung surfactant collectins SP-A, and SP-D, in allergen-induced airway inflammation, Immunobiology, 212, 417, 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.01.002 Wang, 1996, Differential activity and lack of synergy of lung surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C in interactions with phospholipids, J. Lipid Res., 37, 1749, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)39118-5 Wang, 2000, Human SP-A protein variants derived from one or both genes stimulate TNF-alpha production in the THP-1 cell line, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 278, L946, 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.5.L946 Wang, 2002, The effect of ozone exposure on the ability of human surfactant protein a variants to stimulate cytokine production, Environ. Health Perspect., 110, 79, 10.1289/ehp.0211079 Wang, 2003, Human SP-A 3′-UTR variants mediate differential gene expression in basal levels and in response to dexamethasone, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 284, L738, 10.1152/ajplung.00375.2002 Wang, 2004, Differences in biochemical properties and in biological function between human SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants, and the impact of ozone-induced oxidation, Biochemistry, 43, 4227, 10.1021/bi036023i Wang, 2005, Differences in the translation efficiency and mRNA stability mediated by 5′-UTR splice variants of human SP-A1 and SP-A2 genes, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 289, L497, 10.1152/ajplung.00100.2005 Wang, 2007, Effect of cysteine 85 on biochemical properties and biological function of human surfactant protein A variants, Biochemistry, 46, 8425, 10.1021/bi7004569 Wang, 2007, Differential effects of human SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants on phospholipid monolayers containing surfactant protein B, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1768, 2060, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.06.025 Wang, 2009, Cap-independent translation of human SP-A 5′-UTR variants: a double-loop structure and cis-element contribution, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 296, L635, 10.1152/ajplung.90508.2008 Wang, 2010, Humanized SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 transgenic mice reveal functional divergence of SP-A1 and SP-A2: formation of tubular myelin in vivo requires both gene products, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 11998, 10.1074/jbc.M109.046243 Wang, 2011, Surfactant protein-A is defective in abrogating inflammation in asthma, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 301, L598, 10.1152/ajplung.00381.2010 Whitsett, 2010, Alveolar surfactant homeostasis and the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease, Annu. Rev. Med., 61, 105, 10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123500 Williams, 1991, Changes in lipid structure produced by surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 5, 41, 10.1165/ajrcmb/5.1.41 Wright, 2005, Immunoregulatory functions of surfactant proteins, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 5, 58, 10.1038/nri1528 Wu, 2003, Surfactant proteins A and D inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria by increasing membrane permeability, J. Clin. Invest., 111, 1589, 10.1172/JCI16889 Wu, 2011, Lipopolysaccharide stimulates syntheses of toll-like receptor 2 and surfactant protein-A in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells through upregulating phosphorylation of MEK1 and ERK1/2 and sequential activation of NF-κB, Cytokine, 55, 40, 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.005 Yadav, 2011, Surfactant proteins A and D in pregnancy and parturition, Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.), 3, 291, 10.2741/e244 Yi, 2002, Role of CBP/p300 and SRC-1 in transcriptional regulation of the pulmonary surfactant protein-A (SP-A) gene by thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), J. Biol. Chem., 277, 2997, 10.1074/jbc.M109793200 Young, 1996, A CRE-like element plays an essential role in cAMP regulation of human SP-A2 gene in alveolar type II cells, Am. J. Physiol., 271, L287 Young, 1997, A GT box element is essential for basal and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate regulation of the human surfactant protein A2 gene in alveolar type II cells: evidence for the binding of lung nuclear factors distinct from Sp1, Mol. Endocrinol., 11, 1082