An overview of in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater

Acosta-Santoyo, 2017, Electrokinetic - enhanced ryegrass cultures in soils polluted with organic and inorganic compounds, Environ. Res., 158, 118, 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.004 Adimalla, 2019, Occurrence, health risks, and geochemical mechanisms of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of the rock-dominant semi-arid region, telangana state, India, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 25, 81, 10.1080/10807039.2018.1480353 Aloni, 2017, Use of cotton as a carbon source for denitrification in biofilters for groundwater remediation, Water, 9, 10.3390/w9090714 Amir, 2011, Enhanced reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene by nano-sized zero valent iron with vitamin B-12, Chem. Eng. J., 170, 492, 10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.048 Anornu, 2017, Tracking nitrate sources in groundwater and associated health risk for rural communities in the white Volta River basin of Ghana using isotopic approach (delta N-15, delta O-18-NO3 and H-3), Sci. Total Environ., 603, 687, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.219 Asadollahfardi, 2021, Comparison of different extracting agents for the recovery of pb and zn through electrokinetic remediation of mine tailings, J. Environ. Manag., 279, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111728 Bai, 2020, Denitrification enhancement by electro-sorption/reduction using a layered metal oxide electrode loaded with pd-cu nanoparticles, Electrochem. Commun., 110, 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106607 Balestrazzi, 2009, Expression of the PsMT (A1) gene in white poplar engineered with the MAT system is associated with heavy metal tolerance and protection against 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine mediated-DNA damage, Plant Cell Rep., 28, 1179, 10.1007/s00299-009-0719-x Bao, 2016, Production of zeolite composite filters using waste paper pulp as slow release carbon source and performance investigation in a biological aerated filter, J. Water Process Eng., 9, 38, 10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.11.009 Barba, 2018, Electro-bioremediation at the prototype scale: what it should be learned for the scale-up, Chem. Eng. J., 334, 2030, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.172 Bessaim, 2020, Effect of processing time on removal of harmful emerging salt pollutants from saline-sodic soil during electrochemical remediation, Chemosphere, 253, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126688 Blowes, 2000, Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers, J. Contam. Hydrol., 45, 123, 10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00122-4 Boley, 2000, Biodegradable polymers as solid substrate and biofilm carrier for denitrification in recirculated aquaculture systems, Aquac. Eng., 22, 75, 10.1016/S0144-8609(00)00033-9 Cameselle, 2013, Electrokinetic-enhanced phytoremediation of soils: status and opportunities, Chemosphere, 93, 626, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.029 Cao, 2019, Experimental effect of medium ratio on removal efficiency of nitrate nitrogen in groundwater by zero-valent iron, activated carbon and zeolite, Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 19, 1636, 10.2166/ws.2019.036 Carrey, 2018, Tracing the role of endogenous carbon in denitrification using wine industry by-product as an external electron donor: coupling isotopic tools with mathematical modeling, J. Environ. Manag., 207, 105, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.063 Castro-Rodriguez, 2016, Poplar trees for phytoremediation of high levels of nitrate and applications in bioenergy, Plant Biotechnol. J., 14, 299, 10.1111/pbi.12384 Ceschin, 2019, Phytoremediation performance of lemna communities in a constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment, Environ. Exp. Bot., 162, 67, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.02.007 Chatterjee, 2010, Removal of reactive black 5 by zero-valent iron modified with various surfactants, Chem. Eng. J., 160, 27, 10.1016/j.cej.2010.02.045 Chen, 2009, Reduction of nitrate in water by nanoscale zero-valent iron particles and zeolite, IEEE, 1 Chen, 2011, Benzene and toluene biodegradation down gradient of a zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier, J. Hazard. Mater., 188, 110, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.076 Chen, 2013, Fe(III)(EDTA) biological reduction under thermophilic conditions by anaerobic sludge, Asian J. Chem., 25, 7823, 10.14233/ajchem.2013.14629 Chen, 2013, Passivation of zero-valent iron by denitrifying bacteria and the impact on trichloroethene reduction in groundwater, Water Sci. Technol., 67, 1254, 10.2166/wst.2013.689 Cho, 2015, The role of magnetite nanoparticles in the reduction of nitrate in groundwater by zero-valent iron, Chemosphere, 125, 41, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.019 Choi, 2008, Inhibition of perchlorate reduction by nitrate in a fixed biofilm reactor, J. Hazard. Mater., 159, 440, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.038 Choi, 2009, Nitrate removal by electro-bioremediation technology in korean soil, J. Hazard. Mater., 168, 1208, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.162 Chowdhury, 2017, Electrokinetic-enhanced permanganate delivery and remediation of contaminated low permeability porous media, Water Res., 113, 215, 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.005 Cocco, 2018, How shallow water table conditions affect N2O emissions and associated microbial abundances under different nitrogen fertilisations, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 261, 1, 10.1016/j.agee.2018.03.018 Critchley, 2014, Stimulating in situ denitrification in an aerobic, highly permeable municipal drinking water aquifer, J. Contam. Hydrol., 171, 66, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.10.008 Dellagnezze, 2014, Bioremediation potential of microorganisms derived from petroleum reservoirs, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 89, 191, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.003 Di, 2016, PRB system of iron coupling with biological medical stone for repairing groundwater containing chromium and nitrate, Chin. J. Environ. Eng., 10, 145 Dizaji, 2020, Assessing pollution risk in Ardabil aquifer groundwater of Iran with arsenic and nitrate using the SINTACS model, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 29, 2609, 10.15244/pjoes/112903 Dominguez-Garay, 2018, Bioelectroventing: an electrochemical-assisted bioremediation strategy for cleaning-up atrazine-polluted soils, Microb. Biotechnol., 11, 50, 10.1111/1751-7915.12687 Dong, 2013, Influence of calcium ions on the colloidal stability of surface-modified nano zero-valent iron in the absence or presence of humic acid, Water Res., 47, 2489, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.022 Duffner, 2021, Strategies to overcome intermediate accumulation during in situ nitrate remediation in groundwater by hydrogenotrophic denitrification, Front. Microbiol., 12, 1, 10.3389/fmicb.2021.610437 Evans, 2011, In situ destruction of perchlorate and nitrate using gaseous electron donor injection technology, Ground Water Monit. Remidiat., 31, 103, 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2011.01355.x Faisal, 2018, A review of permeable reactive barrier as passive sustainable technology for groundwater remediation, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 15, 1123, 10.1007/s13762-017-1466-0 Fan, 2016, Review of chemical and electrokinetic remediation of PCBs contaminated soils and sediments, Environ Sci Process Impacts, 18, 1140, 10.1039/C6EM00320F Farid, 2014, Effect of cyclic phytoremediation with different wetland plants on municipal wastewater, International Journal of Phytoremediation., 16, 572, 10.1080/15226514.2013.798623 Fatemi, 2008, Investigating the effect of implementing heating rods within a ZVI-PRB to enhance performance, improve design and reduce costs, Water Air Soil Pollut., 190, 231, 10.1007/s11270-007-9596-5 Fernandez-Nava, 2010, Denitrification of high nitrate concentration wastewater using alternative carbon sources, J. Hazard. Mater., 173, 682, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.140 Fu, 2015, The removal of chromium (VI) and lead (II) from groundwater using sepiolite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-NZVI), Chemosphere, 138, 726, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.051 Gao, 2021, Preparation of porous silicate supported micro-nano zero-valent iron from copper slag and used as persulfate activator for removing organic contaminants, Sci. Total Environ., 754, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142131 Garcia, 2015, Removal of nitrates from spiked clay soils by coupling electrokinetic and permeable reactive barrier technologies, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 90, 1719, 10.1002/jctb.4488 Gavaskar, 1999, Design and construction techniques for permeable reactive barriers, J. Hazard. Mater., 68, 41, 10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00031-X Geiger, 2003, Using ultrasound for restoring iron activity in permeable reactive barriers, 837, 286 Ghaeminia, 2018, Remediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater by PRB-electrokinetic integrated process, J. Environ. Manag., 222, 234, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.078 Gibert, 2019, Performance of a field-scale biological permeable reactive barrier for in-situ remediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater, Sci. Total Environ., 659, 211, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.340 Graffam, 2020, Hydro-biogeochemical processes and nitrogen removal potential of a tidally influenced permeable reactive barrier behind a perforated marine bulkhead, Ecol. Eng., 155, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105933 Guan, 2019, Assessment of the use of a zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier for nitrate removal from groundwater in the alluvial plain of the Dagu River, China, Environ. Earth Sci., 78, 10.1007/s12665-019-8247-7 Gupta, 2012, Zerovalent iron encapsulated chitosan nanospheres - a novel adsorbent for the removal of total inorganic arsenic from aqueous systems, Chemosphere, 86, 150, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.003 Hagman, 2008, Mixed carbon sources for nitrate reduction in activated sludge-identification of bacteria and process activity studies, Water Res., 42, 1539, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.034 Hallin, 2015, Relative importance of plant uptake and plant associated denitrification for removal of nitrogen from mine drainage in sub-arctic wetlands, Water Res., 85, 377, 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.060 Han, 2018, Evaluating sources and processing of nonpoint source nitrate in a small suburban watershed in China, J. Hydrol., 559, 661, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.057 Harkness, 2013, Use of emulsified vegetable oil to support bioremediation of TCE DNAPL in soil columns, J. Contam. Hydrol., 151, 16, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2013.04.002 He, 2005, Preparation and characterization of a new class of starch-stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles for degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3314, 10.1021/es048743y He, 2016, Biological denitrification using rice washing drainage (RWD) as carbon source for removing nitrate from groundwater, Desalin. Water Treat., 57, 21990, 10.1080/19443994.2015.1127780 He, 2018, Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal in an aerobic granular sequencing batch reactor with mixed carbon sources: reactor performance, extracellular polymeric substances and microbial successions, Chem. Eng. J., 331, 841, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.060 Henderson, 2007, Long-term performance of zero-valent iron permeable reactive barriers: a critical review, Environ. Eng. Sci., 24, 401, 10.1089/ees.2006.0071 Hiller-Bittrolff, 2018, Effects of mercury addition on microbial community composition and nitrate removal inside permeable reactive barriers, Environ. Pollut., 242, 797, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.017 Hoerle, 2004, Advances in understanding atmospheric corrosion of iron. II. Mechanistic modelling of wet-dry cycles, Corros. Sci., 46, 1431, 10.1016/j.corsci.2003.09.028 Horova, 2020, Effect of carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrification of high-nitrate wastewater, Environ. Prot. Eng., 46, 73 Hu, 2011, Corrosion protection of stainless steel by separate polypyrrole electrode in acid solutions, Mater. Corros., 62, 68, 10.1002/maco.200905344 Hu, 2019, Insights into simultaneous microbial chromium and nitrate reduction: inhibitory effects and molecular mechanisms, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 94, 2589, 10.1002/jctb.6056 Huang, 2014, Characterization and mechanism analysis of activated carbon fiber felt-stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 447, 59, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.01.037 Huang, 2015, Remediation of nitrate-nitrogen contaminated groundwater using a pilot-scale two-layer heterotrophic-autotrophic denitrification permeable reactive barrier with spongy iron/pine bark, Chemosphere, 130, 8, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.029 Huang, 2019, Interactions between electrokinetics and rhizoremediation on the remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil, Chemosphere, 229, 418, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.150 Huno, 2018, Nitrate removal from groundwater: a review of natural and engineered processes, J. Water Supply Res. Technol., 67, 885, 10.2166/aqua.2018.194 Idi, 2015, Biokinetics of nitrogen removal at high concentrations by rhodobacter sphaeroides ADZ101, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, 105, 245, 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.09.014 Jahangir, 2012, Denitrification potential in subsoils: a mechanism to reduce nitrate leaching to groundwater, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 147, 13, 10.1016/j.agee.2011.04.015 Jeen, 2011, Predictions of long-term performance of granular iron permeable reactive barriers: field-scale evaluation, J. Contam. Hydrol., 123, 50, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.12.006 Jeen, 2012, Modeling gas formation and mineral precipitation in a granular iron column, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 6742, 10.1021/es300299r Ji, 2018, Global nitrous oxide production determined by oxygen sensitivity of nitrification and denitrification, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 32, 1790, 10.1029/2018GB005887 Jia, 2020, Interactions of high-rate nitrate reduction and heavy metal mitigation in iron-carbon-based constructed wetlands for purifying contaminated groundwater, Water Res., 169, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115285 Jiang, 2011, Nitrate reduction using nanosized zero-valent iron supported by polystyrene resins: role of surface functional groups, Water Res., 45, 2191, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.01.005 Jiang, 2017, Synthesis of layered double hydroxides with fermentation liquid of organic waste to extract short-chain fatty acids as a biodenitrification carbon source, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 9095, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02009 Jiemvarangkul, 2011, Enhanced transport of polyelectrolyte stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in porous media, Chem. Eng. J., 170, 482, 10.1016/j.cej.2011.02.065 Jing, 2019, Denitrification in simulated groundwater using lignite as a solid-phase organic carbon source, 10, 238 Johnson, 2009, Natural organic matter enhanced mobility of Nano zerovalent iron, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5455, 10.1021/es900474f Juwarkar, 2010, A comprehensive overview of elements in bioremediation, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 9, 215, 10.1007/s11157-010-9215-6 Khalil, 2017, Optimized nano-scale zero-valent iron supported on treated activated carbon for enhanced nitrate and phosphate removal from water, Chem. Eng. J., 309, 349, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.080 Khoshro, 2020, Removal of nitrate from aqueous solution using nano zerovalent iron-reduced graphene oxide composite: optimization of parameters, Water Environ. J., 34, 608, 10.1111/wej.12564 Kim, 2010, Atmospherically stable nanoscale zero-valent iron particles formed under controlled air contact: characteristics and reactivity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 1760, 10.1021/es902772r Kim, 2013, Ex situ pilot scale electrokinetic restoration of saline soil using pulsed current, Sep. Purif. Technol., 120, 282, 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.10.007 Kong, 2015, Laboratory column study for evaluating a multimedia permeable reactive barrier for the remediation of ammonium contaminated groundwater, Environ. Technol., 36, 1433, 10.1080/09593330.2014.992482 Le, 2019, Impact of carbon source and COD/N on the concurrent operation of partial denitrification and anammox, Water Environ. Res., 91, 185, 10.1002/wer.1016 Lee, 2011, Pilot-scale study on in situ electrokinetic removal of nitrate from greenhouse soil, Sep. Purif. Technol., 79, 254, 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.02.011 Li, 2010, Evaluation of five strategies to limit the impact of fouling in permeable reactive barriers, J. Hazard. Mater., 181, 170, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.113 Li, 2015, Biological denitrification in high salinity wastewater using semen litchi as a carbon source, RSC Adv., 5, 92836, 10.1039/C5RA12752A Li, 2016, Simultaneous removal of chromate and nitrate in a packed-bed bioreactor using biodegradable meal box as carbon source and biofilm carriers, Bioresour. Technol., 207, 308, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.005 Li, 2017, An innovative wood-chip-framework substrate used as slow-release carbon source to treat high-strength nitrogen wastewater, J. Environ. Sci., 51, 275, 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.008 Li, 2017, In-situ biological denitrification using pretreated maize stalks as carbon source for nitrate-contaminated groundwater remediation, Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 17, 1, 10.2166/ws.2016.096 Li, 2018, Long-term nitrate removal through methane-dependent denitrification microorganisms in sequencing batch reactors fed with only nitrate and methane, AMB Express, 8, 10.1186/s13568-018-0637-9 Li, 2020, High-rate nitrogen removal from carbon limited wastewater using sulfur-based constructed wetland: impact of sulfur sources, Sci. Total Environ., 744, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140969 Li, 2020, Carbon sources derived from maize cobs enhanced nitrogen removal in saline constructed wetland microcosms treating mariculture effluents under greenhouse condition, Chemosphere, 243, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125342 Li, 2021, Porous solid carbon source-supported denitrification in simulated mariculture wastewater, Environ. Technol., 42, 1196, 10.1080/09593330.2019.1660415 Liao, 2013, Nitrate reduction using nanoscale zero valent iron supported by porous suspended ceramsite, Adv. Environ. Technol., 726–731, 677 Lim, 2018, Nitrite kinetics during anoxia: the role of abiotic reactions versus microbial reduction, Soil Biol. Biochem., 119, 203, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.006 Lin, 2002, Effects of macrophytes and external carbon sources on nitrate removal from groundwater in constructed wetlands, Environ. Pollut., 119, 413, 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00299-8 Lingua, 2015, Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal and bacterial inocula on nitrate concentration in mesocosms simulating a wastewater treatment system relying on phytodepuration, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 18616, 10.1007/s11356-015-5502-7 Liu, 2006, Effect of particle age (Fe-o content) and solution pH on NZVI reactivity: H-2 evolution and TCE dechlorination, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6085, 10.1021/es060685o Liu, 2006, Denitrification by the mix-culturing of fungi and bacteria with shell, Microbiol. Res., 161, 132, 10.1016/j.micres.2005.07.002 Liu, 2007, Effect of TCE concentration and dissolved groundwater solutes on NZVI-promoted TCE dechlorination and H-2 evolution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 7881, 10.1021/es0711967 Liu, 2020, Performance enhancement of H2S-based autotrophic denitrification with bio-gaseous CO2 as sole carbon source through new pH adjustment materials, J. Environ. Manag., 261, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110157 Lopez-Vizcaino, 2019, Calcite buffer effects in electrokinetic remediation of clopyralid-polluted soils, Sep. Purif. Technol., 212, 376, 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.034 Lu, 2012, Electrochemical depassivation for recovering fe-0 reactivity by Cr(VI) removal with a permeable reactive barrier system, J. Hazard. Mater., 213, 355, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.007 Ma, 2012, Enhanced dechlorination of trichloroethylene using electrospun polymer nanofibrous mats immobilized with iron/palladium bimetallic nanoparticles, J. Hazard. Mater., 211, 349, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.038 Ma, 2015, Enhanced nitrogen removal of a dynamic membrane bioreactor with crop waste addition, Fresenius Environ. Bull., 24, 4246 Margalef-Marti, 2019, Evaluating the potential use of a dairy industry residue to induce denitrification in polluted water bodies: a flow-through experiment, J. Environ. Manag., 245, 86, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.086 Martino, 2019, A hybrid phytoremediation system for contaminants in groundwater, Environ. Earth Sci., 78, 10.1007/s12665-019-8675-4 McBratney, 2014, The dimensions of soil security, Geoderma, 213, 203, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.013 McGovern, 2002, Design, construction and operation of a funnel and gate in-situ permeable reactive barrier for remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater, Water Air and Soil Pollution., 136, 11, 10.1023/A:1015227530710 Mellor, 2015, Using generalized additive mixed models to assess spatial, temporal, and hydrologic controls on bacteria and nitrate in a vulnerable agricultural aquifer, J. Contam. Hydrol., 182, 104, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.08.010 Meng, 2020, Encapsulating microscale zero valent iron-activated carbon into porous calcium alginate for the improvement on the nitrate removal rate and fe-0 utilization factor, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 307, 10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110522 Mittal, 2020, Permeable reactive barrier technology for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with nitrate and phosphate resulted from pit-toilet leachate, J. Water Process Eng., 37, 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101471 Mondal, 2004, Removal of selenate by fe and NiFe nanosized particles, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 4922, 10.1021/ie030715l Moogouei, 2020, Removal of cesium, lead, nitrate and sodium from wastewater using hydroponic constructed wetland, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 3495, 10.1007/s13762-020-02627-x Nolan, 2015, A statistical learning framework for groundwater nitrate models of the Central Valley, California, USA, J. Hydrol., 531, 902, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.10.025 Nozawa-Inoue, 2011, Effect of nitrate, acetate, and hydrogen on native perchlorate-reducing microbial communities and their activity in vadose soil, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 76, 278, 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01045.x Obiri-Nyarko, 2014, An overview of permeable reactive barriers for in situ sustainable groundwater remediation, Chemosphere, 111, 243, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.112 O'Brien, 2017, Leaf litter additions enhance stream metabolism, denitrification, and restoration prospects for agricultural catchments, Ecosphere., 8, 10.1002/ecs2.2018 Padhi, 2017, Molecular insight into the dynamic central metabolic pathways of achromobacter xylosoxidans CF-S36 during heterotrophic nitrogen removal processes, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 123, 46, 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.07.012 Paixao, 2020, Electrokinetic-Fenton for the remediation low hydraulic conductivity soil contaminated with petroleum, Chemosphere, 248, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126029 Pang, 2014, Debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron: preparation, characterization and influence factors, J. Environ. Sci., 26, 483, 10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60419-2 Park, 2009, Enhanced reduction of nitrate by supported nanoscale zero-valent iron prepared in ethanol-water solution, Environ. Technol., 30, 261, 10.1080/09593330802596705 Park, 2019, The effectiveness of injected carbon sources in enhancing the denitrifying processes in groundwater with high nitrate concentrations, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 131, 205, 10.1016/j.psep.2019.08.029 Peng, 2021, Enhanced denitrification of secondary effluent using composite solid carbon source based on agricultural wastes and synthetic polymers, Water Sci. Technol., 83, 886, 10.2166/wst.2021.023 Petala, 2013, Nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on mesoporous silica: characterization and reactivity for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution, J. Hazard. Mater., 261, 295, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.046 Pisciotta, 2015, Groundwater nitrate risk assessment using intrinsic vulnerability methods: a comparative study of environmental impact by intensive farming in the Mediterranean region of Sicily, Italy, J. Geochem. Explor., 156, 89, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.05.002 Pu, 2014, Pyrite-based autotrophic denitrification for remediation of nitrate contaminated groundwater, Bioresour. Technol., 173, 117, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.092 Putra, 2013, Application of EAPR system on the removal of lead from sandy soil and uptake by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Sep. Purif. Technol., 102, 34, 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.09.025 Qi, 2020, Food waste fermentation for carbon source production and denitrification in sequencing batch reactors, J. Clean. Prod., 253, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119934 Qian, 2011, Nitrate removal from groundwater in columns packed with reed and rice stalks, Environ. Technol., 32, 1589, 10.1080/09593330.2010.545080 Rad, 2020, Optimization of permeable reactive barrier dimensions and location in groundwater remediation contaminated by landfill pollution, J. Water Process Eng., 35, 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101196 Ramadan, 2018, An overview of electrokinetic soil flushing and its effect on bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil, J. Environ. Manag., 218, 309, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.065 Raper, 2018, Alkalinity and external carbon requirements for denitrification-nitrification of coke wastewater, Environ. Technol., 39, 2266, 10.1080/09593330.2018.1437779 Raychoudhury, 2012, Aggregation and deposition kinetics of carboxymethyl cellulose-modified zero-valent iron nanoparticles in porous media, Water Res., 46, 1735, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.045 Reardon, 1995, Anaerobic corrosion of granular iron - measurement and interpretation of hydrogen evolution rates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 2936, 10.1021/es00012a008 Reinsch, 2010, Chemical transformations during aging of zerovalent iron nanoparticles in the presence of common groundwater dissolved constituents, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3455, 10.1021/es902924h Robertson, 2000, Long-term performance of in situ reactive barriers for nitrate remediation, Ground Water, 38, 689, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb02704.x Rocha, 2020, Evaluation of zeolite as a potential reactive medium in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB): batch and column studies, Geosciences, 10, 59, 10.3390/geosciences10020059 Rodriguez-Escales, 2016, Modeling biogeochemical processes and isotope fractionation of enhanced in situ biodenitrification in a fractured aquifer, Chem. Geol., 425, 52, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.01.019 Rodriguez-Maroto, 2009, Kinetics of the chemical reduction of nitrate by zero-valent iron, Chemosphere, 74, 804, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.020 Rout, 2017, Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorous from domestic wastewater using Bacillus cereus GS-5 strain exhibiting heterotrophic nitrification, aerobic denitrification and denitrifying phosphorous removal, Bioresour. Technol., 244, 484, 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.186 Sajedi-Hosseini, 2018, A novel machine learning-based approach for the risk assessment of nitrate groundwater contamination, Sci. Total Environ., 644, 954, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.054 Salminen, 2014, Ethanol-based in situ bioremediation of acidified, nitrate-contaminated groundwater, Water Res., 63, 306, 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.013 Sanchez, 2020, Evaluation of three lignocellulosic wastes as a source of biodegradable carbon for denitrification in treatment wetlands, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 4679, 10.1007/s13762-020-02815-9 Schipper, 2004, Hydraulic constraints on the performance of a groundwater denitrification wall for nitrate removal from shallow groundwater, J. Contam. Hydrol., 69, 263, 10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00157-8 Seki, 2001, A mathematical model for biological clogging of uniform porous media, Water Resour. Res., 37, 2995, 10.1029/2001WR000395 Seo, 2018, Bio-minerals combined with Bacillus cereus for enhancing the nitrogen removal efficiency under aerobic conditions, Minerals, 8, 10.3390/min8060253 Shao, 2009, Rice husk as carbon source and biofilm carrier for water denitrification, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 18, 693 Shashibhushana, 2019, Pollutant removal potential of single-size root zone media using Vetiveria zizanioides as emergent macrophyte and its validation, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 7911, 10.1007/s13762-018-2149-1 Shen, 2019, Simultaneous removal of nitrate/phosphate with bimetallic nanoparticles of Fe coupled with copper or nickel supported on chelating resin, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26, 16568, 10.1007/s11356-019-05050-z Shi, 2011, Removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater using bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron, Water Res., 45, 886, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.025 Shyamala, 2019, Phytoremediation of nitrate contaminated water using ornamental plants, J. Water Supply Res. Technol., 68, 731, 10.2166/aqua.2019.111 Skinner, 2006, The feasibility of a permeable reactive barrier to treat acidic sulphate- and nitrate-contaminated groundwater, Water SA, 32, 129 Sohn, 2006, Fe(0) nanoparticles for nitrate reduction: stability, reactivity, and transformation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 5514, 10.1021/es0525758 Song, 2016, Addition of Fe2 increase nitrate removal in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands, Ecol. Eng., 91, 487, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.03.013 Su, 2013, Health risk assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater: a case study of an agricultural area in Northeast China, Water Resour. Manag., 27, 3025, 10.1007/s11269-013-0330-3 Su, 2016, Effect of nitrate concentration, pH, and hydraulic retention time on autotrophic denitrification efficiency with Fe(II) and Mn(II) as electron donors, Water Sci. Technol., 74, 1185, 10.2166/wst.2016.231 Sun, 2013, Degradation of simazine from aqueous solutions by diatomite-supported nanosized zero-valent iron composite materials, J. Hazard. Mater., 263, 768, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.045 Suzuki, 2012, An electrokinetic/Fe-0 permeable reactive barrier system for the treatment of nitrate-contaminated subsurface soils, Water Res., 46, 772, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.048 Takayanagi, 2015, The shoot of Ranunculus nipponicus var. submersus, a submerged vascular plant, can actively take up nitrate from cool water, Plant Biotechnol., 32, 97, 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.1201a Tang, 2012, Effect of common ions on nitrate removal by zero-valent iron from alkaline soil, J. Hazard. Mater., 231, 114, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.042 Till, 1998, Fe(0)-supported autotrophic denitrification, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 634, 10.1021/es9707769 Tokiwa, 2009, Biodegradability of plastics, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10, 3722, 10.3390/ijms10093722 Tran Trong, 2011, Influence of different substrates in wetland soils on denitrification, Water Air Soil Pollut., 215, 549, 10.1007/s11270-010-0498-6 Valhondo, 2018, Evaluation of EOC removal processes during artificial recharge through a reactive barrier, Sci. Total Environ., 612, 985, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.054 Vidal, 2020, Testing different strategies for the remediation of soils polluted with lindane, Chem. Eng. J., 381, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122674 Vidal-Gavilan, 2014, Feeding strategies for groundwater enhanced biodenitrification in an alluvial aquifer: chemical, microbial and isotope assessment of a 1D flow-through experiment, Sci. Total Environ., 494, 241, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.100 Vidotto, 2020, Remediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in a denitrifying bioelectrochemical system, Desalin. Water Treat., 205, 131, 10.5004/dwt.2020.26383 Vieira dos Santos, 2017, Reversible electrokinetic adsorption barriers for the removal of atrazine and oxyfluorfen from spiked soils, J. Hazard. Mater., 322, 413, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.032 Vikesland, 2003, Longevity of granular iron in groundwater treatment processes: changes in solute transport properties over time, J. Contam. Hydrol., 64, 3, 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00150-X Vocciante, 2021, Sustainability in ElectroKinetic remediation processes: a critical analysis, Sustainability, 13, 10.3390/su13020770 Wan, 2009, Solubility-enhanced electrokinetic movement of hexachlorobenzene in sediments: a comparison of cosolvent and cyclodextrin, J. Hazard. Mater., 166, 221, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.021 Wang, 2013, Bamboo as solid carbon source for de-nitrification, Environ. Prot. Resour. Exploit., 807–809, 1330 Wang, 2013, Modification of Pd-Fe nanoparticles for catalytic dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol, Sci. Total Environ., 449, 157, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.008 Wang, 2018, Effect of humic acid on the nitrate removal by strong base anion exchanger supported nanoscale zero-valent iron composite, Water Air Soil Pollut., 229, 10.1007/s11270-018-3988-6 Wang, 2020, Research on efficient denitrification system based on banana peel waste in sequencing batch reactors: performance, microbial behavior and dissolved organic matter evolution, Chemosphere, 253, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126693 Wang, 2021, Aminated electrospun nanofiber membrane as permeable reactive barrier material for effective in-situ Cr(VI) contaminated soil remediation, Chem. Eng. J., 406, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126822 Wen, 2020, The innovative application of agriculture straw in in situ field permeable reactive barrier for remediating nitrate-contaminated groundwater in grain-production areas, Biochem. Eng. J., 164 Wen, 2021, Removal of inorganic contaminants in soil by electrokinetic remediation technologies: a review, J. Hazard. Mater., 401, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123345 Wu, 2013, Optimal field approaches for electrokinetic in situ oxidation remediation, Ground Water Monit. Remidiat., 33, 62, 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2012.01410.x Wu, 2013, Denitrification using PBS as carbon source and biofilm support in a packed-bed bioreactor, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20, 333, 10.1007/s11356-012-0926-9 Wu, 2017, Characteristics and mechanisms of kaolinite-supported zero-valent Iron/H2O2 system for nitrobenzene degradation, Clean (Weinh), 45 Xiao, 2020, Mixed carbon source improves deep denitrification performance in up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor, Water Sci. Technol., 81, 763, 10.2166/wst.2020.159 Xie, 2017, Slowly released carbon source from composite materials system for removing nitrate pollution in groundwater, RSC Adv., 7, 10215, 10.1039/C6RA27639C Xing, 2020, An innovative double-layer microsphere used as slow-release carbon source for biological denitrification, Water Air Soil Pollut., 231, 10.1007/s11270-020-04506-0 Xu, 2020, Ion exchange membranes enhance the electrokinetic in situ chemical oxidation of PAH-contaminated soil, J. Hazard. Mater., 382, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121042 Xu, 2020, The effects of different electric fields and electrodes on Solanum nigrum L. Cd hyperaccumulation in soil, Chemosphere, 246, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125666 Xue, 2018, Nanoscale zero-valent iron coated with rhamnolipid as an effective stabilizer for immobilization of Cd and Pb in river sediments, J. Hazard. Mater., 341, 381, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.028 Xue, 2018, An alternative carbon source withdrawn from anaerobic fermentation of soybean wastewater to improve the deep denitrification of tail water, Biochem. Eng. J., 132, 217, 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.025 Yang, 2014, Investigation of PAA/PVDF-NZVI hybrids for metronidazole removal: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity characteristics, J. Hazard. Mater., 264, 269, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.037 Yeganeh, 2016, Human health risks arising from nitrate in potatoes consumed in Iran and calculation nitrate critical value using risk assessment study, Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess., 22, 817, 10.1080/10807039.2015.1113851 Yun, 2013, Nano zero-valent iron impregnated on titanium dioxide nanotube array film for both oxidation and reduction of methyl orange, Water Res., 47, 1858, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.014 Zalesny, 2019, Genotypic variability and stability of poplars and willows grown onnitrate-contaminated soils, Int. J. Phytoremediat., 21, 969, 10.1080/15226514.2019.1583721 Zalesny, 2016, Environmental technologies of woody crop production systems, Bioenergy Res., 9, 492, 10.1007/s12155-016-9738-y Zamora, 2019, Impact of ornamental vegetation type and different substrate layers on pollutant removal in constructed wetland mesocosms treating rural community wastewater, Processes., 7, 10.3390/pr7080531 Zhai, 2013, Can root exudates from emergent wetland plants fuel denitrification in subsurface flow constructed wetland systems?, Ecol. Eng., 61, 555, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.02.014 Zhang, 2006, Synthesis of nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on exfoliated graphite for removal of nitrate, Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China, 16, S345, 10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60207-0 Zhang, 2014, Nitrate removal from landfill leachate by zerovalent iron (ZVI), Desalin. Water Treat., 52, 7270, 10.1080/19443994.2013.823115 Zhang, 2017, Wheat straw, sawdust, and biodegradable plastics as potential carbon sources for synthetic nitrate-polluted groundwater column denitrification, Desalin. Water Treat., 77, 321, 10.5004/dwt.2017.20765 Zhang, 2019, Reduction of NO to N-2 in an autotrophic up-flow bioreactor with sponge iron bed based Fe(II)EDTA complexation, Fuel, 254, 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115631 Zhang, 2019, Comparison of clay ceramsite and biodegradable polymers as carriers in pack-bed biofilm reactor for nitrate removal, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16 Zhang, 2020, Assembling nanoscale zero-valent iron on magnetic Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient reduction of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), Desalin. Water Treat., 182, 225, 10.5004/dwt.2020.25092 Zhang, 2021, Mechanical activation of zero-valent iron (ZVI) in the presence of CaCO3: improved reactivity of ZVI for enhancing As(III) removal from water, J. Clean. Prod., 286, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124926 Zheng, 2008, Reactivity characteristics of nanoscale zerovalent iron-silica composites for trichloroethylene remediation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4494, 10.1021/es702214x Zhu, 2008, Influences of amphiphiles on dechlorination of a trichlorobenzene by nanoscale Pd/Fe: adsorption, reaction kinetics, and interfacial interactions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4513, 10.1021/es800227r Zhu, 2019, Enhanced nitrate removal in an fe-0-driven autotrophic denitrification system using hydrogen-rich water, Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 5, 1380, 10.1039/C9EW00423H