Corticotropin-releasing hormone in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder

Arato, 1989, Elevated CSF CRH in suicide victims, Biol Psychiatry, 25, 355, 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90183-2 Baker, 1999, Serial Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Levels and Adrenocortical Activity in Combat Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 156, 585, 10.1176/ajp.156.4.585 Banki, 1987, Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depression and schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 144, 873, 10.1176/ajp.144.7.873 Barden, 1995, Do antidepressants stabilize mood through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system?, Trends Neurosci, 18, 6, 10.1016/0166-2236(95)93942-Q Brady, 1992, The antidepressants fluoxetine, idazoxan and phenelzine alter corticotropin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in rat brain, Brain Res, 572, 117, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90459-M Brady, 1991, Long-term antidepressant administration alters corticotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase, and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in rat brain. Therapeutic implications, J Clin Invest, 87, 831, 10.1172/JCI115086 Bremner, 1997, Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 154, 624, 10.1176/ajp.154.5.624 Bremner, 1997, Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse—a preliminary report, Biol Psychiatry, 41, 23, 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00162-X Carroll, 1981, A Specific Laboratory Test for the Diagnosis of Melancholia, Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 15, 10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780260017001 Carroll, 1976, Limbic system-adrenal cortex regulation in depression and schizophrenia, Psychosom Med, 38, 106, 10.1097/00006842-197603000-00004 Casper, 1988, Cortisol measures in primary major depressive disorder with hypersomnia or appetite increase, J Affect Disord, 15, 131, 10.1016/0165-0327(88)90081-X Chrousos, 1992, The concepts of stress and stress system disorders, Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA, 267, 1244 Davis M. “The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear”, in ed. Aggleton JP. The Amygdala, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 255–306, 1992. DeBellis, 1993, Association of fluoxetine treatment with reductions in CSF concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in patients with major depression, Am J Psychiatry, 150, 656, 10.1176/ajp.150.4.656 DeGoeij, 1992, Repeated stress enhances vasopressin synthesis in corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, Brain Research, 577, 165, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90552-K Demitrack, 1991, Evidence for impaired activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 73, 1224, 10.1210/jcem-73-6-1224 Demitrack, 1998, Evidence for and pathophysiologic implications of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, Ann NY Acad Sci, 840, 684, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09607.x France, 1988, CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in chronic pain patients with and without major depression, Biol Psychiatry, 23, 86, 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90108-4 Geracioti, 1997, Low cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in eucortisolemic depression, Biol Psychiatry, 42, 166, 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00312-5 Geracioti, 1992, Serial cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in healthy and depressed humans, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 74, 1325, 10.1210/jc.74.6.1325 Gold, 1984, Psychiatric Implications of Basic and Clinical Studies with Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Am J Psychiatry, 141, 619, 10.1176/ajp.141.5.619 Gold, 1988, Clinical and biochemical maifestations of depression. Relation to the neurobiology of stress, N Engl J Med, 319, 348, 10.1056/NEJM198808113190606 Gold, 1986, Responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypercortisolism of depression and Cushing’s disease. Pathophysiologic and diagnostic implications, N Engl J Med, 314, 1329, 10.1056/NEJM198605223142101 Gray TS. “Autonomic neuropeptide connections of the amygdala”, eds. Tache Y, Morley JE, Brown M. Neuropeptides and Stress: Symposium Hans Seyle, Springer, Heidelberg pp 92–106, 1990. Gray TS. “The organization and possible function of amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor pathways”, in eds. DeSouza EB, Nemeroff CB. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor: Basic and Clinical Studies of a Neuropeptide. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 53–68, 1990. Green AI, Mooney JJ, Posener JA, Schildkraut JJ. Mood Disorders: (eds.) Kaplan HI and Saddock BJ, Biochemical Aspects. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 1995 pp. 1089–1102. Gurvits, 1996, Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 40, 1091, 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00229-6 Halbreich, 1989, Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity in endogenously depressed post-traumatic stress disorder patients, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 14, 365, 10.1016/0306-4530(89)90006-1 Heinrichs, 1992, Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist reduces emotionality in socially defeated rats via direct neurotropic action, Brain Res, 581, 190, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90708-H Heuser, 1998, Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and somatostatin in depressed patients and healthy controls, Depress Anxiety, 8, 71, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:2<71::AID-DA5>3.0.CO;2-N Heuser, 1994, The combined dexamethasone/CRH test, J Psychiatry Res, 28, 341, 10.1016/0022-3956(94)90017-5 Holsboer, 1986, Human corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in depression, Biol Psychiatry, 21, 601, 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90121-6 Holsboer, 1995, Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation in healthy subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders, Neuroendocrinology, 62, 340, 10.1159/000127023 Holsboer, 1984, ACTH and multisteroid responses to corticotropin-releasing factor in depressive illness, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 9, 147, 10.1016/0306-4530(84)90034-9 Holsboer, 1983, Prediction of clinical course by dexamethasone suppression test (DST) response in depressed patients—physiologic abd clinical construct validity of the DST, Pharmacopsychiatry, 16, 186, 10.1055/s-2007-1019496 Holsboer, 1984, Blunted corticotropin and normal cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing factor in depression, N Engl J Med, 311, 1127, 10.1056/NEJM198410253111718 Hucks, 1997, Corticotropin-releasing factor binding sites in cortex of depressed suicides, Psychopharmacology, 134, 174, 10.1007/s002130050439 Jensen, 1997, Behavioral and plasma cortisol responses to sodium lactate infusion in posttraumatic stress disorder, Ann NY Acad Sci, 821, 444, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48301.x Kalin, 1994, Restraint stress increases corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA content in the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus, Brain Res, 656, 182, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91382-X Kasckow JW, Nemeroff CB. “Peptidergic alterations in stress”, in Advances in the Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders, eds. Westengarten H, Den Boer JA, Murphy DL. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 383–397, 1996. Kling, 1994, Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on the CRH-ACTH-cortisol system in melancholic depression, Psychopharmacol Bull, 30, 489 Kling, 1989, Stress-responsive neurohormonal systems and the symptom complex of affective illness, Psychopharmacol Bull, 25, 312 Kling, 1991, Cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropin secretion in Cushing’s disease and major depression, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 72, 260, 10.1210/jcem-72-2-260 Leake, 1990, Cortical concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor in Alzheimer type dementia and major depression, Biol Psychiatry, 28, 603, 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90398-L Lemieux, 1995, Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychosom Med, 57, 105, 10.1097/00006842-199503000-00002 Liang, 1988, Intra-amygdala injections of corticotropin-releasing factor facilitate inhibitory avoidance learning and reduce exploratory behavior in rats, Psychopharmacology;, 96, 232, 10.1007/BF00177566 Liebowitz, 1984, Psychopharmacologic validation of atypical depression, J Clin Psychiatry, 45, 22 Lisansky, 1989, Augmented pituitary corticotropin-response to a threshold dosage of human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depressives pretreated with metyrapone, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 46, 641, 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810070067011 Mason, 1986, Urinary free cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients, J Nerv Ment Dis, 174, 145, 10.1097/00005053-198603000-00003 Modell, 1998, Hormonal response pattern in the combined DEX-CRH test is stable over time in subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders, Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, 253, 10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00144-9 Modell, 1997, Corticosteroid receptor function is decreased in depressed patients, Neuroendocrinology, 65, 216, 10.1159/000127275 Molchan, 1993, CSF somatostatin in Alzheimer’s disease and major depression, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 18, 509, 10.1016/0306-4530(93)90044-L Nemeroff, 1991, Neuropeptide concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy, Br J Psychiatry, 158, 59, 10.1192/bjp.158.1.59 Nemeroff CB, Owens MJ, Bissette G, Andorn AC, Stanley M. Reduced corticotropin-releasing factor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:577–570. Nemeroff CB, Widerlov •, Bissette G, Walleus H, Karlsson I, Eklund K, Kilts DC, Loosen PT, Vale WW. Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 1984;226:1342–4. Owens, 1991, Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor, Pharmacol Rev, 43, 425 Pich, 1995, Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis, J Neuroscience, 15, 5439, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-08-05439.1995 Pitman, 1990, Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 27, 245, 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90654-K Pitts, 1995, Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and oxytocin concentrations in treated patients with major depression and controls, Biol Psychiatry, 38, 330, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00229-A Pitchot, 1995, The dexamethasone suppression test in violent suicide attempters with major depression, Biol Psychiatry, 37, 273, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00228-U Purba, 1996, Increased number of vasopressin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53, 137, 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830020055007 Raadsheer, 1994, Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients, Neuroendocrinology, 60, 433, 10.1159/000126778 Sachar, 1967, Corticosteroids in depressive illness. II. A longitudinal psychoendocrine study, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 17, 554, 10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730290042006 Sachar, 1976, Neuroendocrine studies of depressive illness, Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol, 9, 11, 10.1055/s-0028-1094472 Seeley, 1996, Behavioral, endocrine, and hypothalamic responses to involuntary overfeeding, Am J Physiol, 271, R819 Smith, 1989, The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 26, 349, 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90050-4 Tazi, 1987, Behavioral activation of CRF, Life Sci, 41, 41, 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90554-6 Vale, 1981, Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and β-endorphin, Science, 213, 1394, 10.1126/science.6267699 Vale, 1997, Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of ligands and their receptors, The Endocrinologist, 7, 3S, 10.1097/00019616-199707011-00002 von Bardeleben, 1989, Cortisol response to a combined dexamethasone-hCRH challenge in patients with depression, J Neuroendocrinol, 1, 358, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00150.x von Bardeleben, 1991, Effect of age upon the cortisol response to human CRH in depressed patients pretreated with dexamethasone, Biol Psychiatry, 29, 1042, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90360-X von Bardeleben, 1988, Blunting of ACTH response to human CRH in depressed patients is avoided by metyrapone pre-treatment, Biol Psychiatry, 24, 782, 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90254-5 Wong, 2000, Pronounced and sustained central hypernoradrenergic function in major depression with melancholic features, Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA), 97, 325, 10.1073/pnas.97.1.325 Yehuda, 1995, Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 583, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950190065010 Yehuda, 1993, Psychoneuroendocrine assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 17, 541, 10.1016/0278-5846(93)90004-C Yehuda, 1991, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 30, 1031, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90123-4 Yehuda, 1995, Low urinary cortisol excretion in holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 982, 10.1176/ajp.152.7.982 Yehuda, 1996, Increased pituitary activation following metyrapone administration in post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 21, 1, 10.1016/0306-4530(95)00055-0 Yehuda, 1991, Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number in posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 148, 499, 10.1176/ajp.148.4.499 Yehuda, 1993, Enhanced suppression of cortisol following dexamethasone administration in posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 150, 83, 10.1176/ajp.150.1.83 Yehuda, 1990, Low urinary cortisol excretion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Nerv Ment Dis, 178, 366, 10.1097/00005053-199006000-00004 Yehuda, 1996, Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression, Biol Psychiatry, 40, 79, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00451-3 Young, 1995, Evidence against changes in corticotroph CRF receptors in depressed patients, Biol Psychiatry, 37, 355, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00153-T