A study of marine aerosols over the Pacific Ocean

Andreae, M. O., Barnard, W. R., and Ammons, J. M., 1983, The biological production of DMS in the ocean and its role in the global atmospheric sulfur budget, Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 35, 167?177.

Andreae, M. O. and Raemdonck, H., 1983, Dimethyl sulfide in the surface ocean and marine atmosphere, Science 221, 744?747.

Ayers, G. P. and Gras, J. L., 1980, Ammonia gas concentrations over the Southern Ocean, Nature 284, 539?540.

Barker, D. R. and Zeitlin, H., 1972, Metal-ion concentrations in sea-surface microlayer and size-separated atmospheric aerosol samples in Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5076?5086.

Barnard, W. R., Andreae, M. O., Watkins, W. E., Bingemer, H., and Georgii, H. W., 1982, The flux of dimethyl sulfide from the oceans to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 8787?8794.

Bigg, E. K., Ono, A., and Williams, J. A., 1974, Chemical tests for individual submicron aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ. 8, 1?13.

Blanchard, D. C. and Woodcock, A. H., 1957, Bubble formation and modification in the sea and its meteorological significance, Tellus 9, 145?158.

Chatfield, R. B. and Crutzen, P. J., 1984, Sulfur dioxide in remote ocean air: Cloud transport of reactive precursors, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 7111?7132.

Clark, J. F., Clark, T. L., Ching, J. S., Haagenson, P. L., Husar, R. B., and Patterson, D. E., 1983, Assessment of model simulation of long distance transport, Atmos. Environ. 17 (12), 2449.

Cline, J. D. and Bates, T. S., 1983, Dimethyl sulfide in the equatorial Pacific Ocean: A natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 10, 949?952.

Crutzen, P. J., Delany, A. C., Greenberg, J., Haagenson, P. L., Heidt, L., Lueb, R., Pollock, W., Seiler, W., Wartburg, A., and Zimmerman, P., 1985, Tropospheric chemical composition in Brazil during the dry season, J. Atmos. Chem. 2, 233.

Ferek, R. J., Lazrus, A. L., Haagenson, P. L., and Winchester, J. W., 1983, Strong and weak acidity of aerosols collected over the northeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 315?324.

Georgii, H. W. and Gravenhorst, G., 1972, Untersuchungen zur Konstitution des Aerosols über dem Atlantischen Ozean, Meteor. Rundschau 25, 180?191.

Georgii, H. W. and Gravenhorst, G., 1977, The oceans as source or sink of reactive trace-gases, Pure Appl. Geophys. 155, 503?511.

Georgii, H. W., 1978, Large-scale spatial and temporal distribution of sulfur compounds, Atmos. Environ. 12, 681?690.

Gravenhorst, G., 1977, Marine aerosol, in Proc. 9th Internat. Conf. on Atmos. Aerosols, Galway Univ. Press, 468?476.

Gravenhorst, G., 1978, Maritime sulfate over the North Atlantic, Atmos. Environ. 12, 707?713.

Gravenhorst, G., Müller, K. P., and Franken, H., 1979, Inorganic nitrogen over the North Atlantic, Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung 7, 182?187.

Haagenson, P. L. and Shapiro, M. L., 1979, Isentropic trajectories for derivation of objectively analyzed meteorological parameters, NCAR Tn-149, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, U.S.A.

Hutchinson, G. E., 1954, The biochemistry of the terrestrial atmosphere, in G. Kuiper (ed.), The Earth as a Planet, Chicago Univ. Press, 371?433.

Huebert, B. J. and Lazrus, A. L., 1980, Bulk composition of aerosols in the remote troposphere, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7337?7344.

John, W. and Reischl, G., 1978, Measurements of the filtration efficiencies of selected filter types, Atmos. Environ. 12, 2015?2019.

Junge, C. E., 1954, Recent investigations in air chemistry, Tellus 8, 127?139.

Junge, C. E., 1957, Chemical analysis of aerosol particles and gas traces on the island of Hawaii, Tellus 9, 528?537.

Junge, C. E., 1972, Our knowledge of the physico-chemistry of aerosols in the undisturbed marine environment, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5183?5199.

Kley, D., Drummond, J. W., McFarland, M., and Liu, S. C., 1981, Tropospheric profiles of NO x , J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3153?3161.

Kley, D., Liu, S. C., and Albritton, D. L., 1984, Global nitrate deposition from lightning, Proc., Conf. on Environ. Impact of Natural Emission, Seabrook Island.

Keene, W., Galloway, J., and Holden, J., 1983, Measurement of weak organic acid in precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 5122?5130.

Lazrus, A. L., Haagenson, P. L., Kok, G. L., Huebert, B. J., Krietzberg, C. W., Likens, G. E., Mohnen, V. A., Wilson, W. E., and Winchester, J. W., 1983, Acidity in air and water in a case of warm frontal precipitation, Atmos. Environ. 17, 581?591.

Liebig, J.Von, 1827, Extrait d'une note M. Liebig sur la nitrification, Ann. Chem. Phys. 35, 329.

Liu, B. Y. H. and Lee, K. W., 1976, Efficiency of membrane and Nuclepore filters for submicrometer aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 345?350.

Liu, S. C., McFarland, M., Kley, D., Zafiriou, O., and Huebert, B., 1983, Tropospheric NO x and O3 budgets in the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 1360?1368.

Lodge, J. P., MacDonald, A. J., and Vihman, E., 1960, A study of the composition of marine atmosphere, Tellus 12, 184?187.

Lovelock, J. E., Maggs, R. T., and Rasmussen, R. A., 1972, Atmospheric dimethyl sulfide and the natural sulfur cycle, Nature 237, 452?453.

Lovett, R. F., 1978, Quantitative measurement of airborne sea-salt in the North Atlantic, Tellus 30, 358?364.

Mamane, Y. and dePena, R., 1978, A quantitative method for the detection of individual submicrometer size sulfate particles, Atmos. Environ. 12, 69?82.

Meszaros, A. and Vissy, K., 1974, Concentration, size distribution and chemical nature of atmospheric aerosol particles in remote oceanic areas, J. Aerosol Sci. 5, 101?109.

Nguyen, B. C., Gaudry, A., Bonsang, B., and Lambert, G., 1978, Reevaluation of the role of dimethyl sulfide in the sulfur budget, Nature 275, 637?639.

Parungo, F. P. and Pueschel, R., 1980, Conversion of nitrogen oxides to nitrate particles, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 4507?4511.

Parungo, F., Nagamoto, C., Nolt, I., and Nickerson, E., 1982, Airborne measurements of aerosols and CCN over Hawaii, Idojars, J. Hungarian Meteorol. Service 86, 226?234.

Parungo, F., Nagamoto, C., Harris, J., Rosenwasser, B., and Ruhnke, L., 1984, Analyses of aerosol and precipitation samples collected during a transatlantic research cruise, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ESG-5, Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, U.S.A., 63 pp.

Parungo, F., Nagamoto, C. N., and Harris, J., 1986, Temporal and spatial variations of marine aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean (accepted by J. Rech. Atmos.).

Riley, J. P. and Chester, R., 1971, Introduction to Marine Chemistry, Academic Press, London and New York, 465 pp.

Rosinski, J., Gandrud, B., Nagamoto, C., and Parungo, F., 1984, Cumulative chemical composition of atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei, J. Aerosol Sci. 15, 709?718.

Savoie, D. L. and Prospero, J. M., 1982, Particle size distribution of nitrate and sulfate in the marine atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 1207?1210.

Scott, B. C., 1982, Prediction of in-cloud conversion rate of SO2 to SO4 based upon a single chemical and kinematic storm model, Atmos. Environ. 16, 1735?1752.

Smith, B. M., Wagman, J., and Fish, B. R., 1969, Interaction of airborne particles with gases, Environ. Sci. Tech. 3, 558?561.

Smith, R. L., 1968, Upwelling, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 6, 11?46.

Urone, P., Lutsep, H., Noyes, C. M., and Porcher, J. F., 1968, Static studies of sulfur dioxide reaction in air, Environ. Sci. Tech. 2, 611?618.

Walcek, C. J. and Pruppacher, H. R., 1984, On the scavenging of SO2 by clouds and raindrops, J. Atmos. Chem. 1, 269?324.

Winkler, P., 1975, Chemical analysis of Aitken particles (<0.2 ?m radius) over the Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett. 2, 45?48.

Woodcock, A. H., 1953, Salt nuclei in marine air as a function of altitude and wind force, J. Meteorol. 10, 362?371.

Zafiriou, O. C. and True, M. B., 1979a, Nitrite photolysis as a source of free radicals in productive surface waters, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 81?84.

Zafiriou, O. C. and True, M. B., 1979b, Nitrite photolysis in seawater by sunlight, Marine Chem. 8, 9?32.

Zafiriou, O. C. and McFarland, M., 1980, Nitric oxide in seawater, Science 207, 637?639.

Zafiriou, O. C. and McFarland, M., 1981, Nitric oxide from nitrite photolysis in the central equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3173?3182.