Ordering and growth of Langmuir–Blodgett films: X-ray scattering studies

B. Lawrie, M.A. Pais, B. Pippard (Eds.), Twentieth Century Physics, Institute of Physics, Philadelphia, PA, 1995; G. Grinstein, G. Mazenko, Directions in Condensed Matter Physics, World Scientific, Singapore, 1986. P.G. de Gennes, J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystals, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993. P.-G. de Gennes, Simple Views on Condensed Matter Physics, World Scientific, Singapore, 1992. P.M. Chaikin, T.C. Lubensky, Principles of Condensed Matter Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998. M. Daoud, C.E. Williams (Eds.), Soft Matter Physics, Springer, Berlin, 1995. G. Bauer, F. Kuchar, H. Heinrich, Two Dimensional Systems: Physics and New Devices, Springer Series in Solid State Sciences, Vol. 67, Springer, Berlin, 1986. Imry, 1997 Reed, 1989 M. Riordan, L. Hoddeson, C. Herring, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 (1999) S336 and references therein; W.F. Brinkman, D.V. Lang, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 (1999) S480. Glocker, 1995 Bunshah, 1994 See for e.g. M. K. Sanyal (Ed.), Special section: Surface Characterization, Current Science 78 (2000) 1445–1530. See for e.g. B. Ocko (guest editor), Synchrotron Radiation News 12(2) (1999) 1 (special issue). Braslau, 1986, Phys. Rev. A, 38, 2457, 10.1103/PhysRevA.38.2457 Sanyal, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett., 66, 628, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.628 Holy, 1999 Daillant, 1999 Tolan, 1999 Russell, 1991, Mater. Sci. Rep., 5, 171, 10.1016/S0920-2307(05)80002-7 Pershan, 1987, Phys. Rev. A, 35, 4860, 10.1103/PhysRevA.35.4800 Als-Nielsen, 1982, Phys. Rev. Lett., 48, 1107, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1107 Pershan, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 759, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.759 Mclain, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 246, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.246 Penfold, 1997, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 3899, 10.1039/a702836i Kjaer, 1988, Thin Solid Films, 159, 17, 10.1016/0040-6090(88)90613-X Als-Nielsen, 1994, Phys. Rep., 246, 251, 10.1016/0370-1573(94)90046-9 Nitz, 1996, Phys. Rev. B, 54, 5038, 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.5038 Basu, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, 4617, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4617 Basu, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 4675, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4675 Sanyal, 1998, Physica B, 248, 217, 10.1016/S0921-4526(98)00235-X Gibaud, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 3205, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3205 Parkin, 1990, Phys. Rev. B, 42, 10587, 10.1103/PhysRevB.42.10583 Gaines, 1966 Roberts, 1990 Ulman, 1991 Petty, 1996 Kaganer, 1999, Rev. Mod. Phys., 71, 779, 10.1103/RevModPhys.71.779 Frankiln, 1774, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 64, 445, 10.1098/rstl.1774.0044 Pockels, 1891, Nature, 46, 418, 10.1038/046418e0 Born, 1986 D.J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989; J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics Wiley, New York, 1975. Compton, 1935 Sinha, 1988, Phys. Rev. B, 38, 2297, 10.1103/PhysRevB.38.2297 Penfold, 1990, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2, 1369, 10.1088/0953-8984/2/6/001 Daillant, 2000, Rep. Prog. Phys., 63, 1725, 10.1088/0034-4885/63/10/203 Sinha, 1991, Physica B, 173, 25, 10.1016/0921-4526(91)90031-9 Sanyal, 1993, Europhys. Lett., 21, 691, 10.1209/0295-5075/21/6/010 Lovesey, 1996 Lekner, 1987 Goldberger, 1947, Phys. Rev., 71, 294, 10.1103/PhysRev.71.294 van der Lee, 2000, Eur. Phys. J. B, 13, 755, 10.1007/s100510050095 Zhou, 1995, Phys. Rep., 257, 223, 10.1016/0370-1573(94)00110-O Schwartz, 1997, Surf. Sci. Rep., 27, 241, 10.1016/S0167-5729(97)00003-4 Barabasi, 1995 P. Meakin, Phys. Rep. 235 (1993) 189; J. Krug, Adv. Phys. 46 (1997) 139. Malcai, 1997, Phys. Rev. E, 56, 2817, 10.1103/PhysRevE.56.2817 Peltier, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett., 78, 2672, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2672 Arrault, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, 75, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.75 Brus, 1986, J. Phys. Chem., 90, 2555, 10.1021/j100403a003 Rama Krishna, 1991, J. Chem. Phys., 95, 8309, 10.1063/1.461258 Alivisatos, 1996, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 13226, 10.1021/jp9535506 Heath, 1998, Chem. Soc. Rev., 27, 65, 10.1039/a827065z Dhanabalan, 1996, Solid State Commun., 99, 859, 10.1016/0038-1098(96)00144-5 Smotkin, 1988, Chem. Phys. Lett., 152, 265, 10.1016/0009-2614(88)87365-2 Geddes, 1993, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 13767, 10.1021/j100153a054 Facci, 1996, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 10556, 10.1073/pnas.93.20.10556 Kosterlitz, 1973, J. Phys. C, 6, 1181, 10.1088/0022-3719/6/7/010 D.R. Nelson, B.I. Halperin, Phys. Rev. B 19 (1979) 2457; A.P. Young, Phys. Rev. B 19 (1979) 1855. Rabe, 1987, J. Chem. Phys., 86, 1601, 10.1063/1.452199 Sasanuma, 1991, Thin Solid Films, 199, 359, 10.1016/0040-6090(91)90018-S Mahler, 1995, Thin Solid Films, 256, 198, 10.1016/0040-6090(94)06281-1 Riegler, 1989, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 6475, 10.1021/j100354a039 Richardson, 1989, Phys. Rev. B, 39, 12165, 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.12165 Sikes, 1997, Science, 278, 1604, 10.1126/science.278.5343.1604 Fontana, 1999, J. Chem. Phys., 111, 5562, 10.1063/1.479815 Basu, 2000, Physica B, 283, 6, 10.1016/S0921-4526(99)01881-5 Langmuir, 1917, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 39, 1848, 10.1021/ja02254a006 K. Blodgett, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (1935) 1007; Phys. Rev. 51 (1937) 964. Harkins, 1952 Blodgett, 1937, Phys. Rev., 51, 964, 10.1103/PhysRev.51.964 Datta, 1997, J. Phys. Chem., 101, 9280, 10.1021/jp971703e Riegler, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett., 61, 2492, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.2492 Sikes, 1997, Langmuir, 13, 4704, 10.1021/la970346w Malik, 1995, Phys. Rev. B, 52, R11654, 10.1103/PhysRevB.52.R11654 Morelis, 1993, Langmuir, 9, 3101, 10.1021/la00035a058 Giraard-Egrot, 1993, Langmuir, 9, 3107, 10.1021/la00035a059 Leonard, 1995, Thin Solid Films, 260, 227, 10.1016/0040-6090(95)06514-8 Geue, 1999, J. Chem. Phys., 110, 8104, 10.1063/1.478713 Neissendorfer, 1999, Meas. Sci. Technol., 10, 354, 10.1088/0957-0233/10/5/003 J.K. Basu, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Calcutta, 2000. Basu, 2000, Phys. Rev. B, 62, 11 109, 10.1103/PhysRevB.62.11109 Gibaud, 1993, Acta Crystallogr. A, 49, 642, 10.1107/S0108767392013126 W.J. De Jeu, J.D. Shindler, E.A.L. Mol, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 29 (1996) 511; J.D. Shindler, R.M. Suter, Rev. Sci. Instr. 63 (1992) 5343. Marshall, 1971 Lovesey, 1984 Bacon, 1962 Fermi, 1950 Parratt, 1954, Phys. Rev., 95, 359, 10.1103/PhysRev.95.359 Chandrasekhar Rao, 1994, Appl. Surf. Sci., 74, 315, 10.1016/0169-4332(94)90113-9 Piecuch, 1990, Mater. Sci. Forum, 59/60, 93, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.59-60.93 Beckmann, 1963 Bass, 1979 Ogilvy, 1991 Voronovich, 1994 Elson, 1979, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 31, 10.1364/JOSA.69.000031 Schiff, 1968 B.B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W.H. Freeman & Co., New York, 1983. J.W. Goodman, Statistical Optics, Wiley, New York, 1985. G.B. Arfken, H.J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press, New York, 1995. Xiao, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett., 78, 3693, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3693 Tolan, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 2731, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2731 Doerr, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 3470, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3470 Dietrich, 1995, Phys. Rep., 260, 1, 10.1016/0370-1573(95)00006-3 Hóly, 1994, Phys. Rev. B, 49, 10668, 10.1103/PhysRevB.49.10668 Sanyal, 1992, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 237, 393, 10.1557/PROC-237-393 Sanyal, 1998, Phys. Rev. B, 58, R4258, 10.1103/PhysRevB.58.R4258 Sanyal, 1996, Europhys. Lett., 36, 265, 10.1209/epl/i1996-00220-2 Perahia, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 100, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.100 J. Klein, Nature 288 (1980) 248; J. Klein, P.F. Luckham, Nature 308 (1984) 836. Yu, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 2326, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2326 Magnussen, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 4444, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4444 Regan, 1996, Phys. Rev. B, 54, 9730, 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.9730 Regan, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 2498, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.2498 Tostmann, 1999, Phys. Rev. B, 59, 783, 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.783 W. Zhao, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 1453; W. Zhao, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 97 (1992) 8536. Reiter, 1996, Europhys. Lett., 33, 29, 10.1209/epl/i1996-00299-3 de Gennes, 1980, Macromolecules, 13, 1069, 10.1021/ma60077a009 deHaan, 1995, Phys. Rev. B, 58, 10831, 10.1103/PhysRevB.52.10831 C.F. Majkrzak, N.F. Berk, Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 15416; ibid 52 (1995) 10827. Schreyer, 1999, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 60, 1045, 10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00045-1 Clinton, 1993, Phys. Rev. B, 48, 1, 10.1103/PhysRevB.48.1 Ploog, 1980, 75 Sinha, 1994, Physica B, 198, 72, 10.1016/0921-4526(94)90131-7 Makovski, 1981, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 14, 160, 10.1107/S0021889881009060 Skita, 1986, Phys. Rev. B, 34, 8526, 10.1103/PhysRevB.34.5826 Crowther, 1969, Acta Crystallogr. B, 25, 2571, 10.1107/S0567740869006091 Reiss, 1996, Phys. Rev. B, 53, 8157, 10.1103/PhysRevB.53.8157 Zimmerman, 2000, Phys. Rev. B, 62, 10377, 10.1103/PhysRevB.62.10377 Reimer, 1997, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 9, 4521, 10.1088/0953-8984/9/22/005 Stettner, 1996, Phys. Rev. B, 53, 1398, 10.1103/PhysRevB.53.1398 Doerr, 1998, Physica B, 248, 263, 10.1016/S0921-4526(98)00245-2 Bevington, 1969 Chadan, 1989 Lu, 1996, Acta Crystallogr. A, 52, 11, 10.1107/S0108767395011202 Attfield, 1990, Nature, 343, 46, 10.1038/343046a0 Sivia, 1991, Physica B, 173, 121, 10.1016/0921-4526(91)90042-D Edwards, 1982, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 381, 17, 10.1098/rspa.1982.0056 Vazquez, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, 709, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.709 Leuthe, 1992, J. Phys. D, 25, 1766, 10.1088/0022-3727/25/12/015 Englisch, 1998, Physica B, 248, 258, 10.1016/S0921-4526(98)00244-0 R.P. Feynman, Caltech's Engineering & Science, February 1960; also available at http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html. Edelstein, 1998 Murakoshi, 1998, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 94, 579, 10.1039/a707192b Urquhart, 1994, Langmuir, 10, 899, 10.1021/la00015a047 Peng, 1992, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 3170, 10.1021/j100186a072 Li, 1997, Langmuir, 13, 6183, 10.1021/la9705221 Holyst, 1991, Phys. Rev. A, 44, 3692, 10.1103/PhysRevA.44.3692 Mol, 1996, Phys. Rev. E, 54, 536, 10.1103/PhysRevE.54.536 Naselli, 1985, J. Chem. Phys., 82, 2136, 10.1063/1.448351 Ostlund, 1981, Phys. Rev. B, 23, 335, 10.1103/PhysRevB.23.335 Asmussen, 1996, J. Chem. Phys., 104, 8151, 10.1063/1.471491 Feigin, 1996, Physica B, 221, 185, 10.1016/0921-4526(95)00922-1 Pietsch, 1994, Thin Solid Films, 247, 230, 10.1016/0040-6090(94)90804-4 Gradshteyn, 1980 R. Evans, in: J. Charvolin, J.F. Joanny, J. Zinn-Justin (Eds.), Liquids at Interfaces, Les Houches Session XLVIII NATO ASI, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1990, p. 4; J. Meunier, ibid, p. 328. Rowlinson, 1982 Croxton, 1980 Abrahamowitz, 1968 J. Daillant, O. Belorgey, J. Chem. Phys. 97 (1992) 5824; ibid, (1992) 5837.