Ocular β-Blockers in Glaucoma Management

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 2 - Trang 208-221 - 2012
Anne M. V. Brooks1, W. E. Gillies1
1Glaucoma Investigation and Research Unit, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia.

Tóm tắt

Topical β-blockers reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) by blockade of sympathetic nerve endings in the ciliary epithelium causing a fall in aqueous humour production. Two types of topical β-blockers are available for use in glaucoma: nonselective, which block both β1- and β2-adrenoceptors; and cardioselective, which block only β1-receptors. Of the β-Blockers commercially available, timolol, levobunolol, metipranolol and Carteolol are nonselective, and betaxolol is cardioselective. Twice-daily timolol is probably the most effective agent in lowering IOP, although levobunolol is equally effective and can be used once daily with little difference in effect. Carteolol is used twice daily and any theoretical advantage in diminished side effects confered by its partial β-agonist activity compared with timolol has not been fully substantiated. Metipranolol is effective twice daily and does not have partial β-agonist activity. Betaxolol has an effect comparable to timolol in lowering IOP, but is less effective in some patients. β-Blockers can be used with other antiglaucoma medications, but their combined action with epinephrine (adrenaline) is suspect, particularly in the case of the nonselective β-blockers, and the effect should be assessed in patients on an individual basis. Local stinging can be a problem in some patients with betaxolol. The most serious side effects of β-blockers are the exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease with nonselective agents and the precipitation of bron-chospasm in some patients. Betaxolol seems relatively free of adverse respiratory effects, although this may be dose-related and extreme caution should still be exercised in patients with any history of respiratory illness. Because of the lower risk of precipitating side effects, betaxolol is probably the β-blocker of first choice for use in glaucoma; timolol or levobunolol are reserved for patients who do not respond satisfactorily to betaxolol and are quite free of respiratory disease.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Airaksinen PJ. The long-term hypotensive effect of timolol maleate compared with the effect of pilocarpine in simple and capsular glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmologica 57: 425–434, 1979 Airaksinen PJ, Valkonen R, Stenborg T, Takki K, Klemetti A, et al. A double-masked study of timolol and pilocarpine combined. American Journal of Ophthalmology 104: 587–594, 1987 Akingbehin T, Villada JR. Metipronolol-associated granulomatous anterior uveitis. British Journal of Ophthalmology 75: 519–523, 1991 Allen RC, Epstein DL. A double-masked clinical trial of betaxolol and timolol in glaucoma patients. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 23 (Suppl. 40): 1982 Allen RC, Epstein DL. Additive effect of betaxolol and epinephrine in primary open angle glaucoma. Archives of Ophthalmology 104: 1178–1184, 1986 Allen RC, Hertzmark E, Walker AM, Epstein DL. A double-masked comparison of betaxolol vs timolol in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. American Journal of Ophthalmology 101: 535–541, 1986 Allen RC, Robin AL, Long D, Novack GD, Lue JC, et al. A combination of levobunolol and dipivefrin for the treatment of glaucoma. Archives of Ophthalmology 106: 904–907, 1988 Anderson DR. Glaucoma: the damage caused by pressure. XLVI Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. American Journal of Ophthalmology 108: 485–495, 1989 Andréasson S, Jensen KM. Effect of pindolol on intraocular pressure in glaucoma: pilot study and randomised comparison with timolol. British Journal of Ophthalmology 67: 228–230, 1983 Ashburn FS, Gillespie JE, Kass MA, Becker B. Timolol plus maximum tolerated antiglaucoma therapy: a one-year followup study. Survey of Ophthalmology 23: 389–394, 1979 Atkins JM, Pugh BR, Timewell RM. Cardiovascular effects of topical beta-blockers during exercise. American Journal of Ophthalmology 99: 173–175, 1985 Ball S. Congestive heart failure from betaxolol. Archives of Ophthalmology 105: 320, 1987 Battershill PE, Sorkin EM. Ocular metipranolol. Drugs 36: 601–615, 1988 Beasley CH, Cagle GD, McDonald TO. Long-term efficacy and safety of betaxolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution. New Trends in Ophthalmology 2: 95–97, 1987 Bengtsson B. Aspects of the epidemiology of chronic glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmologica Supplementum 146: 1–48, 1981 Bensinger RE, Keates EU, Gofman JD, Novack GD, Duzman E. Levobunolol: a three-month efficacy study in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Archives of Ophthalmology 103: 375–378, 1985 Berger WE. Betaxolol in patients with glaucoma and asthma. American Journal of Ophthalmology 103: 600–601, 1987 Berlin I, Marcel P, Uzzan B, Millon D, Le Hoang P, et al. A single dose of three different ophthalmic beta-blockers antagonizes the chronotropic effect of isoproterenol in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 622–626, 1987 Berrospi AR, Leibowitz HM. A new β-adrenergic blocking agent for treatment of glaucoma. Archives of Ophthalmology 100: 943–946, 1982 Berry DP, Van Buskirk EM, Shields MB. Betaxolol and timolol: a comparison of efficacy and side effects. Archives of Ophthalmology 102: 42–45, 1984 Berson FG, Cohen HB, Foerster RJ, Lass JH, Novack GD, et al. Levobunolol compared with timolol for the long-term control of elevated intraocular pressure. Archives of Ophthalmology 103: 379–382, 1985 Björnsson G. The primary glaucoma in Iceland. Acta Ophthalmologica Supplementum 91: 1–99, 1967 Bleckmann H, Dorow P. Betaxolol vs placebo in ten patients with glaucoma and reactive airway disease. New Trends in Ophthalmology 2: 114–123, 1987 Bloom E, Richmond C, Alvarado J, Polansky J. Betaxolol vs timolol: plasma radio-receptor assays to evaluate systemic complications of beta blocker therapy for glaucoma. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 26 (Suppl.): 125, 1985 Boger WP, Puliafito CA, Steinert RF, Langston DP. Long-term experience with timolol ophthalmic solution in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 85: 259–267, 1978 Boger WP, Steinert RF, Thomas JV. Timolol in the therapy of ‘Ocular Hypertension’. Survey of Ophthalmology 25: 195–202, 1980 Bonomi L, Steindler P. Effect of pindolol on intraocular pressure. British Journal of Ophthalmology 59: 301–303, 1975 Bonomi L, Zavarise G, Noya E, Michieletto S. Effects of timolol maleate on tear flow in human eyes. Albrecht Von Grafes Archiv fur Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie 213: 19–22, 1980 Boozman FW, Carriker R, Foerster R, Allen RC, Novack GD, et al. Long-term evaluation of 0.25% levobunolol and timolol for therapy for elevated intraocular pressure. Archives of Ophthalmology 106: 614–618, 1988 Boudot JP, Cavero I, Fénard S, Lefèvre-Borg F, Manoury P, et al. Preliminary studies on SL 75212, a new potent cardioselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist. British Journal of Pharmacology (Proceedings) 66: 445P, 1979 Brazier DJ, Smith SE. Ocular and cardiovascular response to topical Carteolol 2% and timolol 0.5% in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Ophthalmology 72: 101–103, 1988 Brenkman RF. Long-term hypotensive effect of atenolol 4% eye drops. British Journal of Ophthalmology 62: 287–291, 1978 Brogliatti B, Rolle T, Franzone M. Effects of topical betaxolol on ocular hypertensive or glaucomatous eyes. New Trends in Ophthalmology 2: 87–94, 1987 Brooks AMV, Burdon JGW, Gillies WE. The significance of reactions to betaxolol reported by patients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 17: 353–355, 1989 Brooks AMV, Gillies WE, West RH. Betaxolol eye drops as a safe medication to lower intraocular pressure. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 15: 125–129, 1987 Buckley MM-T, Goa KL, Clissold SP. Ocular betaxolol. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic efficacy in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs 40: 75–90, 1990 Caldwell DR, Salisbury CR, Guzek JP. Effects of topical betaxolol in ocular hypertensive patients. Archives of Ophthalmology 102: 539–540, 1984 Cavero I, Lefèvre-Borg F. Antihypertensive activity of betaxolol in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 78 (Proceedings): 141P, 1983 Cervantes R, Hernandez y Hernandez H, Frati A. Pulmonary and heart rate changes associated with nonselective beta-blocker glaucoma therapy. Journal of Toxicology — Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 5: 185–193, 1986 Cher I. Transfer to timolol: selective use of a new mode of therapy. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 8: 165–172, 1980 Chrisp P, Sorkin EM. Ocular Carteolol. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs & Aging 2: 58–77, 1992 Cinotti A, Cinotti D, Grant W, Jacobs I, Galin M, et al. Levobunolol vs timolol for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. American Journal of Ophthalmology 99: 11–17, 1985 Clark JB, Brooks AMV, Mantzioros N, Gillies WE. A comparison of the efficacy of betaxolol and timolol in ocular hypertension with or without adrenaline. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 17: 173–177, 1989 Coakes RL, Brubaker RF. The mechanism of timolol in lowering intraocular pressure. Archives of Ophthalmology 96: 2045–2048, 1978 Cohn JB. A comparative study of the central nervous system effects of betaxolol vs timolol. Correspondence. Archives of Ophthalmology 107: 633–634, 1989 Collignon-Brach J. Early visual field changes with beta-blocking agents. Summary. Survey of Ophthalmology 33 (Suppl.): 429–430, 1989 Cyrlin MN, Thomas JV, Epstein DL. Additive effect of epinephrine to timolol therapy in primary open angle glaucoma. Archives of Ophthalmology 100: 414–418, 1982 David R, Sachs U. Timolol: long-term follow-up of patients with various types of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Glaucoma 3: 323–325, 1981 DeSantis L, Chandler M. Cardiac beta blockade after ocular instillation of beta adrenergic blockers in alert cynomolgus monkeys: safety profile for betaxolol. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 26: 227, 1985 DeSantis L, Polansky JR, Bruce L. Relative differences in beta receptor activity between the cardioselective beta blocker, betaxolol, and nonselective beta blockers. In Blodi F, et al. (Eds) Proceedings of the XXVth International Congress of Ophthalmology, pp. 1501–1505, Kugler & Ghedini, Amsterdam, 1987 Dickstein K. Comparison of the effect of timolol versus betaxolol Ophthalmic on cardiopulmonary exercise performance in healthy volunteers. Survey of Ophthalmology 33 (Suppl.): 457–458, 1989 Duff GR, Graham PA. A double-crossover trial comparing the effects of topical Carteolol and placebo on intraocular pressure. British Journal of Ophthalmology 72: 27–28, 1988 Duff GR, Newcombe RG. The 12-hour control of intraocular pressure on Carteolol 2% twice daily. British Journal of Ophthalmology 72: 890–891, 1988 Dunn TL, Gerber MJ, Shen AS, Fernandez E, Iseman MD, et al. The effect of topical ophthalmic instillation of timolol and be-taxolol on lung function in asthmatic subjects. American Review of Respiratory Disease 133: 264–268, 1986 Duzman E, Ober M, Scharrer A, Leopold IH. A clinical evaluation of the effects of topically applied levobunolol and timolol on increased intraocular pressure. American Journal of Ophthalmology 94: 318–327, 1982 Elliot MJ, Cullen PM, Phillips CI. Ocular hypotensive effect of atenolol (Tenormin, I.C.I.): a new beta-adrenergic blocker. British Journal of Ophthalmology 59: 296–300, 1975 Epstein DL, Krug JH, Hertzmark E, Remis LL, Edelstein DJ. A long-term clinical trial of timolol therapy versus no treatment in the management of glaucoma suspects. Ophthalmology 96: 1460–1467, 1989 Feghali JG, Kaufman PL. Decreased intraocular pressure in the hypertensive human eye with betaxolol, a β1-adrenergic antagonist. American Journal of Ophthalmology 100: 777–782, 1985 Fraunfelder FT, Barker AF. Respiratory effects of timolol. Correspondence. New England Journal of Medicine 311: 1441, 1984 Frumar KD, McGuinness R. A study of the intraocular pressure lowering effect of timolol and dipivalyl epinephrine. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of New Zealand 33: 27–29, 1981 Gerber SL, Cantor LB, Brater DC. Systemic drug interactions with topical glaucoma medications. Survey of Ophthalmology 35: 205–218, 1990 Gillies WE, West RH, Cebon L. A trial of timoptol (Timolol Maleate) in a clinical situation. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 8: 173–175, 1980 Gillies WE, West RH, Cebon L. Timoptol — three years on: a study of timolol maleate drops over a longer period. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 11: 155–157, 1983 Goldberg I. Betaxolol. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 17: 9–13, 1989 Gonzalez JP, Clissold SP. Ocular Levobunolol. A Review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 34: 648–661, 1987 Graham PA. Prevalence of glaucoma: population surveys. Transactions of the ophthalmological societies of the United Kingdom 98: 288–289, 1978 Grunwald JE. Effect of timolol maleate on the retinal circulation of human eyes with ocular hypertension. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 31: 521–526, 1990 Harris LS, Greenstein SH, Bloom AF. Respiratory difficulties with betaxolol. Correspondence. American Journal of Ophthalmology 102: 274–275, 1986 Hernandez y Hernandez H, Cervantes R, Frati A, Hurtado R, et al. Cardiovascular effects of topical glaucoma therapies in normal subjects. Journal of Toxicology — Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 2: 99–106, 1983 Hollows FC, Graham PA. Intra-ocular pressure, glaucoma, and glaucoma suspects in a defined population. British Journal of Ophthalmology 50: 570–586, 1966 Holmin C, Krakau CET. Short term effects of timolol in chronic glaucoma: a double blind study using computerized perimetry. Acta Ophthalmologica 60: 337–346, 1982 Hoskins HD, Kass MA (Eds) Becker-Shaffer’s diagnosis and therapy of the glaucomas, pp. 455, CV Mosby, St Louis, 1989 Høvding G, Aasved H. Timolol/pilocarpine combination eye drops in open angle glaucoma and in ocular hypertension: a controlled randomized study. Acta Ophthalmologica 65: 594–601, 1987 Huckauf H. Respiratory tolerance of oral betaxolol in partially reversible obstructive airways disease. In Morselli RL, et al. (Eds) Betaxolol and other β1-adrenoreceptor antagonists, pp. 205–211, Raven Press, New York, 1983 Hugues FC, Julien D, Marche J. Influence of betaxolol and atenolol on airways in chronic obstructive lung diseases. In Morselli RL et al. (Eds) Betaxolol and other β1-adrenoreceptor antagonists, pp. 195–203, Raven Press, New York, 1983 James IM. Pharmacologic effects of beta-blocking agents used in the management of glaucoma. Summary. Survey of Ophthalmology 33 (Suppl.): 453–454, 1989 Kahn HA, Leibowitz HM, Ganley JP, et al. The Framingham eye study. II. Association of ophthalmic pathology with single variables previously measured in the Framingham Heart study. American Journal of Epidemiology 106: 33–41, 1977 Kass MA. Timolol treatment prevents or delays glaucomatous visual field loss in individuals with ocular hypertension: a five-year, randomized, double-masked, clinical trial. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 87: 598–618, 1989 Kass MA, Gordon MO, Hoff MR, Parkinson JM, Kolker AE, et al. Topical timolol administration reduces the incidence of glaucomatous damage in ocular hypertensive individuals: a randomized, double-masked, long-term clinical trial. Archives of Ophthalmology 107: 1590–1598, 1989 Katz IM, Berger ET. Efficacy and side effects of timolol and pilocarpine: a multicenter study. Glaucoma 3: 147–153, 1981 Keates EU, Stone RA. Safety and effectiveness of concomitant administration of dipivefrin and timolol maleate. American Journal of Ophthalmology 91: 243–248, 1981 Korey MS, Hodapp E, Kass MA, Goldberg I, Gordon M, et al. Timolol and epinephrine: long-term evaluation of concurrent administration. Archives of Ophthalmology 100: 742–745, 1982 Krieglstein GK, Novack GD, Voepel E, Schwarzbach G, Lange U, et al. Levobunolol and metipranolol: comparative ocular hypotensive efficacy, safety, and comfort. British Journal of Ophthalmology 71: 250–253, 1987 LeBlanc RP, Krip G. Timolol: Canadian multicenter study. Ophthalmology 88: 244–248, 1981 Le Jeunne C, Munera Y, Hugues F-C. Systemic effects of three β-blocker eyedrops: Comparison in healthy volunteers of β1-and β2-adrenoreceptor inhibition. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 47: 578–583, 1990 Lertora JJL, Mark AL, Johannsen UJ, Wilson WR, Abboud FM. Selective beta-1 receptor blockade with oral practolol in man. A dose-related phenomenon. Journal of Clinical Investigation 56: 719–724, 1975 Leske MC, Rosenthal J. Epidemiologic aspects of open-angle glaucoma. American Journal of Epidemiology 109: 250–272, 1979 Levobunolol Study Group. Levobunolol: a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist effective in the long-term treatment of glaucoma. (Appended). Ophthalmology 92: 1271–1276, 1985 Levobunolol Study Group. Levobunolol: a four-year study of efficacy and safety in glaucoma treatment. Ophthalmology 96: 642–645, 1989 Levy NS, Boone L. Betaxolol. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 23 (Suppl.): 92, 1982 Levy NS, Boone L. Effect of 0.25% betaxolol vs placebo. Glaucoma 5: 230–232, 1983 Levy NS, Boone L, Ellis E. A controlled comparison of betaxolol and timolol with long-term evaluation of safety and efficacy. Glaucoma 7: 54–62, 1985 Lin L-L, Galin MA, Obstbaum SA, Katz I. Longterm timolol therapy. Survey of Ophthalmology 23: 377–380, 1979 Liu G-S, Trope GE, Basu PK. A comparison of topical betoptic and timoptic on corneal re-epithelialization in rabbits. Journal of Toxicology — Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 6: 335–343, 1987 Long D, Zimmerman T, Spaeth G, Novack G, Burke PJ, et al. Minimum concentration of levobunolol required to control intraocular pressure in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. American Journal of Ophthalmology 99: 18–22, 1985 Long DA, Johns GE, Mullen RS, Bowe RG, Alexander D, et al. Levobunolol and betaxolol: a double-masked controlled comparison of efficacy and safety in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology 95: 735–741, 1988 Lynch MG, Whitson JT, Brown RH, Nguyen H, Drake MM. Topical β-blocker therapy and central nervous system side effects: a preliminary study comparing betaxolol and timolol. Archives of Ophthalmology 106: 908–911, 1988 Martin FJ. Timolol maleate: a report from the Glaucoma Clinic, Sydney Eye Hospital. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 8: 177–178, 1980 McMahon CD, Hetherington J, Hoskins HD, Shaffer RN. Timolol and pediatric glaucomas. Ophthalmology 88: 249–252, 1981 McMahon CD, Shaffer RN, Hoskins HD, Hetherington J. Adverse effects experienced by patients taking timolol. American Journal of Ophthalmology 88: 736–738, 1979 Mertè HI, Schnarr KD. Ophthalmic betaxolol: a twelve-week study in glaucoma patients. New Trends in Ophthalmology 2: 98–108, 1987 Merte H-J, Stryz JR, Mertz M. Comparative studies of initial pressure reduction using metipranolol 0.3% and timolol 0.25% in eyes with open-angle glaucoma. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 182: 286–289, 1983 Mills KB, Wright G. A blind randomised cross-over trial comparing metipranolol 0.3% with timolol 0.25% in open-angle glaucoma: a pilot study. British Journal of Ophthalmology 70: 39–42, 1986 Mishima S. Ocular effects of beta-adrenergic agents. XII Jules Stein lecture. Survey of Ophthalmology 27: 187–208, 1982 Nelson WL, Fraunfelder FT, Sills JM, Arrowsmith JB, Kuritsky JN. Adverse respiratory and cardiovascular events attributed to timolol ophthalmic solution. American Journal of Ophthalmology 102: 606–611, 1986 Nelson WL, Kuritsky JN. Early postmarketing surveillance of betaxolol hydrochloride, September 1985-September 1986. American Journal of Ophthalmology 103: 592, 1987 Neufeld AH. Experimental studies on the mechanism of action of timolol. Survey of Ophthalmology 23: 363–370, 1979 Neufeld AH. Epinephrine and timolol: how do these drugs lower intraocular pressure? Annals of Ophthalmology 13: 1109–1111, 1981 Novack GD. Ophthalmic beta-blockers since timolol. Survey of Ophthalmology 31: 307–327, 1987 Ofner S, Smith TJ. Betaxolol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology 3: 171–176, 1987 Ohno S, Ichiishi A, Matsuda H. Hypotensive effect of Carteolol on intraocular pressure elevation and secondary glaucoma associated with endogenous uveitis. Ophthalmologica 199: 41–45, 1989 Öhrström A. Dose response of oral timolol combined with adrenaline. British Journal of Opthalmology 66: 242–246, 1982 Öhrström A, Pandolfi M. Regulation of intraocular pressure and pupil size by β-blockers and epinephrine. Archives of Ophthalmology 98: 2182–2184, 1980 Phillips CI. Timolol in operated closed-angle glaucoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology 64: 240–246, 1980 Phillips CI, Gore SM, Gunn PM. Atenolol versus adrenaline eye drops and an evaluation of these two combined. British Journal of Ophthalmology 62: 296–301, 1978 Phillips CI, Gore SM, Macdonald MJ, Cullen PM. Atenolol eye drops in glaucoma: a double-masked, controlled study. British Journal of Ophthalmology 61: 349–353, 1977 Phillips CI, Howitt G, Rowlands DJ. Propranolol as ocular hypotensive agent. British Journal of Ophthalmology 51: 222–226, 1967 Pillunat LE, Stodtmeister R. Pressure compliance test of the optic nerve head: influence of different antiglaucoma drugs (Summary). Survey of Ophthalmology 33 (Suppl.): 465–466, 1989 Radius RL. Use of betaxolol in the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure. Archives of Opthalmology 101: 898–900, 1983 Rakofsky SI, Melamed S, Cohen JS, Slight JR, Spaeth G, et al. A comparison of the ocular hypotensive efficacy of once-daily and twice-daily levobunolol treatment. Ophthalmology 96: 8–11, 1989 Reiss GR, Brubaker RF. The mechanism of betaxolol, a new ocular hypotensive agent. Ophthalmology 90: 1369–1372, 1983 Rolle BB, Franzone M. Effects of topical betaxolol on ocular hypertensive or glaucomatous eyes. New Trends in Ophthalmology 2: 87–94, 1987 Savelsbergh-Fillette MP, Demailly P. Levobunolol compared with timolol for control of elevated intraocular pressure. French Journal of Opthalmology 11: 587–590, 1988 Schlecht LP, Brubaker RF. The effects of withdrawal of timolol in chronically treated glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology 95: 1212–1216, 1988 Schmitz-Valckenberg P, Jonas J, Brambring DF. Reductions in pressure with metipranolol 0.1%. Zeitschrift für Praktische Augenheilkunde 5: 171–175, 1984 Schnaudigel O-E, Becker H, Fuchs H-B. Carteolol: Practice-oriented testing of efficacy and tolerance of a new beta-blocker for glaucoma therapy. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 192: 248–251, 1988 Schoene RB, Abuan T, Ward RL, Beasley CH. Effects of topical betaxolol, timolol and placebo on pulmonary function in asthmatic bronchitis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 97: 86–92, 1984 Schoene RB, Abaun T, Ward RL, Beasley CH. Reply. American Journal of Ophthalmology 100: 493–494, 1985 Seamone C, LeBlanc R, Saheb N, Novack G. Efficacy of twice-daily levobunolol in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 23: 168–170, 1988 Segal P, Skwierczyńska J. Mass screening of adults for glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 153: 336–348, 1967 Serle JB, Lustgarten JS, Podos SM. A clinical trial of metipranolol, a noncardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist, in ocular hypertension. American Journal of Ophthalmology 112: 302–307, 1991 Silverstone D, Zimmerman T, Choplin N, Mundorf T, Rose A, et al. Evaluation of once-daily levobunolol 0.25% and timolol 0.25% therapy for increased intraocular pressure. American Journal of Ophthalmology 112: 56–60, 1991 Smith JP, Weeks RH, Newland EF, Ward RL. Betaxolol and ace-tazolamide: combined ocular hypotensive effect. Archives of Ophthalmology 102: 1794–1795, 1984 Smith RJ, Nagasubramanian S, Watkins R, Poinoosawmy D. Addition of timolol maleate to routine medical therapy: a clinical trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology 64: 779–781, 1980 Smith RJH, Blamires T, Nagasubramanian S, Watkins R, Poinoosawmy D. Addition of pindolol to routine medical therapy: a clinical trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology 66: 102–108, 1982 Smith SE, Smith SA, Reynolds F, Whitmarsh VB. Ocular and cardiovascular effects of local and systemic pindolol. British Journal of Ophthalmology 63: 63–66, 1979 Soll DB. Evaluation of timolol in chronic open-angle glaucoma: once a day vs twice a day. Archives of Ophthalmology 98: 2178–2181, 1980 Sommer A. Intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Editorial. American Journal of Ophthalmology 107: 186–188, 1989 Sonntag JR, Brindley GO, Shields MB. Effect of timolol therapy on outflow facility. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 17: 293–296, 1978 Sonty S, Schwartz B. The additive effect of timolol on open angle glaucoma patients on maximal medical therapy. Survey of Ophthalmology 23: 381–388, 1979 Spiritus EM, Casciari R. Effects of topical betaxolol, timolol, and placebo on pulmonary function in asthmatic bronchitis. Correspondence. American Journal of Ophthalmology 100: 492–493, 1985 Steinert RF, Thomas JV, Boger WP. Long-term drift and continued efficacy after multiyear timolol therapy. Archives of Ophthalmology 99: 100–103, 1981 Stewart RH, Kimbrough RL, Ward RL. Betaxolol vs timolol: a six-month double-blind comparison. Archives of Ophthalmology 104: 46–48, 1986 Stryz JR, Merté H-J. Comparison of different β-blockers in open angle glaucomas. In Greve et al. (Eds) Second European Glaucoma Symposium, Helsinki, 1984, pp. 119–123, Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, 1985 Thomas JV, Epstein DL. Timolol and epinephrine in primary open angle glaucoma: transient additive effect. Archives of Ophthalmology 99: 91–95, 1981 Thorson JC. Concomitant glaucoma therapy with dipivefrin and timolol maleate. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of New Zealand 33: 24–26, 1981 Trope GE, Liu G-S, Basu PK. Toxic effects of topically administered Betagan, Betoptic and Timoptic on regenerating corneal epithelium. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology 4: 359–366, 1988 Vale J, Gibbs ACC, Phillips CI. Topical propranolol and ocular tension in the human. British Journal of Ophthalmology 56: 770–775, 1972 Van Buskirk EM. Corneal anesthesia after timolol maleate therapy. American Journal of Ophthalmology 88: 739–743, 1979 Van Buskirk EM. Adverse reactions from timolol administration. Ophthalmology 87: 447–450, 1980 Van Buskirk EM, Weinreb RN, Berry DP, Lustgarten JS, Podos SM, et al. Betaxolol in patients with glaucoma and asthma. American Journal of Ophthalmology 101: 531–534, 1986 Van Buskirk EM, Weinreb RN, Berry DP, Lustgarten JS, Podos SM, et al. Reply. American Journal of Ophthalmology 103: 600–601, 1987 Viggósson G, Björnsson G, Ingvason JG. The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in Iceland. Acta Ophthalmologica 64: 138–141, 1986 Vukich JA, Leef DL, Allen RC. Betaxolol in patients with coexistant chronic open angle glaucoma and pulmonary disease. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 26 (Suppl.): 227, 1985 Wandel T, Charap AD, Lewis RA, Partamian L, Cobb S, et al. Glaucoma treated with once-daily levobunolol. American Journal of Ophthalmology 101: 298–304, 1986 Weinreb RN, Ritch R, Kushner FH. Effect of adding betaxolol to dipivefrin therapy. American Journal of Ophthalmology 101: 196–198, 1986 Weinreb RN, Van Buskirk EM, Cherniack R, Drake MM. Long-term betaxolol therapy in glaucoma patients with pulmonary disease. American Journal of Ophthalmology 106: 162–167, 1988 Wettrell K, Wilke K, Pandolfi M. Topical atenolol versus pilocarpine: a double-blind study of the effect on ocular tension. British Journal of Ophthalmology 62: 292–295, 1978 Williams T, Ginther WH. Hazards of ophthalmic timolol. Correspondence. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 1485–1486, 1982 Worthen DM. Patient compliance and the ‘usefulness product’ of timolol. Survey of Ophthalmology 23: 403–406, 1979 Zimmerman TJ, Boger WP. The beta-adrenergic blocking agents and the treatment of glaucoma. Survey of Ophthalmology 23: 347–362, 1979 Zimmerman TJ, Harbin R, Pett M, Kaufman HE. Timolol and facility of outflow. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 16: 623–624, 1977