Determination of Strain Rate Sensitivity of Micro-struts Manufactured Using the Selective Laser Melting Method
Tóm tắt
Micro-lattice structures manufactured using the selective laser melting (SLM) process provides the opportunity to realize optimal cellular materials for impact energy absorption. In this paper, strain rate-dependent material properties are measured for stainless steel 316L SLM micro-lattice struts in the strain rate range of 10−3 to 6000 s−1. At high strain rates, a novel version of the split Hopkinson Bar has been developed. Strain rate-dependent materials data have been used in Cowper–Symonds material model, and the scope and limit of this model in the context of SLM struts have been discussed. Strain rate material data and the Cowper–Symonds model have been applied to the finite element analysis of a micro-lattice block subjected to drop weight impact loading. The model output has been compared to experimental results, and it has been shown that the increase in crush stress due to impact loading is mainly the result of strain rate material behavior. Hence, a systematic methodology has been developed to investigate the impact energy absorption of a micro-lattice structure manufactured using additive layer manufacture (SLM). This methodology can be extended to other micro-lattice materials and configurations, and to other impact conditions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Y. Shen, S. McKown, S. Tsopanos, S.C. Sutcliffe, R.A.W. Mines, and W.J. Cantwell, The Mechanical Properties of Sandwich Structures Based on Metal Lattice Architectures, J. Sandw. Struct. Mater., 2009, 12(2), p 159–180
S. Tsopanos, R.A.W. Mines, S. McKown, Y. Shen, W. Cantwell, W. Brooks, and C.J. Sutcliffe, The Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Selectively Laser Melted Stainless Steel Micro-Lattice Structures, J. Manuf. Sci. E-T ASME, 2010, 132(4), p 41011
R. Gümrük and R.A.W. Mines, Compressive Behavior of Stainless Steel Micro-Lattice Structures, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2013, 68, p 125–139
R. Gümrük, R.A.W. Mines, and S. Karadeniz, Static Mechanical Behaviors of Stainless Steel Micro Lattice Structures Under Different Loading Conditions, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 586, p 392–406
S. McKown, Y. Shen, W.K. Brookes, C.J. Sutcliffe, W.J. Cantwell, G.S. Langdon, G.N. Nurick, and M.D. Theobald, The Quasi-static and Blast Loading Response of Lattice Structures, Int. J. Impact Eng., 2008, 35, p 795–810
M. Smith, W.J. Cantwell, Z. Guan, S. Tsopanos, M.D. Theobald, G.N. Nurick, and G.S. Langdon, The Quasi-static and Blast Response of Steel Lattice Structures, J. Sandw. Struct. Mater., 2011, 13(4), p 479–501
G.N. Labeas and M.M. Sunaric, Investigation on the Static Response and Failure Process of Metallic Open Lattice Cellular Structures, Strain, 2008, 46, p 195–204
K. Ushijima, W.J. Cantwell, R.A.W. Mines, S. Tsopanos, and M. Smith, An Investigation into the Compressive Properties of Stainless Steel Micro-Lattice Structures, J. Sandw. Struct. Mater., 2011, 13(3), p 303–329
S. Lee, F. Barthelat, J.W. Hutchinson, and H.D. Espinosa, Dynamic Failure of Metallic Pyramidal Truss Core Materials—Experiment and Modeling, Int. J. Plast., 2006, 22, p 2118–2145
S. Lee, F. Barthelat, N. Moldovan, H.D. Espinosa, and H.N.G. Wadley, Deformation Rate Effects on Failure Modes of Open Cell Al Foams and Textile Materials, Int. J. Sol. Struct., 2006, 43, p 53–73
A.G. Evans, M.Y. He, V.S. Deshpande, J.W. Hutchinson, A.J. Jacobsen, and W.B. Carter, Concepts for Enhanced Energy Absorption Using Hollow Micro Lattices, Int. J. Imp. Eng., 2010, 37, p 947–959
T.A. Schaedler, A.J. Jacobsen, A. Torrents, A.E. Sorensen, J. Lian, J.R. Greer, L. Valdevit, and W.B. Carter, Ultralight Metallic Micro Lattices, Science, 2011, 334, p 962–965
D.N. Fang, Y.L. Li, and H. Zhao, On the Behavior Characterization of Metallic Cellular Materials under Impact Loading, Acta Mech. Sin., 2010, 26, p 837–846
M.Z. Mahmoudabadi and M. Sadighi, A Theoretical and Experimental Study on Metal Hexagonal Honeycomb Crushing under Quasi Static and Low Velocity Impact Loading, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528, p 4958–4966
T.A. Schaedler, C.J. Ro, A.E. Sorensen, S.S. Yang, W.B. Carter, and A.J. Jacobsen, Designing Metallic Micro Lattices for Energy Absorber, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2014, 16(1), p 276–283
Y. Liu, T.A. Schaedler, and X. Chen, Dynamic Energy Absorption Characteristics of Hollow Micro Lattice Structures, Mech. Mater., 2014, 77, p 1–13
Z. Ozdemir, E. Hernandez-Nava, A. Tyas, J.A. Warren, S.D. Fay, R. Goodall, L. Toddy, and H. Askes, Energy Absorption in Lattice Structures in Dynamics: Experiments, Int. J. Imp. Eng., 2016, 89, p 49–61
R.A.W. Mines, S. Tsopanos, Y. Shen, R. Hasan, and S.T. McKown, Drop Weight Impact Behavior of Sandwich Panels with Metallic Micro Lattice Cores, Int. J. Imp. Eng., 2013, 60, p 120–132
I. Maskery, N.T. Aboulkhair, A.O. Aremu, C.J. Tuck, I.A. Ashcroft, and R.D. Wildman, A Mechanical Property Evaluation of Graded Density Al-Si10-Mg Lattice Structures Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 670, p 264–274
E. Abele, H.A. Stoffregen, K. Klimkeit, H. Hoche, and M. Oeshsner, Optimisation of Process Parameters for Lattice Structures, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2015, 21(1), p 117–127
M. Seifi, A. Salem, J. Beuth, O. Harrysson, and J.J. Lewandowski, Overview of Materials Qualification Needs for Metal Additive Manufacturing, J. O. M., 2016, 68(3), p 747–764
J. Bűltmann, S. Merkt, C. Hammer, C. Hinke, and P. Ulrich, Scalability of the Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melting Produced Micro Struts, J. Laser Appl., 2015, 27(S2), S29206, p 1–7.
J.W. Hutchinson, Plasticity at the Micron Scale, Int. J. Sol. Struct., 2000, 37, p 225–238
Y. Shen, High Performance Sandwich Structures Based on Novel Metal Cores, Ph.D. University of Liverpool, UK, 2009
R. Hasan, Progressive Collapse of Titanium Alloy Micro Lattice Structures Manufactured Using Selective Laser Melting, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool, UK, 2013
Cambridge Engineering Selector, Properties: Stainless Steel Austenitic AISI 316L Wrought, Cold Annealed, Accessed, 2012
N.A. Fleck, Some Aspects of Clip Gauge Design, Strain, 1983, 10, p 17–21
Y. Shen, W. Cantwell, R. Mines, and Y. Li, Low Velocity Impact Performance of Lattice Structure Core Based Sandwich Panels, J. Comp. Mater., 2014, 48(25), p 3153–3167
I. Ullah, M. Brandt, and S. Feih, Failure and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Advanced 3D Truss Core Structures, Mater. Des., 2016, 92, p 937–948
G.S. Langdon and G.K. Schleyer, Unusual Strain Rate Sensitive Behavior of AISI, 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Strain Anal., 2004, 39(1), p 71–86
M.A. Meyers, Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Wiley, New York, 1994
H. Huh, W.J. Kang, and S.S. Han, A Tension Split Hopkinson Bar for Investigating the Dynamic Behavior of Sheet Metals, Exp. Mech., 2002, 42(1), p 8–17
L.Y. Li and T.C.K. Molyneaux, Dynamic Constitutive Equations and Behavior of Brass at High Strain Rates, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 1995, 209, p 287–293
O.S. Lee and G.H. Kim, Thickness Effects on Mechanical Behavior of a Composite Material (1001P) and Polycarbonate in Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Technique, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 2000, 19, p 1805–1808
P.S. Follansbee, The Hopkinson Bar, in Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Mechanical Testing, vol. 8, American Society for Metals, 1985, p 198–203
N. Jones, Structural Impact, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012
M. Alves, Material Constitutive Law for Large Strains and Strain Rates, J. Eng. Mech., 2000, 126, p 215–218
M. Sasso, G. Newaz, and D. Amodio, Material Characterization at High Strain Rate Hopkinson Bar Tests and Finite Element Optimization, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 487, p 289–300
M. Smith, Z. Guan, and W.J. Cantwell, Finite Element Modelling of the Compressive Response of Lattice Structures Manufactured Using Selective Laser Melting, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2013, 67, p 28–41
P. Li, N. Petrinic, and C.R. Siviour, Baseline Metal and CM Core Properties: Micro Lattice Structure, Deliverable: 3-1-1b Report, CELPACT (Cellular Materials for Impact Performance), 2009
T. Tancogne-Dejean, A.B. Spierings, and D. Mohr, Additively-Manufactured Metallic Micro-Lattice Materials for High Specific Energy Absorption Under Static and Dynamic Loading, Acta. Mater., 2016, 116, p 14–28
LS DYNA Theory Manual, LSTC, 2016
B. Burgan, Elevated Temperature and High Strain Rate Properties of Offshore Steels, Steel Construction Institute, Offshore Technology Report 2001/020, 2001