Assessment of trace gases, carbon and nitrogen emissions from field burning of agricultural residues in India
Tóm tắt
Field burning of crop residue (FBCR) is becoming a growing environmental concern in developing countries. In this instance, a comprehensive crop-wise and spatially distributed study on the FBCR emissions from India for the period 1980 through 2010 have been undertaken, that covers: residue generation, its types, use pattern, and estimates of carbon, nitrogen, CH4, CO, N2O and NOX emissions; along with associated uncertainties. FBCR contributed about 44 and 14% of the non-biofuel biomass and total biomass burning, respectively in India in the year 2000. The total dry residue generated are estimated as 217, 239 and 253 Tg, of which 45, 60 and 63 Tg of dry biomass are estimated to be subjected to FBCR in the years 1994, 2005 and 2010, respectively. Wheat and rice crops together accounted for about 76% of this. Burning of such huge amount of biomass is estimated to emit 22.4, 24.4 and 26.1 Tg of carbon; 0.30, 0.33 and 0.35 Tg of nitrogen; 4.18, 4.59 and 4.86 Tg carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases (GHG, viz., CH4 and N2O; which is over 1% of the Indian agriculture sector GHG emissions); 2951, 3,240 and 3,431 Gg of CO; and 120.8, 132.9 and 140.6 Gg NOx emissions in 1994, 2005 and 2010, respectively. Further, the Indian states of U.P, Punjab, Haryana, M.P, Maharashtra, T.N, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and W.B have been found to contribute maximum to the Indian FBCR emissions. FBCR avoidance and optimum utilization of crop-residue resource is urgently required for agro-ecosystem sustainability in the region.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Agriculture Statistics at Glance (ASG), Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Government of India (GoI), for the various years from the MoA website [Website: http://agricoop.nic.in]
Andreae MO, Crutzen PJ (1997) Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry. Science 276:1052–1056
Andreae MO, Merlet P (2001) Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochem Cycles 15:955–966
Barnard GW (1990) Use of agricultural residue as fuel. In: Pasztor J, Kristoferson LA (eds) Bioenergy, the environment. Westwiew press, Boulder, pp 85–112
Bhattacharya S, Mitra AP (1998) Greenhouse gas emissions in India for the base year 1990, SASCOM and Centre on Global Change, scientific report, no. 11. National physical laboratory, New Delhi
Cheng ZL, Lam KS, Chan LY, Wang T, Cheng KK (2000) Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong. I. Seasonal variation of major ions, halogens, mineral dusts between 1995 and 1996. Atmos Environ 34:2771–2783
CIAE (Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering) (2000–2001) Thermo—chemical conversion technology, biennial report, co-ordination cell (renewable energy), Bhopal, India, 59–62
CMIE (Centre for Monitoring of Indian Economy) (2001) Economic intelligence services (agriculture), November 2001, India
Crutzen PJ, Heidt LE, Krasnec JP, Pollock WH, Seiler W (1979) Biomass burning as a source of atmospheric gases CO, H2, N2O, NO, CH3Cl and COS. Nature 282:253–256
EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4 (2000) Quantifying uncertainty in analytical measurement. In: Ellison SLR, Rosslein M, Williams A (eds) Second edition
Gupta PK, Sahai S, Singh N, Dixit CK, Singh DP, Sharma C, Tiwari MK, Gupta RK, Garg SC (2004a) Residue burning in rice-wheat cropping system: causes and implications. Current Sci 87(12):1713–1717
Gupta PK, Sahai S, Singh N, Dixit CK, Singh DP, Singh K, Koul S, Sharma C, Garg SC, Mitra AP (2004b) GHG emission from biomass burning: field burning of agricultural crop residue. In: Mitra AP, Sharma S, Bhattacharya S, Garg A, Devotta S, Sen K (eds) Climate change and India: uncertainty reduction in greenhouse gas inventory estimates. University Press (India) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, pp 258–279 (Chapter 12)
Hirota M, Senga S, Seike Y, Nohara S, Kunii K (2007) Fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in two contrastive fringing zones of coastal lagoon, Lake Nakaumi, Japan. Chemosphere 68:597–603
Houghton RA (1991) Biomass burning from the perspective of the global carbon cycle. In: Levine JS (ed) Global Biomass burning—atmospheric climatic and biospheric implications. Cambridge, The MIT press, pp 321–325
IPCC (Intergovernmantal Panel on Climate Change) (1996) IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, vols. 1, 2, and 3, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), International Energy Agency (IEA) and IPCC
IPCC (Intergovernmantal pannel on climate change) (2000) Good practice guidance and uncertainty management in national green house gas inventories
Levine JS (1990) Global biomass burning: atmospheric, climatic and biospheric implications. Eos 71 (37), September 11
Levine JS (1991) Global biomass burning: atmospheric, climatic, and biospheric implications. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Levine JS (2003) Burning domestic issues. Nature 423:28–29
Meshram JR (2002) Biomass resources assessment programme and prospects of biomass as an energy resource in India. IREDA News 13(4):21–29
NATCOM (2004) India’s Initial National Communication (NATCOM) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, 2004
Om H, Katyal SK, Dhiman SD, Sheoran OP (1999) Physical parameters and grain yield as influenced by time of transplanting and rice (Oryza sativa) hybrids. Indian J Agron 44(4):696–700
Ponnamperuma FN (1984) Straw as a source of nutrients for wetland rice. Organic matter and rice. International rice research institute, Los Banos, pp 117–135
Sahai S, Sharma C, Singh DP, Dixit CK, Singh N, Sharma P, Singh K, Bhatt S, Ghude S, Gupta V, Gupta RK, Tiwari MK, Garg SC, Mitra AP, Gupta PK (2007) A study for development of emission factor for trace gases and carbonaceous particulate species for in situ burning of wheat straw in agricultural fields in India. Atmos Environ 41(39):9173–9186
Singhal KK, Atreja PP (1985) Crop residue—potentials and prospects. Indian Dairyman 37(12):555–573
Solaiappan U, Krishnan SM, Veerabadran V (1996) Effect of rain fed green-manure crops on succeeding rice (Oryza sativa). Indian J Agron 41(1):147–149
Streets DG, Yarber KF, Woo JH, Carmichael GR (2003) Biomass burning in Asia: annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions. Global Biogeochem cycle 17(4):1099. doi:10.1029/2003GB002040
TAR (2006) http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/pdf/TAR-06.PDF
TEDDY (Teri Energy Data Directory and Yearbook) (1997–1998) Tata energy research institute (TERI), pp 121
TIFAC (Technology Information Forcasting and Assessment Council) (1991) Techno market survey on “Utilization of agriculture residue (farms and processes)”. Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi
Tsai WT, Chyan JM (2006) Estimation and projection of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from anthropogenic sources in Taiwan. Chemosphere 63:22–30
Tyagi PD (1989) Fuel from wastes and weeds, batra book service, New Delhi, pp 42–131. UNEDR (United Nations Environment Data Report), 1993–1994
Yevich R, Logan JA (2003) An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17(4):1095. doi:10.1029/2002GB001952