Poor outcome in chronic schizophrenia is associated with progressive loss of volume of the putamen

Brandt, 2008, Structural neuroimaging of the basal ganglia in schizophrenic patients: a review, Wien. Med. Wochenschr., 158, 84, 10.1007/s10354-007-0478-7 Buchsbaum, 2003, Caudate and putamen volumes in good and poor outcome patients with schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res., 64, 53, 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00526-1 Chakos, 1994, Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs, Am. J. Psychiatry, 151, 1430, 10.1176/ajp.151.10.1430 Chakos, 1995, Caudate nuclei volumes in schizophrenic patients treated with typical antipsychotics or clozapine, Lancet, 345, 456, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90441-7 Corson, 1999, Change in basal ganglia volume over 2 years in patients with schizophrenia: typical versus atypical neuroleptics, Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 1200, 10.1176/ajp.156.8.1200 DeLisi, 1997, Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia, Psychiatry Res., 76, 131 Glenthoj, 2007, Basal ganglia volumes in drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after short-term treatment with either a typical of an atypical antipsychotic drug, Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 154, 199, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.10.002 Gur, 1998, Subcortical MRI volumes in neuroleptic-naïve and treated patients with schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 155, 1711, 10.1176/ajp.155.12.1711 Harvey, 1991, Brief neuroleptic discontinuation and clinical symptoms in Kraepelinian and non-Kraepelinian chronic schizophrenic patients, Psychiatry Res., 38, 285, 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90018-K Heitmiller, 2004, Changes in caudate volume after exposure to atypical neuroleptics in patients with schizophrenia may be sex-dependent, Schizophr. Res., 66, 137, 10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.008 Keefe, 1987, Characteristics of very poor outcome schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 144, 889, 10.1176/ajp.144.7.889 Keshavan, 1994, Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment, Lancet, 344, 1434, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90599-1 Lang, 2001, An MRI study of basal ganglia volumes in first-episode schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone, Am. J. Psychiatry, 158, 625, 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.625 Lang, 2004, Reduced basal ganglia volumes after switching to olanzapine in chronically treated patients with schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 1829, 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.10.1829 Lieberman, 2001, Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 49, 487, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01067-8 Mamah, 2007, Structural analysis of the basal ganglia in schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res., 89, 59, 10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.031 Massana, 2005, Volume changes in gray matter in first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 25, 111, 10.1097/01.jcp.0000155818.29091.53 McClure, 2008, Absence of regional brain volume change in schizophrenia associated with short-term atypical antipsychotic treatment, Schizophr. Res., 98, 29, 10.1016/j.schres.2007.05.012 Mitelman, 2007, Very poor outcome schizophrenia: clinical and neuroimaging aspects, Int. Rev. Psychiatry, 19, 345, 10.1080/09540260701486563 Mitelman, 2009, Longitudinal assessment of gray and white matter in chronic schizophrenia: a combined diffusion-tensor and magnetic resonance imaging study, Open Neuroimag. J., 3, 31, 10.2174/1874440000903010031 Navari, S., Dazzan, P., in press. Do antipsychotic drugs affect brain structure? A systematic and critical review of MRI findings. Psychol. Med. Okugawa, 2007, Olanzapine increases grey and white matter volumes in the caudate nucleus of patients with schizophrenia, Neuropsychobiology, 55, 43, 10.1159/000103575 Scheepers, 2001, The effect of clozapine on caudate nucleus volume in schizophrenic patients previously treated with typical antipsychotics, Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 47, 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00172-X Shihabuddin, 1998, Dorsal striatal size, shape, and metabolic rate in never-medicated and previously medicated schizophrenics performing a verbal learning task, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 55, 235, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.3.235 Stip, 2008, Decrease in basal ganglia grey matter density associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia patients, Schizophr. Res., 103, 319, 10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.030 Tauscher-Wisniewski, 2005, Volumetric MRI measurement of caudate nuclei in antipsychotic-naive patients suffering from a first episode of psychosis, J. Psychiatr. Res., 39, 365, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.10.001 van Haren, 2007, Focal gray matter changes in schizophrenia across the course of the illness: a 5-year follow-up study, Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 2057, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301347 Wang, 2008, Progressive deformation of deep brain nuclei and hippocampal–amygdala formation in schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 64, 1060, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.007 Woods, 1993, MRI-PET registration with automated algorithm, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 17, 536, 10.1097/00004728-199307000-00004 Zhou, 2003, Decreased volume and increased asymmetry of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in patients with schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 54, 427, 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00007-6