Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base

Nutrition - Tập 31 - Trang 1-13 - 2015
Richard D. Feinman1, Wendy K. Pogozelski2, Arne Astrup3, Richard K. Bernstein4, Eugene J. Fine5, Eric C. Westman6, Anthony Accurso7, Lynda Frassetto8, Barbara A. Gower9, Samy I. McFarlane10, Jörgen Vesti Nielsen11, Thure Krarup12, Laura Saslow13, Karl S. Roth14, Mary C. Vernon15, Jeff S. Volek16, Gilbert B. Wilshire17, Annika Dahlqvist18, Ralf Sundberg19, Ann Childers20
1Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Geneseo, Geneseo, NY, USA
3Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Denmark
4New York Diabetes Center, Mamaroneck, NY, USA
5Department of Radiology (Nuclear Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
6Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
7Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
8Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
9Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
10Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
11Karlshamn, Sweden
12Department of Endocrinology I, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
13University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
14Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
15Private Practice, Lawrence, KS, USA
16Department of Human Sciences (Kinesiology Program) Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
17Mid-Missouri Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, USA
18Hälsocentralen Centrum, Sundsvall, Sweden
19Private Practice, Malmö, Sweden
20Private Practice, Lake Oswego, OR, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Westman, 2008, Has carbohydrate-restriction been forgotten as a treatment for diabetes mellitus? A perspective on the ACCORD study design, Nutr Metab (Lond), 5, 10, 10.1186/1743-7075-5-10 Westman, 2006, Dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus in the preinsulin era (1914-1922), Perspect Biol Med, 49, 77, 10.1353/pbm.2006.0017 Accurso, 2008, Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal, Nutr Metab (Lond), 5, 9, 10.1186/1743-7075-5-9 Feinman, 2011, Fad diets in the treatment of diabetes, Curr Diab Rep, 11, 128, 10.1007/s11892-011-0178-y Volek, 2008, Dietary carbohydrate restriction induces a unique metabolic state positively affecting atherogenic dyslipidemia, fatty acid partitioning, and metabolic syndrome, Prog Lipid Res, 47, 307, 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.003 Westman, 2008, The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2-diabetes mellitus, Nutr Metab (Lond), 5, 36, 10.1186/1743-7075-5-36 2013, Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes–2013, Diabetes Care, 36, S12 Rizza, 2010, Pathogenesis of fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: implications for therapy, Diabetes, 59, 2697, 10.2337/db10-1032 Gannon, 2010, Further decrease in glycated hemoglobin following ingestion of a LoBAG30 diet for 10 wk compared with 5 wk in people with untreated type 2 diabetes, Nutr Metab (Lond), 7, 64, 10.1186/1743-7075-7-64 Gannon, 2006, Control of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes without weight loss by modification of diet composition, Nutr Metab (Lond), 3, 16, 10.1186/1743-7075-3-16 Nuttall, 2008, Effect of the LoBAG30 diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes, Br J Nutr, 99, 511, 10.1017/S0007114507819155 Al-Khalifa, 2011, Low carbohydrate ketogenic diet prevents the induction of diabetes using streptozotocin in rats, Exp Toxicol Pathol, 63, 663, 10.1016/j.etp.2010.05.008 Dashti, 2007, Beneficial effects of ketogenic diet in obese diabetic subjects, Mol Cell Biochem, 302, 249, 10.1007/s11010-007-9448-z Hussain, 2012, Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes, Nutrition, 28, 1016, 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.016 Sonksen, 2000, Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease, Br J Anaesth, 85, 69, 10.1093/bja/85.1.69 2004, Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients—United States: 1971 to 2000, JAMA, 291, 1193, 10.1001/jama.291.10.1193 Gross, 2004, Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment, Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 774, 10.1093/ajcn/79.5.774 Carden, 2013, Food availability of glucose and fat, but not fructose, increased in the US between 1970 and 2009: analysis of the USDA food availability data system, Nutr J, 12, 130, 10.1186/1475-2891-12-130 2004, Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients—United States, 1971 to 2000, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 53, 80 Al-Khalifa, 2009, Therapeutic role of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in diabetes, Nutrition, 25, 1177, 10.1016/j.nut.2009.04.004 McFarlane, 2002, Control of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes and hypertension at urban academic medical centers, Diabetes Care, 25, 718, 10.2337/diacare.25.4.718 Stratton, 2001, UKPDS 50: risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in type II diabetes over 6 y from diagnosis, Diabetologia, 44, 156, 10.1007/s001250051594 Dyson, 2007, A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, Diabet Med, 24, 1430, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02290.x Howard, 2006, Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 y: the Women’s Health Initiative dietary modification trial, JAMA, 295, 39, 10.1001/jama.295.1.39 Dansinger, 2006, Low-fat diets and weight change, JAMA, 295, 94, 10.1001/jama.295.1.94 Howard, 2006, Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial, JAMA, 295, 655, 10.1001/jama.295.6.655 Tinker, 2008, Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of treated diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial, Arch Intern Med, 168, 1500, 10.1001/archinte.168.14.1500 Atkins, 2002 Westman, 2010 Eades, 1996 Foster, 2010, Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 y on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 153, 147, 10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005 Foster, 2003, A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity, N Engl J Med, 348, 2082, 10.1056/NEJMoa022207 Gunnars, K. Low-Carb Diets – Healthy, but Hard to Stick to? In: Authority Nutrition. 2013. Available at http://AuthorityNutrition.com. Accessed September 6, 2014. Belza, 2013, Contribution of gastroenteropancreatic appetite hormones to protein-induced satiety, Am J Clin Nutr, 97, 980, 10.3945/ajcn.112.047563 Feinman, 2006, Low carbohydrate diets in family practice: what can we learn from an internet-based support group, Nutr J, 5, 26, 10.1186/1475-2891-5-26 Santos, 2012, Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors, Obes Rev, 13, 1048, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01021.x Krieger, 2006, Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1, Am J Clin Nutr, 83, 260, 10.1093/ajcn/83.2.260 Feinman, 2004, “A calorie is a calorie” violates the second law of thermodynamics, Nutr J, 3, 9, 10.1186/1475-2891-3-9 Feinman, 2007, Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and energy efficiency in weight loss diets, Theor Biol Med Model, 4, 27, 10.1186/1742-4682-4-27 Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. 1970;41 Suppl:1–211. Keys, 1953, Atherosclerosis: a problem in newer public health, J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y, 20, 118 Anderson, 1987, Cholesterol and mortality. 30 y of follow-up from the Framingham study, JAMA, 257, 2176, 10.1001/jama.1987.03390160062027 Siri-Tarino, 2010, Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease, Am J Clin Nutr, 91, 535, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27725 Siri-Tarino, 2010, Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease, Am J Clin Nutr, 91, 502, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26285 Weinberg, 2004, The diet-heart hypothesis: a critique, J Am Coll Cardiol, 43, 731, 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.10.034 Ravnskov, 2006, Should we lower cholesterol as much as possible?, Bmj, 332, 1330, 10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1330 Yancy, 2003, Diets and clinical coronary events: The truth is out there, Circulation, 107, 10, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000049205.35749.00 Teicholz, 2014 Kendrick, 2008 Ravnskov, 2000 Taubes, 2007 Steinberg, 2007 Jakobsen, 2009, Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies, Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 1425, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124 Mozaffarian, 2004, Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 1175, 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1175 Chowdhury, 2014, Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 160, 398, 10.7326/M13-1788 Minger, 2014 Clarke, 1997, Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies, BMJ, 314, 112, 10.1136/bmj.314.7074.112 Posner, 1991, Dietary lipid predictors of coronary heart disease in men. The Framingham Study, Arch Intern Med, 151, 1181, 10.1001/archinte.1991.00400060105018 Lin, 2004, Defects in adaptive energy metabolism with CNS-linked hyperactivity in PGC-1 alpha null mice, Cell, 119, 121, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.013 Forsythe, 2010, Limited effect of dietary saturated fat on plasma saturated fat in the context of a low carbohydrate diet, Lipids, 45, 947, 10.1007/s11745-010-3467-3 Forsythe, 2008, Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation, Lipids, 43, 65, 10.1007/s11745-007-3132-7 Volek, 2009, Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet, Lipids, 44, 297, 10.1007/s11745-008-3274-2 Lin, 2005, Hyperlipidemic effects of dietary saturated fats mediated through PGC-1 beta coactivation of SREBP, Cell, 120, 261, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.043 Borghjid, 2012, Response of C57 Bl/6 mice to a carbohydrate-free diet, Nutr Metab (Lond), 9, 69, 10.1186/1743-7075-9-69 Stratton, 2000, Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study, BMJ, 321, 405, 10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 Turner, 1998, The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study. A review, Diabetes Care, 21, C35, 10.2337/diacare.21.3.C35 Turner, 1998, Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23), BMJ, 316, 823, 10.1136/bmj.316.7134.823 Orchard, 1997, Cumulative glycemic exposure and microvascular complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The glycemic threshold revisited, Arch Intern Med, 157, 1851, 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440370091009 Volek, 2005, Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction, Nutr Metab (Lond), 2, 31, 10.1186/1743-7075-2-31 Jenkins, 2008, Effect of a low-glycemic index or a high-cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial, JAMA, 300, 2742, 10.1001/jama.2008.808 Barter, 2006, Apo B versus cholesterol in estimating cardiovascular risk and in guiding therapy: Report of the thirty-person/ten-country panel, J Intern Med, 259, 247, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01616.x Dreon, 1998, Change in dietary saturated fat intake is correlated with change in mass of large low-density-lipoprotein particles in men, Am J Clin Nutr, 67, 828, 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.828 Dreon, 1999, A very low-fat diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large, low-density lipoproteins, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 411, 10.1093/ajcn/69.3.411 McLaughlin, 2005, Is there a simple way to identify insulin-resistant individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular disease?, Am J Cardiol, 96, 399, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.03.085 Feinman, 2008, Dietary carbohydrate restriction in the treatment of diabetes and Mmtabolic syndrome, Clin Nutr Insight, 34, 1, 10.1097/01.NMD.0000342337.87297.9c Iso, 1994, Serum total cholesterol and mortality in a Japanese population, J Clin Epidemiol, 47, 961, 10.1016/0895-4356(94)90110-4 Saito, 2013, Low serum LDL cholesterol levels are associated with elevated mortality from liver cancer in Japan: the Ibaraki Prefectural health study, Tohoku J Exp Med, 229, 203, 10.1620/tjem.229.203 Nielsen, 2012, Low carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes, long-term improvement and adherence: a clinical audit, Diabetol Metab Syndr, 4, 23, 10.1186/1758-5996-4-23 Bernstein, 2011 Saslow, 2014, A randomized pilot trial of a moderate carbohydrate diet compared with a very low carbohydrate diet in overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes, PLoS One, 9, e91027, 10.1371/journal.pone.0091027 Yancy, 2005, A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes, Nutr Metab (Lond), 2, 34, 10.1186/1743-7075-2-34 Nielsen, 2006, Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 22 mo follow-up, Nutr Metab (Lond), 3, 22, 10.1186/1743-7075-3-22 Nielsen, 2005, Lasting improvement of hyperglycaemia and bodyweight: low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes—a brief report, Ups J Med Sci, 110, 69, 10.3109/2000-1967-182 Boden, 2005, Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, Ann Intern Med, 142, 403, 10.7326/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00006 Gerstein, 2008, Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 358, 2545, 10.1056/NEJMoa0802743 Nissen, 2007, Perspective: effect of rosiglitazone on cardiovascular outcomes, Curr Cardiol Rep, 9, 343, 10.1007/BF02938358 Nissen, 2007, Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes, N Engl J Med, 356, 2457, 10.1056/NEJMoa072761 Diamond, 2007, Uncertain effects of rosiglitazone on the risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death, Ann Intern Med, 147, 578, 10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00182 Kaul, 2010, Diabetes: breaking news! Rosiglitazone and cardiovascular risk, Nat Rev Cardiol, 7, 670, 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.160 Taubes, 2001, The soft science of dietary fat, Science, 291, 2536, 10.1126/science.291.5513.2536 Martin, 2005, Dietary protein intake and renal function, Nutr Metab (Lond), 2, 25, 10.1186/1743-7075-2-25 Lustig, 2010, Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol, J Am Diet Assoc, 110, 1307, 10.1016/j.jada.2010.06.008 Lustig, 2012, Public health: the toxic truth about sugar, Nature, 482, 27, 10.1038/482027a Taubes, 2012 Stanhope, 2010, Fructose consumption: recent results and their potential implications, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1190, 15, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05266.x Feinman, 2013, Perspective on fructose, Nutr Metab (Lond), 9 Gannon, 1998, Acute metabolic response to high-carbohydrate, high-starch meals compared with moderate-carbohydrate, low-starch meals in subjects with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 21, 1619, 10.2337/diacare.21.10.1619 Foster, 1999 Smith, 2003, Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma related to gravitational challenge: systematic review of randomised controlled trials, BMJ, 327, 1459, 10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1459