The 1985 Nevado del Ruiz volcano catastrophe: anatomy and retrospection

Acosta, 1846, Relation de l'éruption boueuse sortie du volcan de Ruiz et de la catastrophe de Lagunilla dans la République de Nouvelle Grenade, C.R. Acad. Sci., 22, 709 Acosta, 1850, Sur les montagnes de Ruiz et de Tolima (Nouvelle Granada) et les éruptions boueuses de la Magdalena, 9, 489 Banks, 1986, Hazard mitigation and rapid response to crises with Mobile Volcanic Observatories, EOS. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 398 Banks, 1986, Deformation monitoring at Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 403 Banks, 1990, Deformation monitoring at Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia: October 1985-March 1988, 41, 269 Barberi, 1985, Informe de la misión tecnica para la evaluacion del riesgo volcanico del Nevado del Ruiz-Cordillera Central Colombia, 18 Barberi, 1986, The Italian Mission to Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia (October 1985): results, recommendations and some reflections, Per. Mineral., 55, 1 Barberi, 1990, Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia): pre-eruption observations and the November 13, 1985 catastrophic event, 42, 1 Calvache, 1986, The eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, EOS. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 405 Calvache, 1990, Pyroclastic deposits of the November 13, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, 41, 67 Calvache, 1985, Memorias del Seminario Sobre Riesgo Volcánico del Ruiz, Nat. Univ., Manizales. Rev. Vias y Transport., 12, 114 Carey, 1986, The November 13, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz: Tephra fall deposit and column height modelling, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 403 Cepeda, 1985, Mapa Preliminar de Riesgos Volcánicos Potenciales del Volcán Nevado del Ruiz, 22 Cepeda, 1985, Mapa de Riesgos Volcanicos Potenciales del Nevado del Ruiz, 28 Cepeda, 1986, Volcano risk potential maps of Nevado del Ruiz, Volcano, Colombia, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 407 CHEC, 1983, Investigación Geothérmica, Macizo Volcánico del Ruiz, Fase II Etapa A, Vol. I, 119 Cuéllar, 1985, Informe Preliminar de las actividades desarrolladas, 19 Decker, 1986, Ruiz Volcano, Colombia: Trip Report, February–March 1986, 45 Decker, 1981, Volcanoes, 244 Espinosa, 1986, Notas sobre la Actividad Histórica del Volcán Nevado del Ruiz, 17 Gil, 1987, Observations of long-period events and tremors at Nevado del Ruiz Volcano 1985–1986, 90 Hall, 1985, 4 Hall, 1990, Chronology of the principal scientific and governmental actions leading up to the November 13, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 42, 101 Harlow, 1986, Seismic activity preceding the 13 November 1985 eruption of Ruiz volcano, Colombia, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 403 Herd, 1982, Glacial and volcanic geology of the Ruiz-Tolima complex, Cordillera Central, Colombia, 48 Herd, 1986, The 1985 Ruiz volcano disaster, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 457, 10.1029/EO067i019p00457-03 Hermelin, 1986, Aspectos historicos de eruptiones en el Volcan Nevado del Ruiz, Bol. Vias, 13, 37 Hess, 1987, Report from Washington, 248 Janda, 1986, Interaction between ice and pyroclastic sediments erupted during the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 406 Katsui, 1986, The 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, and associated mudflow disaster, 61 Lowe, 1986, Lahars initiated by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, Nature, 324, 51, 10.1038/324051a0 Medina, 1986, The organization of the group to monitor volcano Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 403 Mileti, 1986, Recommendations for improving the existing warning system for an impending eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, S.A.: an Advance Report, 10 Miller, 1978, Reconnaissance Map of Potential Volcanic Hazards from Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador Mojica, 1986, Caracteristicas del flujo de lodo ocurrido el 13 de Noviembre de 1985 en el valle de Armero (Tolima, Colombia): Historia y comentarios de los flujos de 1595 y 1845, Geol. Colomb., 14, 107 Munoz, 1987, Seismic activity preceding the 13 November 1985 eruption at Nevado del Ruiz Muñoz, 1987, Seismic activity preceding the 13 November 1985 eruption of Ruiz volcano, Colombia, 185 Naranjo, 1986, Eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, on 13 November 1985: Tephra fall and lahars, Science, 233, 961, 10.1126/science.233.4767.961 Parra, 1990, Volcanic hazard maps of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, 42, 117 Perry, 1981 Petak, 1982 Pierson, 1990, Perturbation and melting of snow and ice by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, and consequent mobilization, flow and deposition of lahars, 41, 17 Rojas, 1986, Velocidad, descarga maxima y volumen del lahar del Rio Chinchina, 13 Noviembre 1985 Saarinen, 1985, Warning and Response to the Mount St. Helen's Eruption, 240 SEAN, 1985, Ruiz volcano, Colombia: Smithsonian Institution, SEAN Bull., 10, 2 Simón, 1625, Noticias Historiales de las Conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales, 376 Thouret, 1990, Effects of the November 13, 1985 eruption on the snowpack and ice cap of Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, 41, 177 Thouret, 1986, The consequences of the 13 November 1985 eruption on the Nevado del Ruiz ice cap, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 404 Thouret, 1985, Cronoestratigrafia mediante dataciones K-AR y C-14 de los volcanes Compuestos del Complejo Ruiz-Tolima y aspectos volcanoestructurales del Nevado del Ruiz (Cordillera Central, Colombia), 385 Thouret, 1987, L'eruption du 13 Novembre 1985 au Nevado del Ruiz (Cordillere Centrale, Colombie); interactions entre le dynamisme eruptif, la fusion glaciaire et la genese d'ecoulements volcano-glaciaires, C.R. Acad. Sci. ser. II, 305, 505 Tilling, 1989, Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: progress and problems, Rev. Geophys., 27, 237, 10.1029/RG027i002p00237 Tomblin, 1985, Report of a mission from 25 Sept–2 Oct. 1985, 5 Tomblin, 1985, Ruiz-A sleeping giant awakes, 7 Tomblin, 1988, UNDRO's role in responding to volcanic emergencies, 7 UNDRO, 1986, Volcanic Emergency Management, 86 Van der Laat, 1985, Informe de la mision tecnica para la implementacion de estudios de deformacion del Volcan Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 23 Van der Laat, 1985, Informe de la mision tecnica para la implementacion de estudios de deformacion del Volcan Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 15 Velásquez, 1986, Actividad del Volcan Nevado del Ruiz en epocas historicas, Bol. Vias, 13, 20 Voight, 1986, Gravitational failure hazards, Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia - Mission from 30 January to 16 February 1986, 20 Voight, 1988, Countdown to catastrophe, Earth Miner. Sci., 57, 17 Voight, 1986, Is the Arenas crater at Nevado del Ruiz endangered by gravitational slope collapse?, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 406 Voight, 1987, High-altitude monitoring of rock mass stability near the summit of Volcano Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 275 Waitt, 1983, Eruption-triggered avalanche, flood, and lava at Mount St. Helens - effects of winter snowpack, Science, 221, 1394, 10.1126/science.221.4618.1394 Wolf, 1878, Der Cotopaxi und seine letzte Eruption am 26 Juni 1877, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Geol. Paleontol., 113 Zollweg, 1986, Post-eruption seismicity at Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia: Implications of the reservoir system and continued activity, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 406