Mechanical and microstructural properties of polycaprolactone scaffolds with one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional orthogonally oriented porous architectures produced by selective laser sintering

Einhorn, 2003, Clinical applications of recombinant human BMPs: early experience and future development, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 85, 82, 10.2106/00004623-200300003-00014 Langer, 2000, Tissue engineering, Mol Ther, 1, 12, 10.1006/mthe.1999.0003 Greenwald AS, et al. Bone-graft substitutes: facts, fictions, and applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83(2_suppl_2):S98–103. Laurencin, 2003, Tissue engineering: orthopedic applications, Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 1, 19, 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.19 Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science 1993;260(5110):920–26. Griffith, 2002, Tissue engineering–current challenges and expanding opportunities, Science, 295, 1009, 10.1126/science.1069210 Yang S, Leong KF, Du Z, Chua CK. The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors. Tissue Eng 2001;7(6):679–89. Mikos, 1993, Prevascularization of porous biodegradable polymers, Biotechnol Bioeng, 42, 716, 10.1002/bit.260420606 Bruder, 1998, The effect of implants loaded with autologous mesenchymal stem cells on the healing of canine segmental bone defects, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 80, 985, 10.2106/00004623-199807000-00007 Chang, 2000, Osteoconduction at porous hydroxyapatite with various pore configurations, Biomaterials, 21, 1291, 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00030-2 Karageorgiou, 2005, Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis, Biomaterials, 26, 5474, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002 Murphy, 2010, The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 31, 461, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.063 Oh, 2007, In vitro and in vivo characteristics of PCL scaffolds with pore size gradient fabricated by a centrifugation method, Biomaterials, 28, 1664, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.024 Zeltinger, 2004, Effect of pore size and void fraction on cellular adhesion, proliferation, and matrix deposition, Tissue Eng, 7, 557, 10.1089/107632701753213183 Goldstein, 1999, Effect of osteoblastic culture conditions on the structure of poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foam scaffolds, Tissue Eng, 5, 421, 10.1089/ten.1999.5.421 Mikos, 1994, Preparation and characterization of poly(l-lactic acid) foams, Polymer, 35, 1068, 10.1016/0032-3861(94)90953-9 Thomson, 1995, Biodegradable polymer scaffolds to regenerate organs, Biopolymers II, 245, 10.1007/3540587888_18 Hutmacher, 2000, Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage, Biomaterials, 21, 2529, 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00121-6 Hutmacher, 2001, Scaffold design and fabrication technologies for engineering tissues state of the art and future perspectives, J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 12, 107, 10.1163/156856201744489 Yang S, Leong KF, Du Z, Chua CK. The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part II. Rapid prototyping techniques. Tissue Eng 2002;8(1):1–11. Sachlos, 2003, Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds, Eur Cell Mater, 5, 29, 10.22203/eCM.v005a03 Hutmacher, 2004, Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems, Trends Biotechnol, 22, 354, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.05.005 Sun, 2004, Computer-aided tissue engineering: overview, scope and challenges, Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 39, 29, 10.1042/BA20030108 Sun, 2004, Computer-aided tissue engineering: application to biomimetic modelling and design of tissue scaffolds, Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 39, 49, 10.1042/BA20030109 Weigel, 2006, Design and preparation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering, Expert Rev Med Dev, 3, 835, 10.1586/17434440.3.6.835 Seunarine, 2006, 3D polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering, Nanomedicine, 1, 281, 10.2217/17435889.1.3.281 Salgado, 2004, Bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future trends, Macromol Biosci, 4, 743, 10.1002/mabi.200400026 Bártolo, 2008, Advanced processes to fabricate scaffolds for tissue engineering, Virtual Prototyping & Bio Manufacturing in Medical Applications., 149, 10.1007/978-0-387-68831-2_8 Leong, 2003, Solid freeform fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds for engineering replacement tissues and organs, Biomaterials, 24, 2363, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00030-9 Deckard CR. Selective laser sintering. Mechanical Engineering. Austin: University of Texas at Austin; 1988. Cesarano, 2005, Customization of load-bearing hydroxyapatite lattice scaffolds, Int J Appl Ceram Technol, 2, 212, 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2005.02026.x Dyson, 2007, Development of custom-built bone scaffolds using mesenchymal stem cells and apatite-wollastonite glass-ceramics, Tissue Eng, 13, 2891, 10.1089/ten.2007.0124 Jiankang H, et al. Custom fabrication of composite tibial hemi-knee joint combining CAD/CAE/CAM techniques. Proc Inst Mech Eng H: J Eng Med 2006;220(8):823–30. Moroni, 2007, Finite element analysis of meniscal anatomical 3D scaffolds: implications for tissue engineering, Open Biomed Eng J, 1, 23, 10.2174/1874120700701010023 Popov VK, et al. Laser technologies for fabricating individual implants and matrices for tissue engineering. J Opt Technol 2007;74(9):636–40. Saijo, 2009, Maxillofacial reconstruction using custom-made artificial bones fabricated by inkjet printing technology, J Artif Organs, 12, 200, 10.1007/s10047-009-0462-7 Wu, 2008, Selective laser sintering technology for customized fabrication of facial prostheses, J Prosth Dent, 100, 56, 10.1016/S0022-3913(08)60138-9 Das, 2004, Freeform fabrication of Nylon-6 tissue engineering scaffolds, Rapid Prototyping J, 9, 43, 10.1108/13552540310455656 Berry, 1997, Preliminary experience with medical applications of rapid prototyping by selective laser sintering, Med Eng Phys, 19, 90, 10.1016/S1350-4533(96)00039-2 Rimell, 2000, Selective laser sintering of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene for clinical applications, J Biomed Mater Res, 53, 414, 10.1002/1097-4636(2000)53:4<414::AID-JBM16>3.0.CO;2-M Shishkovsky, 2001, The synthesis of a biocomposite based on nickel titanium and hydroxyapatite under selective laser sintering conditions, Tech Phys Lett, 27, 211, 10.1134/1.1359830 Tan K, et al. Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional poly(ether-ether-ketone)/-hydroxyapatite biocomposite scaffolds using laser sintering. Proc Inst Mech Eng H: J Eng in Med 2005;219(3):183–94. Tan, 2003, Scaffold development using selective laser sintering of polyetheretherketone–hydroxyapatite biocomposite blends, Biomaterials, 24, 3115, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00131-5 Cheah C, et al. Characterization of microfeatures in selective laser sintered drug delivery devices. Proc Inst Mech Eng H: J Eng in Med 2002;216(6):369–83. Leong K, et al. Fabrication of porous polymeric matrix drug delivery devices using the selective laser sintering technique. Proc Inst Mech Eng H: J Eng in Med 2001;215(2):191–2. Low, 2001, Characterization of SLS parts for drug delivery devices, Rapid Prototyping J, 7, 262, 10.1108/13552540110410468 Tan, 2005, Selective laser sintering of biocompatible polymers for applications in tissue engineering, Biomed Mater Eng, 15, 113 Chua, 2004, Development of tissue scaffolds using selective laser sintering of polyvinyl alcohol/hydroxyapatite biocomposite for craniofacial and joint defects, J Mater Sci Mater Med, 15, 1113, 10.1023/B:JMSM.0000046393.81449.a5 Wiria, 2007, Poly-ε-caprolactone/hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication via selective laser sintering, Acta Biomater, 3, 1, 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.07.008 Zhang, 2009, The interaction between bone marrow stromal cells and RGD-modified three-dimensional porous polycaprolactone scaffolds, Biomaterials, 30, 4063, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.015 Cahill, 2009, Finite element predictions compared to experimental results for the effective modulus of bone tissue engineering scaffolds fabricated by selective laser sintering, J Mater Sci Mater Med, 20, 1255, 10.1007/s10856-009-3693-5 Ciardelli, 2005, Blends of poly-(ε-caprolactone) and polysaccharides in tissue engineering applications, Biomacromolecules, 6, 1961, 10.1021/bm0500805 Huang, 2007, Avidin–biotin binding-based cell seeding and perfusion culture of liver-derived cells in a porous scaffold with a three-dimensional interconnected flow-channel network, Biomaterials, 28, 3815, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.004 Kanczler, 2009, Biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of human fetal femur-derived cells on surface selective laser sintered scaffolds, Acta Biomater, 5, 2063, 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.03.010 Lin, 2007, The mechanical properties of bone tissue engineering scaffold fabricating via selective laser sintering, Life Syst Model Simul, 146, 10.1007/978-3-540-74771-0_17 Eosoly S, et al. Selective laser sintering of hydroxyapatite/poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds. Acta Biomater, in press. Williams, 2005, Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering, Biomaterials, 26, 4817, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.057 Partee B, Hollister SJ, Das S. Selective laser sintering process optimization for layered manufacturing of CAPA® 6501 polycaprolactone bone tissue engineering scaffolds. J Manuf Science Eng Trans ASME 2006;128(2):531–40. Perstorp, Biodegradable CAPA Thermoplastics. 2003. Pitt, 1981, Aliphatic polyesters. I. The degradation of poly (ε-caprolactone) in vivo, J Appl Polym Sci, 26, 3779, 10.1002/app.1981.070261124 Pitt CG, et al. Aliphatic polyesters II. The degradation of poly (DL-lactide), poly (ε-caprolactone), and their copolymers in vivo. Biomaterials 1981;2(4):215–20. Wehrenberg RH. Lactic acid polymers: strong, degradable thermoplastics. Mater Eng 1981;94(3):63–6. Feng X, Song C, Chen W. Synthesis and evaluation of biodegradable block copolymers of ε-caprolactone and d,l-lactide. J Polym Sci Polym Lett 1983;21(8):593–600. Engelberg, 1991, Physico-mechanical properties of degradable polymers used in medical applications: a comparative study, Biomaterials, 12, 292, 10.1016/0142-9612(91)90037-B Vandamme, 1995, Physico-mechanical properties of poly(ε-caprolactone) for the construction of rumino-reticulum devices for grazing animals, Biomaterials, 16, 1395, 10.1016/0142-9612(95)96875-Z Rosa, 2004, Evaluation of the thermal and mechanical properties of poly(ε-caprolactone), low-density polyethylene, and their blends, J Appl Polym Sci., 91, 3909, 10.1002/app.13596 Correlo, 2005, Properties of melt processed chitosan and aliphatic polyester blends, Mater Sci Eng A, 403, 57, 10.1016/j.msea.2005.04.055 Granado, 2008, Structure and mechanical properties of blends of poly(ε-caprolactone) with a poly(amino ether), J Appl Polym Sci, 109, 3892, 10.1002/app.28615 Zein, 2002, Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications, Biomaterials, 23, 1169, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00232-0 Kim, 2009, Cell adhesion and proliferation evaluation of SFF-based biodegradable scaffolds fabricated using multi-head deposition system, Biofabrication, 1, 5002, 10.1088/1758-5082/1/1/015002 Goldstein, 1987, The mechanical properties of trabecular bone: Dependence on anatomic location and function, J Biomech, 20, 1055, 10.1016/0021-9290(87)90023-6 Goulet RW, et al. The relationship between the structural and orthogonal compressive properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech 1994;27(4):375–77, 379–89. Lang, 1988, Correlation of mechanical properties of vertebral trabecular bone with equivalent mineral density as measured by computed tomography, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 70, 1531, 10.2106/00004623-198870100-00013 Lotz, 1990, Mechanical properties of trabecular bone from the proximal femur: a quantitative CT study, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 14, 107, 10.1097/00004728-199001000-00020 Mow V, et al. Basic orthopaedic biomechanics. Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia; 1997 Ouyang, 1997, Biomechanical characteristics of human trabecular bone, Clin Biomech, 12, 522, 10.1016/S0268-0033(97)00035-1 Porter, 2000, Mechanical properties of a biodegradable bone regeneration scaffold, J Biomech Eng, 122, 286, 10.1115/1.429659 Correlo VM, Luciano F. Boesel, Mrinal Bhattacharya, Joao F. Mano, Nuno M. Neves, Ruis L. Reis. Hydroxyapatite reinforced chitosan and polyester blends for biomedical applications. Macromol Mater Eng 2005;290(12):1157–65. Hutmacher, 2001, Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling, J Biomed Mater Res, 55, 203, 10.1002/1097-4636(200105)55:2<203::AID-JBM1007>3.0.CO;2-7 Lam, 2007, Comparison of the degradation of polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone-(β-tricalcium phosphate) scaffolds in alkaline medium, Polym Int, 56, 718, 10.1002/pi.2195 Zhou, 2007, In vitro bone engineering based on polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate composites, Polym Int, 56, 333, 10.1002/pi.2138 Wang, 2004, Precision extruding deposition and characterization of cellular poly-e-caprolactone tissue scaffolds, Rapid Prototyping J, 10, 42, 10.1108/13552540410512525 Shor, 2009, Precision extruding deposition (PED) fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Biofabrication, 1, 5003, 10.1088/1758-5082/1/1/015003