Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Blaustein,A. R. & Wake,D. B. Declining amphibian populations: A global phenomenon? Trends Ecol. Evol. 5, 203–204 (1990).
Blaustein,A. R., Wake,D. B. & Sousa,W. P. Amphibian declines: judging stability, persistence, and susceptibility of populations to local and global extinctions. Conserv. Biol. 8, 60–71 (1994).
Wake,D. B. & Morowitz,H. J. Declining amphibian populations—a global phenomenon? Findings and recommendations. Alytes 9, 33–42 (1991).
Pechmann,J. H. K. & Wilbur,H. M. Putting declining amphibian populations in perspective: natural fluctuations and human impacts. Herpetologica 50, 65–84 (1994).
Harte,J. & Hoffman,E. Possible effects of acidic deposition on a Rocky Mountain population of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum . Conserv. Biol. 3, 149– 158 (1989).
Corn,P. S. & Fogleman,J. C. Extinction of montane populations of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) in Colorado. J. Herpetol. 18, 147–152 (1984).
Pechmann,J. H. K. et al. Declining amphibian populations: The problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations. Science 253 , 892–895 (1991).
Meyer,A. H., Schmidt,B. R. & Grossenbacher, K. Analysis of three amphibian populations with quarter-century long time-series. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 523–528 (1998).
Hecnar,S. J. & M'Closkey,R. T. Spatial scale and determination of species status of the green frog. Conserv. Biol. 11, 670–682 (1997).
Hecnar,S. J. & M'Closkey,R. T. Regional dynamics and the status of amphibians. Ecology 77, 2091– 2097 (1996).
Weygoldt,P. Changes in the composition of mountain stream frog communities in the Atlantic mountains of Brazil—frogs as indicators of environmental deteriorations. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 24, 249– 255 (1989)
Berger,L. et al. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9031– 9036 (1998).
Pounds,J. A., Fogden,M. P. L., Savage,J. M. & Gorman,G. C. Tests of null models for amphibian declines on a tropical mountain. Conserv. Biol. 11, 1307–1322 (1997).
Laurance,W. F., McDonald,K. R. & Speare, R. Epidemic disease and the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. Conserv. Biol. 10, 406 –413 (1996)
Drost,C. A. & Fellers,G. M. Collapse of a regional frog fauna in the Yosemite area of the California Sierra Nevada, USA. Conserv. Biol. 10, 414–425 ( 1996).
Pounds,J. A., Fogden,M. P. L. & Campbell, J. H. Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature 398, 611– 615 (1999).
Beebee,T. J. C. et al. Decline of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita in Britain: paleoecological, documentary and experimental evidence for breeding site acidification. Biol. Conserv. 37, 59– 71 (1990).
Carey,C. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conserv. Biol. 7, 355–362. (1993).
Cunningham,A. A. et al. Unusual mortality associated with poxvirus-like particles in frogs (Rana temporaria). Vet. Rec. 133, 141–142 (1993).
Blaustein,A. R. et al. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on amphibians: Field experiments. Am. Zool. 38, 799–812 (1998).
Kiesecker,J. M. & Blaustein,A. R. Synergism between UV-B radiation and a pathogen magnifies amphibian embryo mortality in nature. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11049–11052 (1995).
Long,L. E., Saylor,L. S. & Soule, M. E. A pH/UV-B synergism in amphibians. Conserv. Biol. 9, 1301–1303 ( 1995).
Tyler,M. J. Declining amphibian populations: a global phenomenon? An Australian perspective. Alytes 9, 43–50 (1990).
Green,D. M. in Amphibians in Decline: Canadian Studies of a Global Problem (ed. Green, D. M.) 291–308 (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Lawrence, USA, 1997).
Englund,G., Sarnelle,O. & Cooper, S. D. The importance of data-selection criteria: meta-analysis of stream predation experiments. Ecology 80, 1132–1141 (1999).
Draper,N. R. & Smith,H. Applied Regression Analysis 2nd edn (Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981).
Heyer,W. R., Donnelly,M. A., McDiarmid, R. W., Hayak,L. A. C. & Foster,M. S. (eds) Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Amphibians (Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, 1994).