Conflicting isotopic and biotic evidence for tropical sea-surface temperatures during the Tertiary

Adams, 1967, Tertiary foraminifera in the Tethyan, American and Indo-Pacific provinces, Syst. Assoc. Publ., 7, 195 Adams, 1973, Some Tertiary foraminifera, 453 Adams, 1983, The Terminal Tethyan Event, Utrecht Micropaleontol. Bull., 30, 273 Adams, 1986, Larger foraminifera and events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary in the Indo-West Pacific region 1976, U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 Axelrod, 1984, An interpretation of Cretaceous and Tertiary biota in polar regions, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 45, 105, 10.1016/0031-0182(84)90037-3 Barron, 1988, Early glaciation of Antarctica, Nature, 333, 303, 10.1038/333303a0 Barth, 1982, The biogeography of mangroves, 2, 35 Boltovskoy, 1976, Distribution of Recent foraminifera of the South American region, 171 Bosellini, 1988, The Oligocene Actinacis coral community of the Southern Alps (Italy): temperature vs terrigenous control Bown, 1982, Ichnofossils and rhizoliths of the nearshore fluvial Jevel Qatrani Formation (Oligocene), Fayum Province, Egypt, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 40, 255, 10.1016/0031-0182(82)90031-1 Buchardt, 1978, Oxygen isotope paleotemperatures from the Tertiary period in the North Sea area, Nature, 275, 121, 10.1038/275121a0 Burns, 1981, Oxygen isotopic paleotemperatures across the Runangan-Whaingaroan (Eocene-Oligocene) boundary in a New Zealand shelf sequence, N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 24, 529, 10.1080/00288306.1981.10422743 Chapman, 1932, On a rock containing Discocyclina and Assilina, found near Mt Oxford, South Island, New Zealand, Rec. Canterbury Mus. N.Z., 3, 483 Chevalier, 1962, Recherches sur les madréporaires et les formations récifales miocènes de la Méditerranée occidentale, Mém. Soc. Géol. Fr. N.S., 60, 1 Churchill, 1973, The ecological significance of tropical mangroves in the Early Tertiary floras of southern Australia, Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. Aust., 4, 79 Cockbain, 1967, Asterocyclina from the Plantagenet Beds near Esperance, W.A., Aust. J. Sci., 30, 68 Cockbain, 1978, Discocyclinid foraminifers from western Australia, Annu. Rep. West Aust. Geol. Surv., 68 Cole, 1962, Asterocyclina from New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, Bull. Am. Paleontol., 44, 343 Collinson, 1983, Fossil Plants of the London Clay, 121 Crespin, 1926, The geology of Green Gully, Keilor, with special reference to fossiliferous beds, 38, 100 Dembińska-Rózkowska, 1932, Korale mioceńskie Polski, Roczn. Pol. Tow. geol., 8, 97 Devereaux, 1967, Oxygen isotope paleotemperature measurements on New Zealand Tertiary fossils, N.Z. J. Sci., 10, 998 Dolianiti, 1955, Frutos de Nipa no Paleoceno de Pernambuco, Brazil, Min. Agric. Dep. Nac. Prod. Min. Bol., 158, 1 Dorman, 1966, Australian Tertiary paleotemperatures, J. Geol., 74, 49, 10.1086/627139 Douglas, 1971, Isotopic analyses of planktonic foraminifera from the Cenozoic of the Northwest Pacific, 1123 Douglas, 1973, Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of Cretaceous and Tertiary foraminifera from the central North Pacific, 591 Douglas, 1975, Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of Tertiary and Cretaceous foraminifera from Shatsky Rise and other sites in the North Pacific Ocean, 509 Duncan, 1876, On some fossil reef-building corals from the Tertiary deposits of Tasmania, Q.J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 31, 341, 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1876.032.01-04.40 Durham, 1947, Corals from the Gulf of California and the north Pacific coast of America, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 20, 1, 10.1130/MEM20-p1 Durham, 1950, Cenozoic marine climates of the Pacific coast, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 61, 1243, 10.1130/0016-7606(1950)61[1243:CMCOTP]2.0.CO;2 Epstein, 1951, Carbonate water isotopic temperature scale, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 62, 417, 10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[417:CITS]2.0.CO;2 Erez, 1978, Vital effect on stable isotope composition seen in foraminifera and coral skeletons, Nature, 273, 199, 10.1038/273199a0 Erez, 1983, Experimental paleotemperature equation for planktonic foraminifera, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1025, 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90232-6 Flenley, 1979, The Equatorial Rain Forest: a Geological History, 162 Frakes, 1979, Climates throughout Geological Time, 310 Frost, 1977, Oligocene reef coral biogeography Caribbean and western Tethys, 89, 342 Frost, 1981, Oligocene reef coral biofacies of the Vicentin, northeast Italy, Spec. Publ. Soc. Econ. Petrol. Min., 30, 483 Gerth, 1925, Die Bedeutung der tertiären Riffkkorallenfauna des malayischen Archipels für die Entwicklung der lebenden riff-Fauna im indopaxifischen und atlantis-chen Gebiet, Verh. Ned. Geol. mijnbouwkd. Genoot. Geol. Ser., 8, 173 Gerth, 1930, The evolution of reef corals during the Cenozoic period, 11A, 333 Graham, 1981, Carbon and oxygen isotopic disequilibria of Recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera, Mar. Micropaleontol., 6, 483, 10.1016/0377-8398(81)90018-9 Gunter, 1957, Temperature, 67, 159 Hayward, 1977, Lower Miocene corals from the Waitakere Ranges, North Auckland, New Zealand, J.R. Soc. N.Z., 7, 99, 10.1080/03036758.1977.10419340 Hayward, 1981, Fossil reef corals in situ, Newsl. Geol. Soc. N.Z., 54, 43 Hornibrook, 1967, New Zealand Tertiary microfossil zonation, correlation and climate, 102 Hornibrook, 1968, Distribution of some warm water benthic Foraminifera in the N.Z. Tertiary, Tuatara, 16, 11 Hornibrook, 1978, Tertiary palaeontology, 407 Hornibrook, 1978, Tertiary climate, 2, 436 Hottinger, 1983, Processes determining the distribution of larger foraminigera in space and time, Utrecht Mircopaleontol. Bull., 30, 239 Hsü, 1984, South Atlantic Cenozoic paleoceanography, 771 Jackson, 1980, Introduction and summary of results from DSDP Leg 55, the Hawaiian-Emperor hot-spot experiment, 5, 10.2973/dsdp.proc.55.101.1980 Keyes, 1968, Cenozoic marine temperatures indicated by the scleractinian coral fauna of New Zealand, Tuatara, 16, 21 Killingley, 1983, Effects of diagenetic recrystallization on 18O/16O values of deep sea sediments, Nature, 301, 594, 10.1038/301594a0 Lakhanpal, 1970, Tertiary floras of India and their bearing on the historical geology of the region, Taxon, 19, 675, 10.2307/1219280 Langenheim, 1967, Mangrove pollen at the depositional site of Oligo-Miocene amber from Chiapas, Mexico, Harvard Univ. Bot. Mus. Leafl., 21, 289 Lear, 1977, Mangroves of Australia, 84 Leopold, 1969, Miocene pollen and spore flora of Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 260-II, 1133 Li, 1985, Distribution of larger foraminifera in the northwestern part of the South China Sea, 176 Macintyre, 1969, Tropical reef corals tolerance of low temperatures on the North Carolina continental shelf, Science, 166, 374, 10.1126/science.166.3903.374 Matthews, 1984, Oxygen isotope record of ice-volume history: 100 million years of glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuation, Mem. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 36, 97 Matthews, 1980, Tertiary δ18O record and glacioeustatic sea-level fluctuations, Geology, 8, 501, 10.1130/0091-7613(1980)8<501:TORAGS>2.0.CO;2 McGowran, 1979, Early Tertiary foraminiferal biostratigraphy in southern Australia: a progress report, Bull. Bur. Min. Res. Geol. Geophys., 192, 83 McGowran, 1986, Foraminiferal biofacies in a silica-rich neritic sediment, Late Eocene, South Australia, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 52, 321, 10.1016/0031-0182(86)90053-2 McKenna, 1980, Eocene paleolatitude, climate and mammals of Ellesmere Island, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol., 30, 349, 10.1016/0031-0182(80)90065-6 McKenzie, 1980, Shallow-water carbonate sediments from the Emperor Seamounts: their diagenesis and paleogeographic significance, 415, 10.2973/dsdp.proc.55.115.1980 McLachlan, 1979, Microfaunal biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and history of Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits on the coastal margin of S. Africa, 6, 161 Mepham, 1983, Mangrove floras of the southern continents. Part 1. The geographical origin of the Indo-Pacific mangrove genera and the development and present status of the Australian mangroves, S. Afr. J. Bot., 2, 1, 10.1016/S0022-4618(16)30139-5 Miller, 1982, Eocene to Oligocene benthic foraminiferal isotopic record in the Bay of Biscay, Nature, 296, 347, 10.1038/296347a0 Moul, 1957, Annotated bibliography — Nonalgal marine plants, 2, 1051 Muller, 1964, A palynological contribution to the history of the mangrove vegetation in Borneo, 33 Muller, 1968, Palynology of the Pedawan and Plateau Sandstone formations (Cretaceous-Eocene) in Sarawak, Malaysia, Micropaleontology, 14, 1, 10.2307/1484763 Murray, 1973, Distribution and Ecology of Living Benthic Foraminiferids, 274 Oliver, 1982, The geographic and environmental aspects of mangrove communities: climate, 19 Pfister, 1980, Systematische und paläoökologische Untersuchungen an oligozänen Korallen der Umgebung von San Luca (Provinz Vicenza, Norditalien), Abh. Schweiz. Paläontol. Ges., 103, 1 Plaziat, 1970, Huîtres de mangrove et peuplements littoraux de l'Éocène inferièur des Corbières, Geobios, 3, 7, 10.1016/S0016-6995(70)80003-1 Pocknall, 1989, Late Eocene to early Miocene vegetation and climate history of New Zealand, J.R. Soc. N.Z., 19, 1, 10.1080/03036758.1989.10426451 Reiss, 1984, The Gulf of Aqaba ecological micropaleontology, 354, 10.1007/978-3-642-69787-6 Rosen, 1984, Reef coral biogeography and climate through the Late Cainozoic, 201 Sakai, 1978, Freezing resistance of New Zealand trees and shrubs, N.Z. J. Ecol., 1, 51 Savin, 1977, The history of the Earth's surface temperature during the last 100 million years, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 5, 319, 10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.001535 Savin, 1975, Tertiary marine paleotemperatures, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 86, 1499, 10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<1499:TMP>2.0.CO;2 Savin, 1981, Stable isotopes in ocean sediments, Vol. 7, 1521 Schlanger, 1981, Shallow-water limestones in ocean basins as tectonic and paleoceanic indicators, Spec. Publ. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral., 32, 209 Schalanger, 1975, The geographic boundary between the coral-algal and the bryozoan-algal limestone facies: a paleolatitude indicator, Ninth Int. Congr. Sedimentol., 187 Schuhmacher, 1985, What is hermatypic? A redefinition of ecological groups in corals and other organisms, Coral Reefs, 4, 1, 10.1007/BF00302198 Sclater, 1985, The depth of the ocean through the Neogene, 63, 1 Shackleton, 1984, Oxygen isotope evidence for Cenozoic climatic change, 352, 27 Shackleton, 1986, Paleogene stable isotope events, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 57, 91, 10.1016/0031-0182(86)90008-8 Shackleton, 1975, Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation, 743 Smith, 1981, Phanerozoic Paleocontinental World Maps, 102 Squires, 1968, Corals, coral reefs and paleotemperatures, Tuatara, 16, 16 Steininger, 1984, Paleogeography and palinspastic reconstruction of the Neogene of the Mediterranean and Paratethys, 17, 659 Stonely, 1967, The structural development of the Gulf of Alaska sedimentary province in southern Alaska, Q.J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 123, 25, 10.1144/gsjgs.123.1.0025 Suc, 1986, Flores néogènes de Méditerranée occidentale. Climat et Paléogéographie, Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor.-Prod. Elf-Aquitaine, 10, 477 Swart, 1980, Isotopic data for scleractinian corals explain their paleotemperature uncertainties, Nature, 283, 557, 10.1038/283557a0 Urey, 1951, Measurement of paleotemperatures and temperatures of the Upper Cretaceous of England, Denmark, and the southeastern United States, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 67 Vaughan, 1943, Revision of the suborders, families and genera of the Scleractinia, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 44, 1, 10.1130/SPE44-p1 Walsh, 1974, Mangroves: a review, 51 Walter, 1977, Climate, 1, 61 Whybrow, 1981, Fossil mangrove roots of the Eastern Arabian Peninsula, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 32, 213, 10.1016/0031-0182(80)90041-3 Wright, 1972, Comparisons of modern and Palaeogene foraminiferid distributions and their environmental implications, Mem. B.R.G.M., 79, 87 Fulthorpe, 1989, Paleo-oceanographic and tectonic settings of early Miocene reefs and associated carbonates of offshore Southeast Asia, Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 73, 729