Twenty-five years of international exchanges of plant genetic resources facilitated by the CGIAR genebanks: a case study on global interdependence
Tóm tắt
This article analyses 25 years of data about international movements of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), facilitated by the gene banks hosted by seven centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. It identifies trends in the movements of PGRFA for use in research and development, and describes the diversity of those resources transferred over time. The paper also presents data on the number of countries involved in the global exchanges, analyses their development status and describes their role as providers and/or recipients, providing a picture of the breadth of these global exchanges. We highlight that it is primarily developing and transition economies that have participated in the flows, and that the transferred germplasm has been largely used within their public agricultural research and development programmes. We conclude that, when provided the opportunity of facilitated access, countries will use a wide diversity of germplasm from many other countries, sub-regions and continents as inputs into their agricultural research and development programmes. We highlight the importance of enabling the continuation of the non-monetary benefits from international access to germplasm. We discuss the implications for the process of development and reform of the multilateral system of access and benefit sharing under International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bretting PK (2007) The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System in an Era of Shifting International Norms for Germplasm Exchange. In: Acta horticulturae. International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium, pp 55–60
Burke MB, Lobell DB, Guarino L (2009) Shifts in African crop climates by 2050 and the implications for crop improvement and genetic resources conservation. Glob Environ Chang 19:317–325
Centre for Genetic Resources (2008) Collections. http://www.cgn.wur.nl/UK/CGN+Plant+Genetic+Resources/Approach/Safety+duplicates/. Accessed 1 Aug 2015
CGKB (2014) Procedures for in-country seed plant material distribution
Crosby A (1972) The Columbian exchange: biological and cultural consequences of 1492. Greenwood Publishing, Westport
Crosby A (1986) Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Da Silva Mariante A, Amstalden Sampaio MJ, Valadares Inglis MC (2009) State of the Brazil’s plant genetic resources. Second rep, Brazilia, DF
Diamond J (1997) Guns, germs and steel: the fate of human societies. Norton & Co., New York
Dreisigacker S, Zhang P, Warburton ML et al (2005) Genetic diversity among and within CIMMYT wheat landrace accessions investigated with SSRs and implications for plant genetic resources management. Crop Sci 45:653–661
Duvick DN (1984) Genetic diversity in major farm crops on the farm and in reserve. Econ Bot 38:161–178
Evenson RE, Gollin D (1997) Genetic resources, international organisations, and improvement in rice varieties. Econ Dev Cult Change 45:471–500
FAO (2009) Russia: country report to the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources. Moscow, Russian Federation
FAO (2010) Report on the state of the world’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Fowler C, Hodgkin T (2004) Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: assessing global availability. Annu Rev Environ Resour 29:10.1–10.37
Fowler C, Smale M, Gaiji S (2001) Unequal exchange? Recent transfers of agricultural resources and their implications for developing countries. Dev Policy Rev 19:181–204
Fujisaka S, Halewood M, Williams D (2011) Background study paper no. 48
Genesys (2014) A gateway to genetic resources. www.genesys-pgr.org. Accessed 17 Nov 2014
Halewood M, Nnadozie K (2008) Giving priority to the commons: the international treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. In: Tansey G, Rojotte T (eds) The future control of food: a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security. Earthscan, London
Halewood M, López Noriega I, Louafi S (2013) Crop genetic resources as a global commons: challenges in international governance and law. Routledge, Abingdon
Halewood M, Baidu-Forson JJ, Clancy E, Vodouhe RS (2014) Cooperating to make the best use of plant genetic resources in West and Central Africa: a regional imperative. Rome, Italy and Dakar, Senegal
Heisey P, Day Rubenstein K (2015) Using crop genetic resources to help agriculture adapt to climate change: economics and policy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington
ICGR (2015) Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources in China. http://icgr.caas.net.cn/China/chinesutilization.htm. Accessed 12 Aug 2015
Jarvis A, Upadhyaya H, Gowda CLL, et al (2010) Climate change and its effect on conservation and use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and associated biodiversity for food security. In: Second state of the world plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, p 26
Khoury CK, Bjorkman AD, Dempewolf H et al (2014) Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:4001–4006. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313490111
Koo DB, Pardey PG, Wrigh B (2004) Saving seeds: the economics of conserving crop genetic resources ex situ. Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, MA, USA
Laird SA, Wynberg R (2006) The commercial use of biodiversity: an update on current trends in demand for access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing, and industry perspectives on ABS policy and implementation. Montreal, Canada
Lane A, Jarvis A (2007) Changes in climate will modify the geography of crop suitability: agricultural biodiversity can help with adaptation
López Noriega I, Halewood M, Galluzzi G et al (2013a) How policies affect the use of plant genetic resources: the experience of the CGIAR. Resources 2:231–269
López Noriega I, Wambugu P, Mejías A (2013b) Assessment of progress to make the multilateral system functional: incentives and challenges at the country level. Crop genetic resources as a global commons: challenges in international governance and law. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 199–225
Mann CC (2011) 1493: uncovering the new world Columbus created. Knopf, New York
R Development Core Team (2011) R: A language and environment for statistical computing
Ramirez-Villegas J, Jarvis A, Fujisaka S et al (2013) Crop and forage genetic resources: international interdependence in the face of climate change. In: Halewood M, López Noriega I, Louafi S (eds) Crop genetic resources as a global commons: challenges in international law and governance. Earthscan, London, pp 78–98
Rejesus RM, Smale M, Van Ginkel M (1996) Wheat breeders’ perspectives on genetic diversity and germplasm use: findings from an international survey. Plant Var Seeds 9:129–147
SGRP (2011) CGIAR Centers’ Experience with the Implementation of Their Agreements with the Treaty’s Governing Body, with Particular Reference to the Use of the SMTA for Annex 1 and Non-Annex 1 Materials
Smale M, Day Rubenstein K (2002) The demand for crop genetic resources: international use of the US national plant germplasm system. World Dev 30:1639–1655
Smale M, Reynolds MP, Wharburton M et al (2002) Dimensions of diversity in modern spring bread wheat in developing countries from 1965. Crop Sci 42:1766–1779
Smolders W (2005) Commercial practice in the use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Background study paper prepared for the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 18 pp
Ullrich SE (2011) Barley: Production, improvement, and uses. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester
UN (2012) Statistical annex - Data sources, country classifications and aggregation methodology. In: World Economic Situation and Prospects. United Nations, p 9
Voysest O, Johnson N, Pachico D (2003) The distribution of benefits from public international germplasm banks: the case of beans in Latin America. Agric Econ 29:277–286
Warburton ML, Crossa J, Franco J et al (2006) Bringing wild relatives back into the family: recovering genetic diversity in CIMMYT improved wheat germplasm. Euphytica 149:289–301