Mercury contamination in agricultural soils from abandoned metal mines classified by geology and mineralization
Tóm tắt
This survey aimed to compare mercury concentrations in soils related to geology and mineralization types of mines. A total of 16,386 surface soils (0~15 cm in depth) were taken from agricultural lands near 343 abandoned mines (within 2 km from each mine) and analyzed for Hg by AAS with a hydride-generation device. To meaningfully compare mercury levels in soils with geology and mineralization types, three subclassification criteria were adapted: (1) five mineralization types, (2) four valuable ore mineral types, and (3) four parent rock types. The average concentration of Hg in all soils was 0.204 mg kg−1 with a range of 0.002–24.07 mg kg−1. Based on the mineralization types, average Hg concentrations (mg kg−1) in the soils decreased in the order of pegmatite (0.250) > hydrothermal vein (0.208) > hydrothermal replacement (0.166) > skarn (0.121) > sedimentary deposits (0.045). In terms of the valuable ore mineral types, the concentrations decreased in the order of Au–Ag–base metal mines ≈ base metal mines > Au–Ag mines > Sn–W–Mo–Fe–Mn mines. For parent rock types, similar concentrations were found in the soils derived from sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks followed by heterogeneous rocks with igneous and metamorphic processes. Furthermore, farmland soils contained relatively higher Hg levels than paddy soils. Therefore, it can be concluded that soils in Au, Ag, and base metal mines derived from a hydrothermal vein type of metamorphic rocks and pegmatite deposits contained relatively higher concentrations of mercury in the surface environment.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adriano, D. C. (2001). Trace elements in the terrestrial environment—Biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and risks of metals (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer.
Alloway, B. J. (1995). Heavy metals in soils (2nd ed.). London: Blackie-Academic and Professional.
AMAP/UNEP. (2008). Technical background report to the global atmospheric mercury assessment. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme/UNEP Chemicals Branch.
Biester, H., & Scholz, C. (1997). Determination of mercury binding forms in contaminated soils: Mercury pyrolysis versus sequential extractions. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 233–239.
Covelli, S., Acquavita, A., Piani, R., Predonzani, S., & Vittor, C. (2009). Recent contamination of mercury in an astuarine environment (Marano lagoon, Northern Adriatic, Italy. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 82, 273–284.
Dhindsa, H. S., Battle, A. R., & Prytz, S. (2003). Environmental emission of mercury during by amalgamation process and its impact on soils of Gympie, Australia. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160, 145–156.
Dreher, G. B., & Follmer, L. R. (2004). Mercury content of Illinois soils. Water, Air, and Soil pollution, 156, 299–315.
Fergusson, J. E. (1990). The heavy elements: Chemistry, environmental impact and health effects. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Geological Society of Korea (GSK). (1988). Geology of Korea. Seoul: Kyohak-Sa.
Han, F. X., Su, Y., Monts, D. L., Waggoner, C. A., & Plodinec, M. J. (2006). Binding, distribution, and plant uptake of Hg in a soil from Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. The Science of the Total Environment, 368, 753–768.
Hojdová, M., Navrátil, T., Rohovec, J., Penížek, V., & Grygar, T. (2009). Mercury distribution and speciation in soils affected by historic mercury mining. Water, Air, and Soil pollution, 200, 89–99.
Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). (1999). Environmental guidebooks: Mercury. Seoul: National Institute of Environmental Research.
Jung, M. C. (2008). Contamination by Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in mine wastes from abandoned metal mines classified as mineralization types in Korea. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30, 205–217.
Jung, M. C., & Thornton, I. (1997). Environmental contamination and seasonal variation of metals in soils, plants and waters in the paddy fields around a Pb-Zn mine in Korea. The Science of the Total Environment, 198, 105–121.
Kabata-Pendias, A., & Mukherjee, A. B. (2007). Trace elements from soils to human. Berlin: Springer.
Kim, K.-H., & Kim, M.-Y. (1999). The exchange of gaseous mercury across soil-air interface in a residential area of Seoul, Korea. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 3153–3165.
Kim, K.-H., & Kim, M.-Y. (2002). Mercury emissions as landfill gas from a large-scale abandoned landfill site in Seoul. Atmospheric Environment, 36(31), 4919–4928.
Kim, K.-H., Kim, M.-Y., Kim, J., & Lee, G. (2002). The concentrations and fluxes of total gaseous mercury in a western coastal area of Korea during the late March 2001. Atmospheric Environment, 36(21), 63–77.
KMoE. (2007). National survey of mining environment in Korea (Vol. 1). Seoul: Korea Ministry of Environment.
KMoE. (2008). National survey of mining environment in Korea (Vol. 2). Seoul: Korea Ministry of Environment.
KMoE. (2009a). National survey of mining environment in Korea (Vol. 3). Seoul: Korea Ministry of Environment.
KMoE. (2009b). Soil conservation act in Korea. Seoul: Korea Ministry of Environment.
Lamborg, C. H., Fitzgerald, W. F., O’Donnell, J., & Torgersen, T. (2002). A non-steady-state compartmental model of global scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 1105–1118.
Lee, C. K., Chon, H. T., & Jung, M. C. (2001). Heavy metal contamination in the vicinity of the Daduk Au-Ag-Pb-Zn mine in Korea. Applied Geochemistry, 16, 1377–1386.
Lee, K. E., Chon, H. T., & Jung, M. C. (2008). Contamination level and distribution patterns of Hg in soil, sediment, dust and sludge from various anthropogenic sources in Korea. Mineralogical Magazine, 72, 445–449.
Li, Y., Yang, L., Ji, Y., Sun, H., & Wang, W. (2009). Quantification and fractionation of mercury in soils from the Chatian mercury mining deposit, southwestern China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31, 617–628.
Loredo, J., Álvarez, R., & Ordónez, A. (2005). Release of toxic metals and metalloids from Los Rueldos mercury mine (Asturias, Spain). The Science of the Total Environment, 340, 247–260.
Millán, R., Gamarra, R., Schmid, T., Sierra, M. J., Quejido, A. J., Sánchez, D. M., et al. (2006). Mercury content in vegetation and soils of the Almadén mining area (Spain). The Science of the Total Environment, 368, 79–87.
Qiu, G., Feng, X., Wang, S., Wang, S., & Shang, L. (2006). Environmental contamination of mercury from Hg-mining areas in Wuchuan, northeastern Guizhou, China. Environmental Pollution, 142, 549–558.
Requelmea, M. E. R., Ramosa, J. F. F., Angélica, R. S., & Brabob, E. S. (2003). Assessment of Hg-contamination in soils and stream sediments in the mineral district of Nambija, Ecuadorian Amazon (example of an impacted area affected by artisanal gold mining). Applied Geochemistry, 18, 371–381.
Susaya, J., Kim, K.-H., & Jung, M. C. (2010). The impact of mining activities in alteration of As levels in its surrounding ecosystems: An encompassing risk assessment and evaluation of remediation strategies. Journals of Hazardous Materials, 182, 427–438.
Ure, A. M. (1995). Methods of analysis for heavy metals in soils. In B. J. Alloway (Ed.), Heavy metals in soils (2nd ed.). London: Blackie-Academic and Professional.
Yang, H. (2010). Historical mercury contamination in sediments and catchment soils of Diss Mere, UK. Environmental Pollution, 158, 2504–2510.