A comprehensive investigation on cellulose nanocrystals with different crystal structures from cotton via an efficient route

Abdalkarim, 2019, Thermo and light-responsive phase change nanofibers with high energy storage efficiency for energy storage and thermally regulated on–off drug release devices, Chemical Engineering Journal, 375, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.121979 Alonso-Lerma, 2021, Enzymatically produced cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcement for waterborne polyurethane and its applications, Carbohydrate Polymers, 254, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117478 Cai, 2005, Rapid dissolution of cellulose in LiOH/urea and NaOH/urea aqueous solutions, Macromolecular Bioscience, 5, 539, 10.1002/mabi.200400222 Chundawat, 2011, Restructuring the crystalline cellulose hydrogen bond network enhances its depolymerization rate, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133, 11163, 10.1021/ja2011115 Dai, 2019, 3D printing using plant-derived cellulose and its derivatives: A review, Carbohydrate Polymers, 203, 71, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.027 Dhali, 2021, A review of nanocellulose as a new material towards environmental sustainability, Science of the Total Environment, 775, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145871 Dhar, 2015, Effect of cellulose nanocrystal polymorphs on mechanical, barrier and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) based bionanocomposites, RSC Advances, 5, 60426, 10.1039/C5RA06840A Dinand, 2002, Mercerization of primary wall cellulose and its implication for the conversion of cellulose I → cellulose II, Cellulose, 9, 7, 10.1023/A:1015877021688 Dong, 2021, Pickering emulsions stabilized by spherical cellulose nanocrystals, Carbohydrate Polymers, 265, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118101 Fan, 2019, Facile and green synthesis of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals as efficient adsorbents in wastewater treatments, ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 7, 18067, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05081 Flauzino Neto, 2016, Comprehensive morphological and structural investigation of cellulose I and II nanocrystals prepared by sulphuric acid hydrolysis, RSC Advances, 6, 76017, 10.1039/C6RA16295A French, 2014, Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs, Cellulose, 21, 885, 10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4 Frost, 2020, Isolation of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals from spent coffee grounds via phosphoric acid hydrolysis, Journal of Renewable Materials, 8, 187, 10.32604/jrm.2020.07940 Gong, 2017, Research on cellulose nanocrystals produced from cellulose sources with various polymorphs, RSC Advances, 7, 33486, 10.1039/C7RA06222B Gong, 2018, A comparative study on the preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals with various polymorphs, Carbohydrate Polymers, 195, 18, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.039 Hermans, 1946, On the transformation of cellulose II into cellulose IV, Journal of Colloid Science, 1, 495, 10.1016/0095-8522(46)90057-8 Johnson, 2020, Supply chain of waste cotton recycling and reuse: A review, AATCC Journal of Research, 7, 19, 10.14504/ajr.7.S1.3 Kafle, 2014, Cellulose polymorphs and physical properties of cotton fabrics processed with commercial textile mills for mercerization and liquid ammonia treatments, Textile Research Journal, 84, 1692, 10.1177/0040517514527379 Kassab, 2020, Characteristics of sulfated and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Juncus plant stems, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 154, 1419, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.023 Kim, 2006, Molecular directionality in cellulose polymorphs, Biomacromolecules, 7, 274, 10.1021/bm0506391 Mahmud, 2019, Preparation of different polymorphs of cellulose from different acid hydrolysis medium, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 130, 969, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.027 Masahisa, 2009, The structure of the complex of cellulose I with ethylenediamine by X-ray crystallography and cross-polarization/magic angle spinning C nuclear magnetic resonance, Cellulose, 16, 943, 10.1007/s10570-009-9338-5 Moon, 2011, Cellulose nanomaterials review: Structure, properties and nanocomposites, Chemical Society Reviews, 40, 10.1039/c0cs00108b Nagarajan, 2017, Cellulose II as bioethanol feedstock and its advantages over native cellulose, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 182, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.118 Newman, 2008, Simulation of X-ray diffractograms relevant to the purported polymorphs cellulose IVI and IVII, Cellulose, 15, 769, 10.1007/s10570-008-9225-5 Ouyang, 2021, Versatile sensing devices for self-driven designated therapy based on robust breathable composite films, Nano Research, 12 Pandi, 2021, Synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from cotton using ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 70, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105353 Park, 2019, Preparation of synergistically reinforced transparent bio-polycarbonate nanocomposites with highly dispersed cellulose nanocrystals, Green Chemistry, 21, 5212, 10.1039/C9GC02253H Rahmatullo, 2021, Fund for support of sustainable innovative techniques and technologies in the cotton sector, 25 Rizal, 2021, Cotton wastes functionalized biomaterials from micro to nano: A cleaner approach for a sustainable environmental application, Polymers, 13, 1, 10.3390/polym13071006 Rizal, 2021, Properties and characterization of lignin nanoparticles functionalized in macroalgae biopolymer films, Nanomaterials, 11, 1, 10.3390/nano11030637 Shen, 2009, The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products, Bioresource Technology, 100, 6496, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.095 Sun, 2016, Single-step extraction of functionalized cellulose nanocrystal and polyvinyl chloride from industrial wallpaper wastes, Industrial Crops and Products, 89, 66, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.040 Tang, 2021, An environmentally friendly and economical strategy to cyclically produce cellulose nanocrystals with high thermal stability and high yield, Green Chemistry, 23, 4866, 10.1039/D1GC01392K Tang, 2020, Green acid-free hydrolysis of wasted pomelo peel to produce carboxylated cellulose nanofibers with super absorption/flocculation ability for environmental remediation materials, Chemical Engineering Journal, 395, 125070, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125070 Tran, 2020, Influence of cellulose nanocrystal on the cryogenic mechanical behavior and thermal conductivity of polyurethane composite, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28, 1169, 10.1007/s10924-020-01673-3 Voronova, 2015, Thermal stability of polyvinyl alcohol/nanocrystalline cellulose composites, Carbohydrate Polymers, 130, 440, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.032 Wada, 2004, Polymorphism of cellulose I family: Reinvestigation of cellulose IVl, Biomacromolecules, 5, 1385, 10.1021/bm0345357 Wu, 2018, Preparation, characterization and acetylation of cellulose nanocrystal allomorphs, Cellulose, 25, 4905, 10.1007/s10570-018-1937-6 Xing, 2018, Cellulose I and II nanocrystals produced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of Tetra pak cellulose I, Carbohydrate Polymers, 192, 184, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.042 Xu, 2019, Preparation and characterization of spherical cellulose nanocrystals with high purity by the composite enzymolysis of pulp fibers, Bioresource Technology, 291, 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121842 Yu, 2016, New approach for single-step extraction of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals for their use as adsorbents and flocculants, ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 4, 2632, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00126 Yu, 2017, From cellulose nanospheres, nanorods to nanofibers: Various aspect ratio induced nucleation/reinforcing effects on polylactic acid for robust-barrier food packaging, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 9, 43920, 10.1021/acsami.7b09102