Lung cancer screening: what is new since the NLST results?
Tóm tắt
In 2011, the investigators of the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial reported significant decreases in lung cancer mortality (20 %) and overall mortality (6.7 %) in a selected high-risk population screened by annual low-dose computed tomography. In so doing, they relaunched the debate on lung cancer screening. In this review, we report on what has changed in this field since the publication of the NLST. We analyze results from ongoing or recent randomized trials, present data on screening optimization (such as population selection or nodule management), and discuss the practical aspects of screening, including economics considerations.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ferlay J, Shin H-R, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(12):2893–917.
Goldstraw P, Chansky K, Crowley J, Rami-Porta R, Asamura H, Eberhardt WEE, et al. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (eighth) edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(1):39–51.
International Early Lung Cancer Action Program Investigators, Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Libby DM, Pasmantier MW, Smith JP, et al. Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(17):1763–71.
Raz DJ. Natural history of stage I Non-small cell lung cancer: implications for early detection. CHEST J. 2007;132(1):193.
Locher C, Debieuvre D, Coëtmeur D, Goupil F, Molinier O, Collon T, et al. Major changes in lung cancer over the last ten years in France: the KBP-CPHG studies. Lung Cancer. 2013;28.
Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):395–409. A randomized trial comparing a screening strategy with LDCT vs chest X-ray founding a decreased lung cancer-specific and overall mortality.
Oken MM, Hocking WG, Kvale PA, Andriole GL, Buys SS, Church TR, et al. Screening by chest radiograph and lung cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(17):1865–73. A randomized trial comparing a screening strategy by chest X-ray vs no-screening founding no difference in mortality.
Saghir Z, Dirksen A, Ashraf H, Bach KS, Brodersen J, Clementsen PF, et al. CT screening for lung cancer brings forward early disease. The randomised Danish lung cancer screening trial: status after five annual screening rounds with low-dose CT. Thorax. 2012;67(4):296–301.
Pedersen JH, Ashraf H, Dirksen A, Bach K, Hansen H, Toennesen P, et al. The Danish randomized lung cancer CT screening trial—overall design and results of the prevalence round. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4(5):608–14.
Infante M, Cavuto S, Lutman FR, Passera E, Chiarenza M, Chiesa G, et al. Long-term follow-up results of the DANTE trial, a randomized study of lung cancer screening with spiral computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(10):1166–75.
Infante M, Lutman FR, Cavuto S, Brambilla G, Chiesa G, Passera E, et al. Lung cancer screening with spiral CT: baseline results of the randomized DANTE trial. Lung Cancer. 2008;59(3):355–63.
Field JK, Duffy SW, Baldwin DR, Whynes DK, Devaraj A, Brain KE, et al. UK Lung Cancer RCT Pilot Screening Trial: baseline findings from the screening arm provide evidence for the potential implementation of lung cancer screening. Thorax. 2016;71(2):161–70.
Cassidy A, Myles JP, van Tongeren M, Page RD, Liloglou T, Duffy SW, et al. The LLP risk model: an individual risk prediction model for lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(2):270–6.
Baldwin DR, Duffy SW, Wald NJ, Page R, Hansell DM, Field JK. UK Lung Screen (UKLS) nodule management protocol: modelling of a single screen randomised controlled trial of low-dose CT screening for lung cancer. Thorax. 2011;66(4):308–13.
Becker N, Motsch E, Gross M-L, Eigentopf A, Heussel CP, Dienemann H, et al. Randomized study on early detection of lung cancer with MSCT in Germany: results of the first 3 years of follow-up after randomization. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(6):890–6.
Becker N, Motsch E, Gross M-L, Eigentopf A, Heussel CP, Dienemann H, et al. Randomized study on early detection of lung cancer with MSCT in Germany: study design and results of the first screening round. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2012;138(9):1475–86.
van Klaveren RJ, Oudkerk M, Prokop M, Scholten ET, Nackaerts K, Vernhout R, et al. Management of lung nodules detected by volume CT scanning. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(23):2221–9.
Horeweg N, van der Aalst C, Thunnissen E, Nackaerts K, Weenink C, Groen HJM, et al. Participants’ results of three rounds of the randomised Dutch-Belgian lung cancer screening trial; a volumetry-based computer tomography screening strategy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:A2344.
Horeweg N, Scholten ET, de Jong PA, van der Aalst CM, Weenink C, Lammers J-WJ, et al. Detection of lung cancer through low-dose CT screening (NELSON): a prespecified analysis of screening test performance and interval cancers. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(12):1342–50.
Pastorino U, Rossi M, Rosato V, Marchianò A, Sverzellati N, Morosi C, et al. Annual or biennial CT screening versus observation in heavy smokers: 5-year results of the MILD trial. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2012;21(3):308–15.
Pegna AL, Picozzi G, Falaschi F, Carrozzi L, Falchini M, Carozzi FM, et al. Four-year results of Low-dose CT screening and nodule management in the ITALUNG trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;22.
Lopes Pegna A, Picozzi G, Mascalchi M, Maria Carozzi F, Carrozzi L, Comin C, et al. Design, recruitment and baseline results of the ITALUNG trial for lung cancer screening with low-dose CT. Lung Cancer. 2009;64(1):34–40.
Sagawa M, Nakayama T, Tanaka M, Sakuma T, Sobue T, JECS Study Group. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of thoracic CT screening for lung cancer in non-smokers and smokers of <30 pack-years aged 50–64 years (JECS study): research design. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2012;42(12):1219–21.
van Iersel CA, de Koning HJ, Draisma G, Mali WPTM, Scholten ET, Nackaerts K, et al. Risk-based selection from the general population in a screening trial: selection criteria, recruitment and power for the Dutch-Belgian randomised lung cancer multi-slice CT screening trial (NELSON). Int J Cancer. 2007;120(4):868–74.
Horeweg N, van Rosmalen J, Heuvelmans MA, van der Aalst CM, Vliegenthart R, Scholten ET, et al. Lung cancer probability in patients with CT-detected pulmonary nodules: a prespecified analysis of data from the NELSON trial of low-dose CT screening. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(12):1332–41.
Field JK, van Klaveren R, Pedersen JH, Pastorino U, Paci E, Becker N, et al. European randomized lung cancer screening trials: post NLST: European randomized lung cancer screening trials. J Surg Oncol. 2013;108(5):280–6.
Patz Jr EF, Goodman PC, Bepler G. Screening for lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(22):1627–33.
Patz EF Jr, Pinsky P, Gatsonis C, Sicks JD, Kramer BS, Tammemägi MC, et al. Overdiagnosis in low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer. JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Dec 9
Couraud S, Greillier L, Milleron B. IFCT lung cancer screening group. Estimating overdiagnosis in lung cancer screening. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1197.
Couraud S, Girard N, Erpeldinger S, Gueyffier F, Devouassoux G, Llorca G, et al. Physicians’ knowledge and practice of lung cancer screening: a cross-sectional survey comparing general practitioners, thoracic oncologists, and pulmonologists in France. Clinical Lung Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Jul [cited 2013 Jul 8]; Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1525730413001022
Kovalchik SA, Tammemagi M, Berg CD, Caporaso NE, Riley TL, Korch M, et al. Targeting of Low-dose CT screening according to the risk of lung-cancer death. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(3):245–54.
Sanchez-Salcedo P, Wilson DO, de-Torres JP, Weissfeld JL, Berto J, Campo A, et al. Improving selection criteria for lung cancer screening. The potential role of emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(8):924–31.
Zurawska JH, Jen R, Lam S, Coxson HO, Leipsic J, Sin DD. What to do when a smoker’s CT scan is “normal”? Chest. 2012;141(5):1147–52.
Tammemägi MC, Katki HA, Hocking WG, Church TR, Caporaso N, Kvale PA, et al. Selection criteria for lung-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(8):728–36.
Iyen-Omofoman B, Tata LJ, Baldwin DR, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB. Using socio-demographic and early clinical features in general practice to identify people with lung cancer earlier. Thorax. 2013;68(5):451–9.
Raji OY, Duffy SW, Agbaje OF, Baker SG, Christiani DC, Cassidy A, et al. Predictive accuracy of the Liverpool Lung Project risk model for stratifying patients for computed tomography screening for lung cancer: a case-control and cohort validation study. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(4):242–50.
National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Church TR, Black WC, Aberle DR, Berg CD, Clingan KL, et al. Results of initial low-dose computed tomographic screening for lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(21):1980–91.
Horeweg N, van der Aalst CM, Vliegenthart R, Zhao Y, Xie X, Scholten ET, et al. Volumetric computed tomography screening for lung cancer: three rounds of the NELSON trial. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(6):1659–67. Partial results of the NELSON trial showing that positive test may be decreased by adding an intermediate 3 months control LDCT.
de Koning HJ, Meza R, Plevritis SK, ten Haaf K, Munshi VN, Jeon J, et al. Benefits and harms of computed tomography lung cancer screening strategies: a comparative modeling study for the U.S. Preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(5):311–20.
Cazzoli R, Buttitta F, Di Nicola M, Malatesta S, Marchetti A, Rom WN, et al. microRNAs derived from circulating exosomes as noninvasive biomarkers for screening and diagnosing lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(9):1156–62.
Ilie M, Hofman V, Long-Mira E, Selva E, Vignaud J-M, Padovani B, et al. “Sentinel” circulating tumor cells allow early diagnosis of lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):e111597.
McWilliams A, Tammemagi MC, Mayo JR, Roberts H, Liu G, Soghrati K, et al. Probability of cancer in pulmonary nodules detected on first screening CT. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(10):910–9.
Sozzi G, Boeri M, Rossi M, Verri C, Suatoni P, Bravi F, et al. Clinical utility of a plasma-based miRNA signature classifier within computed tomography lung cancer screening: a correlative MILD trial study. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(8):768–73.
Couraud S, Girard P, Girard N, Souquet P-J, Coiffard B, Charlin B, et al. [Script concordance test for knowledge assessment of lung cancer screening]. Rev Mal Respir. 2015 Oct 23.
Boiselle PM, White CS, Ravenel JG. Computed tomographic screening for lung cancer: current practice patterns at leading academic medical centers. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2014;174(2):286.
Gendarme S, Perrot É, Reskot F, Bhoowabul V, Fourre G, Souquet P-J, et al. [Economic impact of lung cancer screening in France: a modeling study]. Rev Mal Respir. 2015 Nov 12; A modeling study showing expected outcomes and costs of a lung cancer screening strategy in France.
Couraud S, Cortot AB, Greillier L, Gounant V, Mennecier B, Girard N, et al. From randomized trials to the clinic: is it time to implement individual lung-cancer screening in clinical practice? A multidisciplinary statement from French experts on behalf of the french intergroup (IFCT) and the groupe d’Oncologie de langue francaise (GOLF). Ann Oncol. 2013;24(3):586–97.
Goulart BHL, Bensink ME, Mummy DG, Ramsey SD. Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography: costs, national expenditures, and cost-effectiveness. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012;10(2):267–75.
Black WC, Gareen IF, Soneji SS, Sicks JD, Keeler EB, Aberle DR, et al. Cost-effectiveness of CT screening in the National Lung Screening Trial. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(19):1793–802.
Pyenson BS, Sander MS, Jiang Y, Kahn H, Mulshine JL. An actuarial analysis shows that offering lung cancer screening as an insurance benefit would save lives at relatively Low cost. Health Aff. 2012;31(4):770–9.
Manser R, Dalton A, Carter R, Byrnes G, Elwood M, Campbell DA. Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening for lung cancer with low dose spiral CT (computed tomography) in the Australian setting. Lung Cancer. 2005;48(2):171–85.
Cressman S, Lam S, Tammemagi MC, Evans WK, Leighl NB, Regier DA, et al. Resource utilization and costs during the initial years of lung cancer screening with computed tomography in Canada: Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2014 Aug;1.
Shmueli A, Fraifeld S, Peretz T, Gutfeld O, Gips M, Sosna J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of baseline low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer: the Israeli experience. Value Health. 2013;16(6):922–31.
Villanti AC, Jiang Y, Abrams DB, Pyenson BS. A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation interventions. Gorlova OY, editor. PLoS ONE. 2013 Aug 7;8(8):e71379.
Ashraf H, Saghir Z, Dirksen A, Pedersen JH, Thomsen LH, Dossing M, et al. Smoking habits in the randomised Danish lung cancer screening trial with low-dose CT: final results after a 5-year screening programme. Thorax. 2014;69(6):574–9.
Tammemagi MC, Berg CD, Riley TL, Cunningham CR, Taylor KL. Impact of lung cancer screening results on smoking cessation. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(6):dju084.
Field JK, Devaraj A, Duffy SW, Baldwin DR. CT screening for lung cancer: is the evidence strong enough? Lung Cancer. 2016;91:29–35.