The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation

Chemical Geology - Tập 28 - Trang 199-260 - 1980
George E. Claypool1, William T. Holser2, Isaac R. Kaplan3, Hitoshi Sakai4, Israel Zak5
1U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 U.S.A.
2Department of Geology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 U.S.A.
3Department of Earth and Space Sciences and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024 U.S.A.
4Institute for Thermal Spring Research, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori-Ken, 682-02 Japan
5Department of Geology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem Israel

Tài liệu tham khảo

Applin, 1965, The Comanche Series and associated rocks in the subsurface in central and south Florida, U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap., 447, 82 Ault, 1959, Isotopic geochemistry of sulphur, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 16, 201, 10.1016/0016-7037(59)90112-7 Bonatti, 1970, Evaporites and continental drift, Naturwissenschaften, 57, 107, 10.1007/BF00600043 Bonet, 1956, Zonificacion microfaunistica de las caliza Cretácicas de este de Mexico, Assoc. Mex. Geól. Petrol. Bol., 8, 389 Brognon, 1966, Oil and geology in Cuanza basin of Angola, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 50, 108 Brown, 1973, Sulfur isotopes of Precambrian sulfates and sulfides in the Grenville of New York and Ontario, Econ. Geol., 68, 362, 10.2113/gsecongeo.68.3.362 Burke, 1975, Atlantic evaporites formed by evaporation of water spilled from Pacific, Tethyan, and southern oceans, Geology, 3, 613, 10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<613:AEFBEO>2.0.CO;2 Buschendorf, 1963, Schwefel-Isotopen-Untersuchungen am Pyrit—Sphalerit—Baryt-Lager Meggen/Lenne (Deutschland) und an verschiedenen Devon-Evaporiten, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 27, 501, 10.1016/0016-7037(63)90085-1 Bushman, 1958, Geology of the Barquisimeto area, Venezuela Cahen, 1970, État actual de la géochronologie du Katangie, Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Cent., Sér. Sci. Géol., 65, 7 Chukrov, 1970, Isotopic sulfur composition of some Precambrian strata, Miner. Deposita, 5, 209 Claypool, 1972, Sulfur and oxygen isotope geochemistry of evaporite sulfates, Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Programs, 4, 473 Clayton, 1966, The origin of saline formation waters, 1. Isotopic composition, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3896, 10.1029/JZ071i016p03869 Cutbill, 1965, Revision of the stratigraphical scheme for the Carboniferous and Permian rocks of Spitsbergen and Bjøornøya, Geol. Mag., 102, 418, 10.1017/S0016756800053693 Czerminski, 1974, Isotope relationships of sulfur and carbon in sulfur ore and in its accompanying formations versus the origin of sulfur deposits in Poland, Kwart. Geol., 18, 334 Damon, 1971, The relationship between Late Cenozoic volcanism and tectonism and orogenic—epeirogenic periodicity, 15 Davies, 1975, Subaqueous evaporites of the Carboniferous Otto Fiord Formation, Canadian Arctic archipelago: a summary, Geology, 3, 273, 10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<273:SEOTCO>2.0.CO;2 Dechow, 1965, Sulfur isotopes of some central African sulfide deposits, Econ. Geol., 60, 894, 10.2113/gsecongeo.60.5.894 Druckman, 1974, The stratigraphy of the Triassic sequence in southern Israel, Isr. Geol. Surv., Bull., 64, 92 Eckelmans, 1968, Variations du rapport isotopique 32S34S dans des anhydrites d'évaporites du dévonien moyen supérieur de Tournai et de Leuze, Univ. Liège Fac. Sci., Année Acad, 45 Eicher, 1974, Triassic conodonts from Sinai and Palestine, J. Paleontol., 48, 727 Eremenko, 1972, The evolution of ocean salt composition on the basis of the S32S34 ratio in sulphate sulphur, 10, 291 Evanoff, 1951, Geología dé la Region de Altigracia de Orituco, Venez. Dir. Geol., Bol. Geol., 1, 237 Field, 1972, Sulfur isotopic evidence for the supergene origin of alunite deposits, Tolfa district, Italy, Miner. Deposita, 7, 113, 10.1007/BF00207149 Fisher, 1967, Stratigraphy and genesis of dolomite, Edwards Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Texas, Kans. Geol. Surv., Spec. Distrib. Publ., 34, 52 Garrels, 1971, Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks, 397 Garrels, 1974, Cycling of carbon, sulfur, and oxygen through geologic time, 303 Goldhaber, 1974, The sulfur cycle, Vol. 5, 569 Goldhaber, 1980, Mechanisms of sulfur incorporation and isotope fractionation during early diagenesis in sediments of the Gulf of California, Mar. Chem., 10.1016/0304-4203(80)90063-8 Gonzalez de Juana, 1965, Reconocimiento geologica de la parte oriental de Pária, Asoc. Venez. Mineral. Petrol., Bol. Inf., 8, 255 Grinenko, 1973, Sulfur isotopes in the sedimentary mantle of the Russian Platform, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 210, 445 Grinenko, 1973, Sulfur isotopes in the sedimentary mantle of the Russian Platform, 210, 224 1964, No., 120S Hartmann, 1969, δ34S-Werte in rezenten Meeressedimenten und ihre Deutung am Beispiel einiger Sedimentprofile aus westlichen Ostsee, Geol. Rundsch., 58, 621, 10.1007/BF01820726 Heard, 1966, Tectonic implications of gypsum dehydration, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 77, 741, 10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[741:TIOGD]2.0.CO;2 Holland, 1972, The geologic history of sea water — an attempt to solve the problem, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 36, 637, 10.1016/0016-7037(72)90108-1 Holland, 1973, Systematics of the isotopic composition of sulfur in the oceans during the Phanerozoic and its implications for atmospheric oxygen, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 37, 2605, 10.1016/0016-7037(73)90268-8 Holland, 1974, Marine evaporites and the composition of sea water during the Phanerozoic, Soc. Econ. Paleont. Mineral., Spec. Pap., 20, 187 Holliday, 1968, Early diagenesis in Middle Carboniferous nodular anhydrite of Spitsbergen, 36, 277 Holser, 1966, Bromide geochemistry of salt rocks, Vol. 1, 248 1973, 333 Holser, 1977, Catastrophic chemical events in the history of the ocean, Nature (London), 267, 403, 10.1038/267403a0 Holser, 1966, Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates, Chem. Geol., 1, 93, 10.1016/0009-2541(66)90011-8 1973, 374 Holser, 1968, Oxygen balance in the Permian atmosphere, Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap., 101, 97 Holser, 1979, Isotope geochemistry of oxygen in the sedimentary sulfate cycle, Chem. Geol., 25, 1, 10.1016/0009-2541(79)90079-2 Ivanov, 1960, Geology of Halogenic Deposits (Formations) of the U.S.S.R., 424 Ivanov, 1971, Origin of native sulfur in the cap rock of the Rommensk salt dome, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., 5, 59 1972, Lithol. Miner. Resour., 6, 569 Jurio, 1976, Estudio de la distributión de los isotopos del azufre (34S32S) en sedimentos pertenecientes principalmente al geosinclinal Variscico Europeo Kaplan, 1963, The distribution and isotopic abundance of sulphur in Recent marine sediments off southern California, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 27, 297, 10.1016/0016-7037(63)90074-7 Kerr, 1967, New nomenclature for Ordovician rock units of the eastern and southern Queen Elizabeth Islands, Arctic Canada, Bull. Can. Petrol. Geol., 15, 91 Khudoley, 1971, Paleogeography and geological history of Greater Antilles, Geol. Soc. Am., Mem., 129, 199 Kinsman, 1975, Salt floors to geosynclines, Nature (London), 255, 375, 10.1038/255375a0 Kirkland, 1971, Jurassic salt, central Gulf of Mexico, and its temporal relation to circum-Gulf evaporites, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 55, 680 Klaus, 1974, Neue Beiträge zur Datierung von Evaporiten des Ober-Perm, Carinthia, 164, 79 Krogh, 1968, Strontium isotope variation and whole-rock isochron studies, Grenville province of Ontario, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 7107, 10.1029/JB073i022p07107 Kugler, 1956, Trinidad, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 55, 353 Larson, 1966, Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Moenkopi Formation in southern Nevada LeCompte, 1967, Le Dévonien de la Belgique et le Nord de la France, Vol. 1, 15 Lehmann, 1964, Tertiary—Cretaceous boundary facies in Sirte Basin, Libya, 3, 56 Lein, 1974, Genesis of native sulfur in the cap rocks of the salt domes in the Dnepr—Donets Basin, Geokhimia 1974, 1310 Lein, 1974, Genesis of native sulfur in the cap rocks of the salt domes in the Dnepr—Donets Basin, Geochem. Int., 11, 917 Lloyd, 1968, Oxygen isotope behavior in the sulfate—water system, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 6099, 10.1029/JB073i018p06099 Lozo, 1964, Revision of Comanchean stratigraphic nomenclature, southern Edwards Plateau, southwest Texas, Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans., 14, 285 McKee, 1954, Stratigraphy and history of the Moenkopi Formation of Triassic age, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 61, 133 McKenzie, 1972, A mathematical model for the isotopic balance of sulfur in the ocean, Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Programs, 4, 197 McNaughton, 1968, Evolution of salt anticlines and salt domes in the Amadeus Basin, central Australia, Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap., 88, 229 Meyerhoff, 1968, Diapiric structures in central Cuba, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Mem., 8, 315 Migdisov, 1974, The effects of formation conditions on the sulfur isotopes of aquatic sediments, Geokhimiia, 1974, 1482 1974, Geochem. Int., 11, 1028 Muehlenbachs, 1976, Oxygen isotope composition of the oceanic crust and its bearing on seawater, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 4365, 10.1029/JB081i023p04365 Müller, 1966, Schwefel-Isotopen-Verhältnisse in Formationswässern und Evaporiten Nord- und Süddeutschlands, Chem. Geol., 1, 211, 10.1016/0009-2541(66)90017-9 Murray, 1961, Geology of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province of North America, 289 Nielsen, 1965, Schwefelisotope im marinen Kreislauf und das δ34S der früheren Meere, Geol. Rundsch., 55, 160, 10.1007/BF01982964 Nielsen, 1969, Über den fraktionierungs Faktor der Bakteriellen — Sulfat Reduktion in der Nature, Isot. Titles, 1, 179 Nielsen, 1972, Sulphur isotopes and the formation of evaporite deposits, UNESCO Earth Sci., 7, 91 Nielsen, 1973, Model evaluations on the sulfur isotope budget of ancient oceans, 4, 127 Nielsen, 1969, S-Isotopenuntersuchungen an Sulfaten hessischer Mineral wässer, Notizbl. Hess. Landesamtes Bodenforsch. Wiesbaden, 97, 352 Nielsen, 1964, Schwefel-Isotopen-Verhältnisse von Evaporiten aus Deutschland; ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis von S34 im Meerwasser-Sulfate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 28, 577, 10.1016/0016-7037(64)90078-X Olson, 1973, North Atlantic rifting in relation to Permian—Triassic salt deposition, Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. Mem., 2, 720 Pak, 1974, Schwefelisotopenuntersuchungen am Institut für Radiumforschung und Kernphysik, I, 166 Pankina, 1975, Sulfur isotopic composition in the Phanerozoic evaporites of Bulgaria, Geokhimiia, 1975, 1730 Pankina, 1975, Sulfur isotopic composition in the Phanerozoic evaporites of Bulgaria, Geochem. Int., 12, 79 Perry, 1971, Sulfur isotopes in Swaziland System barites and the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere, Science, 171, 1015, 10.1126/science.171.3975.1015 Pilot, 1969, Sauerstoff- und Schwefelisotopenuntersuchungen an Sulfaten, Isot. Titles, 1, 160 Pilot, 1972, Zur geochemischen Entwicklung des Meereswassers und mariner Sedimente im Phanerozoikum mittels Untersuchungen von S-, O-und C-Isotopen, Neue Bergbautech., 2, 161 Pisarchik, 1963, Lithology and facies of the Cambrian deposits of the Irkutsk Basin, Tr. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Geol. Inst., 89, 346 Pisarchik, 1975, On isotope ratios of sulfur in the Cambrian sulfatic limestones of the Siberian platform, Geokhimiia, 1975, 1258 1975, Geochem. Int., 4, 227 Pisarchik, 1975, Paleogeography of the Siberian Platform in the Cambrian, Tr. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Geol. Inst., 215, 195 Pisarchik, 1977, Isotope ratios of sulfur in calcium sulfate of the Upper Lenskoi Suite of the Siberian Platform, Geokhimiia, 1977, 623 Pisarchik, 1977, Isotope ratios of sulfur in calcium sulfate of the Upper Lenskoi Suite of the Siberian Platform, Geochem. Int., 14, 182 Rafter, 1957, Sulphur-isotopic variations in nature, 2. A quantitative study of the reduction of barium sulphate by graphite for recovery of sulphide-sulfur for sulphurisotopic measurements, N.Z.J. Sci., B, 38, 955 Rafter, 1957, Sulphur-isotopic variations in nature, 3. A study of the combustion characteristics of silver sulphide and lead sulphide for sulphur-isotopic measurements, N.Z. J. Sci., B, 38, 969 Rees, 1970, The sulfur isotope balance of the ocean: an improved model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 7, 366, 10.1016/0012-821X(69)90051-X Ronov, 1974, Effects of tectonic conditions on the concentration and isotope composition of sulfur in sediments, Geokhimiia, 1974, 1772 1974, Geochem. Int., 11, 1246 Rösler, 1968, Isotopengeochemische Untersuchungen (O, S, C) an Salinar- und Sapropelsedimenten Mitteleuropas, 6, 89 Sakai, 1972, Oxygen isotope ratios of some evaporites from Precambrian to Recent ages, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 15, 201, 10.1016/0012-821X(72)90061-1 Sakai, 1976, Sulfate-water isotope thermometry applied to geothermal systems, Geothermics, 5, 67, 10.1016/0375-6505(77)90010-4 Sakai, 1971, Elimination of memory effect in 18O—16O determinations in sulfates, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 11, 369, 10.1016/0012-821X(71)90196-8 Sangster, 1968, Relative sulfur isotope abundances of ancient seas and stratabound sulphide deposits, 19, 79 Sasaki, 1970, Seawater sulfate as a possible determinant for sulfur isotope compositions of some stratabound sulfide ores, Geochem. J., 4, 41, 10.2343/geochemj.4.41 Sasaki, 1972, Variation in sulfur isotope composition of oceanic sulfate, 10, 342 Sasaki, 1969, Sulfur isotopes and the Pine Point lead—zinc mineralization, Econ. Geol., 64, 718, 10.2113/gsecongeo.64.7.718 Schidlowski, 1975, Precambrian sedimentary carbonates, Precambrian Res., 2, 1, 10.1016/0301-9268(75)90018-2 Schidlowski, 1977, Sulfur isotope variations in marine sulfate evaporites and the Phanerozoic oxygen budget, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2557, 10.1029/JC082i018p02557 Schopf, 1971, New microorganisms from the Bitter Springs Formation (Late Precambrian) of the Northcentral Amadeus Basin, Australia, J. Paleontol., 45, 925 Schwarcz, 1973, Influence of sedimentary environments on sulfur isotope ratios in clastic rocks — Review, Miner. Deposita, 8, 264, 10.1007/BF00203208 Shoemaker, 1959, Moenkopi Formation (Triassic? and Triassic) in Salt Anticline Region, Colorado and Utah, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 43, 1835 Snedecor, 1946, Statistical Methods, 485 Solomon, 1971, Sulfur and oxygen isotope studies in the northern Pennines in relation to ore genesis, Inst. Min. Metall. Trans., 80B, 259 Stelck, 1962, Early sequence of interesting shelf deposits, Central Australia, J. Alta. Soc. Pet. Geol., 10, 1 Sweeney, 1980, Diagenetic sulfate reduction in marine sediments, Mar. Chem., 10.1016/0304-4203(80)90035-3 Thode, 1964, Sulfur isotope abundances in evaporites in the ancient oceans, 2, 589 Thode, 1965, Sulfur isotope geochemistry of petroleum, evaporites, and ancient seas, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Mem., 4, 367 1973, 363 Thode, 1961, Sulphur isotope geochemistry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 25, 159, 10.1016/0016-7037(61)90074-6 Veizer, 1980, Correlation of 13C12C and 34S32S secular variations, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90250-1 Vineagra, 1971, Age and evolution of salt basins of southeastern Mexico, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., Bull., 55, 478 Vinogradov, 1972, The isotopic composition of sulfur as a factor indicating constancy of its cyclic circulation in time, Chem. Geol., 10, 99, 10.1016/0009-2541(72)90080-0 Vinogradov, 1969, Zur Frage die Variationen der Schwefelisotopen-Zusammensetzung in der alten Ozeanen, Z. Angew. Geol., 15, 33 Vinogradov, 1976, The oldest sulfates in the Archean of South African and Aldan Shields and the evolution of the earth's oxygen atmosphere, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., 4, 12 Vinogradov, 1976, The oldest sulfates in the Archean of South African and Aldan Shields and the evolution of the earth's oxygen atmosphere, Lithol. Miner. Resour., 11, 407 Wanless, 1969, Marine and non-marine facies of the Upper Carboniferous of North America, 1, 293 Weber, 1967, Possible changes in the isotopic composition of the oceanic and atmospheric carbon reservoir over geologic time, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 31, 2343, 10.1016/0016-7037(67)90006-3 Wells, 1967, Geology of the northeastern part of the Amadeus Basin, Northern Territory, Aust. Bur. Miner. Resour., Geol. Geophys., Rep. 113 Whelan, 1977, Sulfur isotopic variations of Precambrian anhydrite units from the Grenville Series, New York, Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Programs, 9, 1222 Whelan, 1978, Stable-isotope studies of the Balmat—Edwards Zn—Pb District, New York, Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Programs, 10, 515 Wilson, 1967, Woolnough Hills and Madley diapiric structures, Gibson Desert, W.A.A.P.E.A., J., 7, 94 Wise, 1974, Continental margins, freeboard, and the volumes of continents and oceans in time, 45 Worthing, 1943, Treatment of Experimental Data, 342 Yeremenko, 1971, Variation of δ34S in the sulfates of modern and ancient marine basins of the Soviet Union, Geokhimiya, 81 Yeremenko, 1971, Variation of δ34S in the sulfates of modern and ancient marine basins of the Soviet Union, Geochem. Int., 8, 45 Young, 1974, Stratigraphy, paleocurrents, and stromatolites of Hadrynian (Upper Precambrian) rocks of Victoria Island, Arctic Archipelago, Canada, Precambrian Res., 1, 13, 10.1016/0301-9268(74)90015-1 Zak, 1963, Remarks on the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Isr. J. Earth Sci., 12, 87 Zak, 1980, 18O16O and 34S32S ratios of sulfates in interstitial waters from deep-sea sediments in evaporite and in modern oceans, and factors controlling the isotopic ratios of ocean sulfates Zharkov, 1974, Paleozoic Salt Formations of the World, 391