Seismic design and analysis of underground structures

1991 ACI 318, 1999. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, American Concrete Institute Abramson, L.W., Crawley, J.E., 1995. High-speed rail tunnels in California. Proceedings of the 1995 Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference, June 18–21, San Francisco, CA, USA. Abrahamson, N.A., 1985. Estimation of seismic wave coherency, and rupture velocity using the smart-1 strong motion array recordings. Report no. EERC/UCB/8502, Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Abrahamson, N.A., 1992. Spatial variation of earthquake ground motion for application to soil-structure interaction. Report no. TR-100463, Electric Power Research Institute. Abrahamson, N.A., 1995. Review of apparent seismic wave velocities from spatial arrays. Report, Geomatrix Consultants, San Francisco, CA, USA. ASCE, 1974. Earthquake damage evaluation and design considerations for underground structures, February. American Society of Civil Engineers, Los Angeles Section. Bardet, 1991 Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff, 1992. Seismic design criteria for underground structures. Appendix B, Section V of Central Artery/Tunnel Project Design Criteria, Massachusetts Highway Department. Bickel, 1982, Sunken tube tunnels, 354 Borja, 1999, Non-linear ground response at Lotung LSST site, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125, 187, 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:3(187) BRGM, 1998. CyberQuake V. 1.1, User Guide, Orleans, France. Brown, I., Brekke, T., Korbin, G., (1981). Behavior of the Bay Area Rapid Transit tunnels through the Hayward fault. UMTA Report no. CA-06-0120-81-1, USDOT. Burns, J.Q., Richard, R.M., 1964. Attenuation of stresses for buried cylinders. Proceedings of the Symposium on Soil–Structure Interaction, University of Arizona at Tempe, Arizona. Chang, C.Y., Power, M.S., Idriss, I.M., Somerville, P.G., Silva, W., Chen, P.C., 1986. Engineering characterization of ground motion — task II: observational data on spatial variations of earthquake ground motion. Report no. NUREG/CR-3805, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, vol. 3. 1978, Appendix A, seismic and geologic siting criteria for nuclear power plants Coppersmith, 2000, Data needs for probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis, J. Geodyn., 29, 329, 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00047-2 Desai, D.B., Chu, C.-T., Redd, R.E., 1997. Impervious tunnel linings in a land of shakes. Proceedings of the 1997 Rapid Excavation Tunneling Conference, pp. 45–55. Desai, D.B., Merritt, J.L., Chang, B., 1989. Shake and slip to survive — tunnel design. Proceedings of the 1989 Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference, June 11–14, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dobry, 1976, Simplified procedures for estimating the fundamental period of a soil profile, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 66, 1293 Douglas, 1971, Design of seismic joint for San Francisco Bay Tunnel, J. Struct. Eng. Div., ASCE, 97, 1129, 10.1061/JSDEAG.0002874 Dowding, 1978, Damage to rock tunnels from earthquake shaking, J. Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE, 104, 175, 10.1061/AJGEB6.0000580 Duke, C.M., Leeds, D.J., 1959. Effects of Earthquakes on Tunnels: Paper Presented at the RAND Second Protective Construction Symposium, March 24–26. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), (1990). Loma Prieta Earthquake Reconnaissance Report. Earthquake Spectra, EERI, Supplement to vol. 6. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), (1995). Northridge Earthquake Reconnaissance Report, vol.s 1 and 2. Earthquake Spectra, EERI, Supplement C to vol. 11. EQE International, 1995. The January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake: an EQE Summary Report. Finn, 1977, An effective stress model for liquefaction, J. Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE, 103, 517, 10.1061/AJGEB6.0000434 Gomez-Masso, 1984, Finite element vs. simplified methods in the seismic analysis of underground structures, Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 12, 347, 10.1002/eqe.4290120305 Hashash, 2001, Non-linear one-dimensional seismic ground motion propagation in the Mississippi Embayment, Eng. Geol., 62, 185, 10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00061-8 Hashash, 1998, Seismic soil-structure interaction analysis for immersed tube tunnels retrofit, Geotech. Earthquake Eng. Soil Mech. III, 2, 1380 Hetenyi, 1976 Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc., abaqus User's Manual. Hoeg, K., 1968. Stresses against underground structural cylinders. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE 94 (SM4) 833–858. Hradilek, 1977, Behavior of underground box conduit in the San Fernando earthquake, 308 Hwang, 1981, Response of buried structures to traveling waves, J. Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE, 107, 183, 10.1061/AJGEB6.0001096 Idriss, 1968, Seismic response of horizontal soil layers, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 94, 1003, 10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001163 Iida, 1996, Damage to Daikai subway station, 283 1992 1995 Iwasaki, T., 1984. Earthquake-resistant design of underground pipelines in Japan. Proceedings of the US–Japan Workshop on Seismic Behavior of Buried Pipelines and Telecommunications Systems, December 1984, Tsukaba Science City, Japan, pp. 164–190. 1988 1975 Kaneshiro, J.Y., Power, M., Rosidi, D., 2000. Empirical correlations of tunnel performance during earthquakes and aseismic aspects of tunnel design. Proceedings of the Conference on Lessons Learned From Recent Earthquakes — On Earthquakes in Turkey 1999, November 8–11. Kawashima, K., 1999. Seismic design of underground structures in soft ground, a review. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tunneling in Difficult Ground Conditions. Tokyo, Japan. Kita, H., Iida, T., Nishitani, M., 1992. Experimental study on countermeasures for liquefaction by steel sheet pile with drain. Proceedings of the Tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. pp. 1701–1706. Kiyomiya, 1995, Earthquake-resistant design features of immersed tunnels in Japan, Tunneling Underground Space Technol., 10, 463, 10.1016/0886-7798(95)00033-U Kramer, 1996 Kuesel, 1969, Earthquake Design Criteria for Subways, J. Struct. Div., ASCE, ST6, 1213, 10.1061/JSDEAG.0002292 Kuribayashi, E., Iwasaki, T., Kawashima, K., 1974. Dynamic behaviour of a subsurface tubular structure. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Earthquake Engineering. India. Lysmer, 1991 Lysmer, J., Udaka, T., Tsai, C.F., Seed, H.B., 1975. flush: A computer program for approximate 3-D analysis of soil–structure interaction problems. Report no. EERC 75–30. Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Manoogian, 1998, Surface motion above an arbitrarily shaped tunnel due to elastic SH waves, 754 Matasovic, N., Vucetic, M., 1995. Seismic response of soil deposits composed of fully saturated clay and sand layers. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, JGS, vol. 1. Tokyo, Japan, pp. 611–616. Matsubara, K., Hirasawa, K., Urano, K., 1995. On the wavelength for seismic design of underground pipeline structures. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. pp. 587–590. Matsuda, 1996, Seismic response analysis for a collapsed underground subway structure with intermediate columns, 277 Menkiti, C., 2001. Personal Communications. Merritt, J.L., Monsees, J.E., Hendron, A.J., Jr., 1985. Seismic design of underground structures. Proceedings of the 1985 Rapid Excavation Tunneling Conference, vol. 1, pp. 104–131. Monsees, 1988, Seismic modelling and design of underground structures, 1833 Monsees, J.E., Merritt, J.L., 1991. Earthquake considerations in design of the Los Angeles Metro. Proceedings of the ASCE Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering. Nakamura, 1996, 287 Navarro, 1992, Effect of adjoining structures on seismic response of tunnels, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 16, 797, 10.1002/nag.1610161103 1995 Newmark, N.M., 1968. Problems in wave propagation in soil and rock. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wave Propagation and Dynamic Properties of Earth Materials. Ninomiya, Y., Hagiwara, R., Azuma, T., 1995. Rise of excess pore water pressure and uplift of underground structures due to liquefaction. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. pp. 1023–1028. Nuttli, O.W., 1979. The relation of sustained maximum ground acceleration and velocity to earthquake intensity and magnitude. Miscellaneous Paper no. S-73-1, Report 16. US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Okamoto, S., Tamura, C., Kato, K., Hamada, M., 1973. Behaviors of submerged tunnels during earthquakes. Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, vol. 1. Rome, Italy, pp. 544–553. O'Rourke, 1984 O'Rourke, T.D., Goh, S.H., Menkiti, C.O., Mair, R.J., 2001. Highway tunnel performance during the 1999 Duzce earthquake. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, August 27–31, 2000. Istanbul, Turkey. Oughourlian, C.V., Powell, G.H., 1982. ansr-III: general purpose computer program for non- linear structural analysis. Report no. UCB/EERC 82/21. Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Owen, G.N., Scholl, R.E., 1981. Earthquake engineering of large underground structures. Report no. FHWA/RD-80/195. Federal Highway Administration and National Science Foundation. 1991 Peck, R.B., Hendron, A.J., Mohraz, B., 1972. State of the art in soft ground tunneling. Proceedings of the Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference. American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, New York, pp. 259–286. Penzien, 1998, Stresses in linings of bored tunnels, Int. J. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 27, 283, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199803)27:3<283::AID-EQE732>3.0.CO;2-T Penzien, 2000, Seismically -induced racking of tunnel linings, Int. J. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29, 683, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(200005)29:5<683::AID-EQE932>3.0.CO;2-1 Power, M.S., Rosidi, D., Kaneshiro, J., 1996. Vol. III Strawman: screening, evaluation, and retrofit design of tunnels. Report Draft. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, New York. Power, M., Rosidi, D., Kaneshiro, J., 1998. Seismic vulnerability of tunnels-revisited. In: Ozedimir, L., (Ed.). Proceedings of the North American Tunneling Conference. Elsevier, Long Beach, CA, USA. Reiter, 1990 Rosenbleuth, E., 1977. Soil and rock mechanics in earthquake engineering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Dynamic Methods in Soil and Rock Mechanics. Rowe, 1992, Tunneling in seismic zones, Tunnels and Tunneling, 24, 41 Sadigh, R.K., Egan J.A., 1998. Updated relationships for horizontal peak ground velocity and peak ground displacements for shallow crustal earthquakes. Proceedings of the 6th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, May 31–June 4, Seattle, WA, USA. Sakurai, A., Takahashi, T., 1969. Dynamic stresses of underground pipeline during earthquakes. Proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Schmidt, B., Hashash, Y.M.A., 1998. Seismic rehabilitation of two immersed tube tunnels. Proceedings of the World Tunnel Congress '98, Tunnels and Metropolises. pp. 581–586. Schmidt, 1998, US immersed tube retrofit, Tunnels Tunneling Int., 30, 22 Schmidt, B.S., Hashash, Y.M.A., 1999. Preventing tunnel flotation due to liquefaction. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, June 21–25. Lisboa, Portugal, pp. 509–512. Schnabel, P.B., Lysmer, J., Seed, B.H. 1972. shake — a computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites. Report no. EERC 72–12. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Schwartz, C.W., Einstein, H.H., 1980. Improved design of tunnel supports: vol. 1 — simplified analysis for ground–structure interaction in tunneling. Report no. UMTA-MA-06-0100-80-4. US DOT, Urban Mass Transportation Administration. Seed, H.B., Whitman, R.V., 1970. Design of earth retaining structures for dynamic loads. Proceedings of the ASCE Specialty Conference on Lateral Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining Structures. 1960 Sharma, 1991, Underground opening damage from earthquakes, Eng. Geol., 30, 263, 10.1016/0013-7952(91)90063-Q Shi, G.H., 1989. Discontinuous deformation analysis — a new numerical model for the static and dynamics of block systems. Ph.D. Thesis. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. St. John, 1987, Aseismic design of underground structures, Tunneling Underground Space Technol., 2, 165, 10.1016/0886-7798(87)90011-3 Stepp, 1996, Seismic and dynamic analysis and design considerations for high level nuclear waste repositories Stevens, 1977, A review of the effects of earthquakes on underground mines Sweet, J., 1997. Los Angeles Metro Red Line project: seismic analysis of the Little Tokyo Subway Station. Report no. CAI-097-100. Engineering Management Consultants. Taipei Metropolitan Area Rapid Transit Systems (TARTS) (1989). Railway Tunnel Investigation — Sungshan Extension Project. ATC Inc. Takada, S., Abdel-Aziz, M., 1997. A new finite element inelastic model for seismic response analysis of the transverse direction of shield tunnels utilizing the seismic deformation method. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, August, vol. 3. Seoul, pp. 1893–1898. Tanaka, H., Kita, H., Iida, T., Saimura, Y., 1995. Countermeasure against liquefaction for buried structures using sheet pile with drain capability. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. pp. 999–1004. Tohda, 1996, Photographs of pipeline damage in Kobe Ueng, T.S., Lin, M.L., Chen, M.H., 2001. Some geotechnical aspects of 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. SPL-10.1, 5 p. Wang, 1993 Wells, 1994, New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 974, 10.1785/BSSA0840040974 Whitman, 1990, Seismic design and behavior of gravity retaining walls, 817 Yeh, 1974, Seismic analysis of slender buried beams, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 64, 5, 1551