Mechanisms of disease

Handbook of Clinical Neurology - Tập 126 - Trang 353-377 - 2014
Paul Fernyhough1,2, Jonathan McGavock3,4
1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
2Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
3Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
4Centre for Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health in Youth, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Tài liệu tham khảo

Akude, 2011, Diminished superoxide generation is associated with respiratory chain dysfunction and changes in the mitochondrial proteome of sensory neurons from diabetic rats, Diabetes, 60, 288, 10.2337/db10-0818 Anderson, 2009, Mitochondrial H2O2 emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake to insulin resistance in both rodents and humans, J Clin Invest, 119, 573, 10.1172/JCI37048 Azzu, 2008, High membrane potential promotes alkenal-induced mitochondrial uncoupling and influences adenine nucleotide translocase conformation, Biochem J, 413, 323, 10.1042/BJ20080321 Balaban, 2005, Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging, Cell, 120, 483, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.001 Belfort, 2005, Dose-response effect of elevated plasma free fatty acid on insulin signaling, Diabetes, 54, 1640, 10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1640 Benton, 2008, Modest PGC-1alpha overexpression in muscle in vivo is sufficient to increase insulin sensitivity and palmitate oxidation in subsarcolemmal, not intermyofibrillar, mitochondria, J Biol Chem, 283, 4228, 10.1074/jbc.M704332200 Benton, 2010, Increased levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) improve lipid utilisation, insulin signalling and glucose transport in skeletal muscle of lean and insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats, Diabetologia, 53, 2008, 10.1007/s00125-010-1773-1 Bergman, 1981, Physiologic evaluation of factors controlling glucose tolerance in man: measurement of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell glucose sensitivity from the response to intravenous glucose, J Clin Invest, 68, 1456, 10.1172/JCI110398 Bergmann, 1989, Noninvasive quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with oxygen-15-labeled water and positron emission tomography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 14, 639, 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90105-8 Bertoni, 2008, Suboptimal control of glycemia, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol in overweight adults with diabetes: the Look AHEAD Study, J Diabetes Complications, 22, 1, 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.10.003 Boden, 1991, Effects of fat on insulin-stimulated carbohydrate metabolism in normal men, J Clin Invest, 88, 960, 10.1172/JCI115399 Borradaile, 2005, Lipotoxicity in the heart, Curr Hypertens Rep, 7, 412, 10.1007/s11906-005-0035-y Boudina, 2006, Mitochondrial uncoupling: a key contributor to reduced cardiac efficiency in diabetes, Physiology (Bethesda), 21, 250, 10.1152/physiol.00008.2006 Boudina, 2005, Reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity and increased mitochondrial uncoupling impair myocardial energetics in obesity, Circulation, 112, 2686, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.554360 Boudina, 2007, Mitochondrial energetics in the heart in obesity-related diabetes: direct evidence for increased uncoupled respiration and activation of uncoupling proteins, Diabetes, 56, 2457, 10.2337/db07-0481 Boule, 2001, Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, JAMA, 286, 1218, 10.1001/jama.286.10.1218 Boussageon, 2011, Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ, 343, d4169, 10.1136/bmj.d4169 Brand, 2005, Physiological functions of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins UCP2 and UCP3, Cell Metab, 2, 85, 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.06.002 Brehm, 2006, Increased lipid availability impairs insulin-stimulated ATP synthesis in human skeletal muscle, Diabetes, 55, 136, 10.2337/diabetes.55.01.06.db05-1286 Brookes, 2004, Calcium, ATP, and ROS: a mitochondrial love-hate triangle, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 287, C817, 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2004 Brownlee, 2001, Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications, Nature, 414, 813, 10.1038/414813a Bugger, 2010, Mitochondria in the diabetic heart, Cardiovasc Res, 88, 229, 10.1093/cvr/cvq239 Bugger, 2009, Tissue-specific remodeling of the mitochondrial proteome in type 1 diabetic akita mice, Diabetes, 58, 1986, 10.2337/db09-0259 Cai, 2005, Inhibition of superoxide generation and associated nitrosative damage is involved in metallothionein prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy, Diabetes, 54, 1829, 10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1829 Camello-Almaraz, 2006, Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ signaling, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 291, C1082, 10.1152/ajpcell.00217.2006 Cameron, 2001, Vascular factors and metabolic interactions in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, Diabetologia, 44, 1973, 10.1007/s001250100001 Campanucci, 2010, Diabetes depresses synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia by inactivating nAChRs through a conserved intracellular cysteine residue, Neuron, 66, 827, 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.010 Canto, 2009, PGC-1alpha, SIRT1 and AMPK, an energy sensing network that controls energy expenditure, Curr Opin Lipidol, 20, 98, 10.1097/MOL.0b013e328328d0a4 Casanova-Molla, 2012, Mitochondrial loss indicates early axonal damage in small fiber neuropathies, J Peripher Nerv Syst, 17, 147, 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00396.x Choi, 2008, Paradoxical effects of increased expression of PGC-1alpha on muscle mitochondrial function and insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 19926, 10.1073/pnas.0810339105 Choi, 2011, Intrinsic bioenergetic properties and stress sensitivity of dopaminergic synaptosomes, J Neurosci, 31, 4524, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5817-10.2011 Chow, 2010, Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: the interplay of local lipid excess and mitochondrial dysfunction, Metabolism, 59, 70, 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.009 Chowdhury, 2010, Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in dorsal root ganglia of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and its correction by insulin treatment, Diabetes, 59, 1082, 10.2337/db09-1299 Coatesworth, 2006, Spatially organised mitochondrial calcium uptake through a novel pathway in chick neurones, Cell Calcium, 39, 217, 10.1016/j.ceca.2005.10.012 Crowther, 2003, Altered energetic properties in skeletal muscle of men with well-controlled insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 284, E655, 10.1152/ajpendo.00343.2002 David, 2000, Stimulation-evoked increases in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in mouse motor nerve terminals are limited by mitochondrial uptake and are temperature-dependent, J Neurosci, 20, 7290, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-19-07290.2000 David, 1998, Evidence that mitochondria buffer physiological Ca2+ loads in lizard motor nerve terminals, J Physiol, 509, 59, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.059bo.x DCCT/EDIC, 2000, Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group, N Engl J Med, 342, 381, 10.1056/NEJM200002103420603 Devereux, 2000, Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study, Circulation, 101, 2271, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.19.2271 Diamant, 2003, Diastolic dysfunction is associated with altered myocardial metabolism in asymptomatic normotensive patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Am Coll Cardiol, 42, 328, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00625-9 Duncan, 2007, Insulin-resistant heart exhibits a mitochondrial biogenic response driven by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha/PGC-1alpha gene regulatory pathway, Circulation, 115, 909, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.662296 Duncan, 2010, Rescue of cardiomyopathy in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha transgenic mice by deletion of lipoprotein lipase identifies sources of cardiac lipids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activators, Circulation, 121, 426, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.888735 Ebenezer, 2007, Denervation of skin in neuropathies: the sequence of axonal and Schwann cell changes in skin biopsies, Brain, 130, 2703, 10.1093/brain/awm199 el Midaoui, 1996, Effect of physical training on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of normal and diabetic rats, Metabolism, 45, 810, 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90151-1 Erion, 2010, Diacylglycerol-mediated insulin resistance, Nat Med, 16, 400, 10.1038/nm0410-400 Feige, 2007, Transcriptional coregulators in the control of energy homeostasis, Trends Cell Biol, 17, 292, 10.1016/j.tcb.2007.04.001 Fein, 1985, Diabetic cardiomyopathy, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 27, 255, 10.1016/0033-0620(85)90009-X Fernyhough, 2002, Neurofilaments in diabetic neuropathy, Int Rev Neurobiol, 50, 115, 10.1016/S0074-7742(02)50075-1 Finck, 2002, The cardiac phenotype induced by PPARalpha overexpression mimics that caused by diabetes mellitus, J Clin Invest, 109, 121, 10.1172/JCI0214080 Finck, 2003, A critical role for PPARalpha-mediated lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: modulation by dietary fat content, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 1226, 10.1073/pnas.0336724100 Gerstein, 2005, The relationship between dysglycaemia and cardiovascular and renal risk in diabetic and non-diabetic participants in the HOPE study: a prospective epidemiological analysis, Diabetologia, 48, 1749, 10.1007/s00125-005-1858-4 Gollnick, 1972, Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men, J Appl Physiol, 33, 312, 10.1152/jappl.1972.33.3.312 Goodyear, 1998, Exercise, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity, Annu Rev Med, 49, 235, 10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.235 Gumy, 2008, Hyperglycaemia inhibits Schwann cell proliferation and migration and restricts regeneration of axons and Schwann cells from adult murine DRG, Mol Cell Neurosci, 37, 298, 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.004 Gunter, 2000, Mitochondrial calcium transport: mechanisms and functions, Cell Calcium, 28, 285, 10.1054/ceca.2000.0168 Gunter, 2004, Calcium and mitochondria, FEBS Lett, 567, 96, 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.03.071 Hall, 1995, Voltage-dependent calcium currents are enhanced in dorsal root ganglion neurones from the Bio Bred/Worchester diabetic rat, J Physiol, 486, 313, 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020814 Hall, 2001, Impaired inhibitory G-protein function contributes to increased calcium currents in rats with diabetic neuropathy, J Neurophysiol, 86, 760, 10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.760 Hammer, 2008, Progressive caloric restriction induces dose-dependent changes in myocardial triglyceride content and diastolic function in healthy men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 497, 10.1210/jc.2007-2015 Hammer, 2008, Prolonged caloric restriction in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus decreases myocardial triglyceride content and improves myocardial function, J Am Coll Cardiol, 52, 1006, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.068 Harmer, 2008, Sprint training increases muscle oxidative metabolism during high-intensity exercise in patients with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 31, 2097, 10.2337/dc08-0329 He, 2001, Skeletal muscle lipid content and oxidative enzyme activity in relation to muscle fiber type in type 2 diabetes and obesity, Diabetes, 50, 817, 10.2337/diabetes.50.4.817 Hemmingsen, 2011, Intensive glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials, BMJ, 343, d6898, 10.1136/bmj.d6898 Henriksson, 1992, Effects of physical training on the metabolism of skeletal muscle, Diabetes Care, 15, 1701, 10.2337/diacare.15.11.1701 Henry, 1996, Glucose control and insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Ann Intern Med, 124, 97, 10.7326/0003-4819-124-1_Part_2-199601011-00019 Herrero, 2006, Increased myocardial fatty acid metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 598, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.030 Hey-Mogensen, 2010, Effect of physical training on mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species release in skeletal muscle in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia, 53, 1976, 10.1007/s00125-010-1813-x Ho, 2006, Aldose reductase-deficient mice are protected from delayed motor nerve conduction velocity, increased c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation, depletion of reduced glutathione, increased superoxide accumulation, and DNA damage, Diabetes, 55, 1946, 10.2337/db05-1497 Holloszy, 2009, Skeletal muscle “mitochondrial deficiency” does not mediate insulin resistance, Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 463S, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26717C Holloszy, 1976, Biochemical adaptations to endurance exercise in muscle, Annu Rev Physiol, 38, 273, 10.1146/annurev.ph.38.030176.001421 How, 2006, Increased myocardial oxygen consumption reduces cardiac efficiency in diabetic mice, Diabetes, 55, 466, 10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1164 Huang, 2002, Diabetes-induced alterations in calcium homeostasis in sensory neurones of streptozotocin-diabetic rats are restricted to lumbar ganglia and are prevented by neurotrophin-3, Diabetologia, 45, 560, 10.1007/s00125-002-0785-x Huang, 2003, Insulin prevents depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane in sensory neurons of type 1 diabetic rats in the presence of sustained hyperglycemia, Diabetes, 52, 2129, 10.2337/diabetes.52.8.2129 Huang, 2005, Neurotrophin-3 prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in sensory neurons of streptozotocin-diabetic rats, Exp Neurol, 194, 279, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.03.001 Huss, 2005, Mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: a question of balance, J Clin Invest, 115, 547, 10.1172/JCI24405 Ibsen, 1961, The Crabtree effect: a review, Cancer Res, 21, 829 Iozzo, 2009, Contribution of glucose tolerance and gender to cardiac adiposity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94, 4472, 10.1210/jc.2009-0436 Ismail-Beigi, 2010, Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial, Lancet, 376, 419, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60576-4 Itani, 2002, Lipid-induced insulin resistance in human muscle is associated with changes in diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, and IkappaB-alpha, Diabetes, 51, 2005, 10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2005 Jiang, 2006, Novel sites of aldose reductase immunolocalization in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats, J Peripher Nerv Syst, 11, 274, 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2006.00099.x Kalichman, 1998, Reactive, degenerative, and proliferative Schwann cell responses in experimental galactose and human diabetic neuropathy, Acta Neuropathol, 95, 47, 10.1007/s004010050764 Kamiya, 2005, Apoptotic stress is counterbalanced by survival elements preventing programmed cell death of dorsal root ganglions in subacute type 1 diabetic BB/Wor rats, Diabetes, 54, 3288, 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3288 Kamiya, 2006, Degeneration of the Golgi and neuronal loss in dorsal root ganglia in diabetic BioBreeding/Worcester rats, Diabetologia, 49, 2763, 10.1007/s00125-006-0379-0 Karamitsos, 2008, Impact of autonomic neuropathy on left ventricular function in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients: a tissue Doppler echocardiographic study, Diabetes Care, 31, 325, 10.2337/dc07-1634 Kelley, 2002, Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 51, 2944, 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2944 Kelly, 1994, Inherited cardiomyopathies, N Engl J Med, 330, 913, 10.1056/NEJM199403313301308 Kennedy, 1996, Quantitation of epidermal nerves in diabetic neuropathy, Neurology, 47, 1042, 10.1212/WNL.47.4.1042 Kirichok, 2004, The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a highly selective ion channel, Nature, 427, 360, 10.1038/nature02246 Kluding, 2012, The effect of exercise on neuropathic symptoms, nerve function, and cutaneous innervation in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, J Diabetes Complications, 26, 424, 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.007 Knowler, 2002, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N Engl J Med, 346, 393, 10.1056/NEJMoa012512 Knuuti, 2001, Myocardial fatty acid oxidation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, Diabetologia, 44, 184, 10.1007/s001250051597 Kostyuk, 1995, Calcium signal prolongation in sensory neurones of mice with experimental diabetes, Neuroreport, 6, 1010, 10.1097/00001756-199505090-00015 Kostyuk, 1999, Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in calcium signalling alterations in dorsal root ganglion neurons of mice with experimentally-induced diabetes, Neuroscience, 90, 535, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00471-0 Kostyuk, 2001, Diabetes-induced changes in calcium homeostasis and the effects of calcium channel blockers in rat and mice nociceptive neurons, Diabetologia, 44, 1302, 10.1007/s001250100642 Koves, 2008, Mitochondrial overload and incomplete fatty acid oxidation contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance, Cell Metab, 7, 45, 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.10.013 Krssak, 1999, Intramyocellular lipid concentrations are correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans: a 1H NMR spectroscopy study, Diabetologia, 42, 113, 10.1007/s001250051123 Kruglikov, 2004, Diabetes-induced abnormalities in ER calcium mobilization in primary and secondary nociceptive neurons, Pflugers Arch, 448, 395, 10.1007/s00424-004-1263-8 Lanza, 2009, Muscle mitochondrial changes with aging and exercise, Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 467S, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26717D Lauria, 2003, Axonal swellings predict the degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers in painful neuropathies, Neurology, 61, 631, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000070781.92512.A4 Lee, 2001, Liporegulation in diet-induced obesity. The antisteatotic role of hyperleptinemia, J Biol Chem, 276, 5629, 10.1074/jbc.M008553200 Lehman, 2008, The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha is essential for maximal and efficient cardiac mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and lipid homeostasis, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 295, H185, 10.1152/ajpheart.00081.2008 Lipscombe, 2007, Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in Ontario, Canada 1995–2005: a population-based study, Lancet, 369, 750, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60361-4 Liu, 2001, The impact of diabetes on left ventricular filling pattern in normotensive and hypertensive adults: the Strong Heart Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 1943, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01230-X Lopaschuk, 1983, The effect of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes on calcium transport in rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. The possible involvement of long chain acylcarnitines, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 61, 439, 10.1139/y83-068 Lopaschuk, 2010, Myocardial fatty acid metabolism in health and disease, Physiol Rev, 90, 207, 10.1152/physrev.00015.2009 Lowell, 2005, Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes, Science, 307, 384, 10.1126/science.1104343 Malik, 2005, Sural nerve pathology in diabetic patients with minimal but progressive neuropathy, Diabetologia, 48, 578, 10.1007/s00125-004-1663-5 Martin, 1992, Role of glucose and insulin resistance in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: results of a 25-year follow-up study, Lancet, 340, 925, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92814-V Mazzone, 2008, Cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from mechanistic studies, Lancet, 371, 1800, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60768-0 McCormack, 1990, Role of calcium ions in regulation of mammalian intramitochondrial metabolism, Physiol Rev, 70, 391, 10.1152/physrev.1990.70.2.391 McGarry, 2002, Banting lecture 2001: dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 51, 7, 10.2337/diabetes.51.1.7 McGavock, 2004, Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Cardiovasc Diabetol, 3, 3, 10.1186/1475-2840-3-3 McGavock, 2004, The role of exercise in the treatment of cardiovascular disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Sports Med, 34, 27, 10.2165/00007256-200434010-00004 McGavock, 2004, Low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels in women with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 27, 320, 10.2337/diacare.27.2.320 McGavock, 2006, Adiposity of the heart, revisited, Ann Intern Med, 144, 517, 10.7326/0003-4819-144-7-200604040-00011 McGavock, 2007, Cardiac steatosis in diabetes mellitus: a 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study, Circulation, 116, 1170, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.645614 Meex, 2010, Restoration of muscle mitochondrial function and metabolic flexibility in type 2 diabetes by exercise training is paralleled by increased myocellular fat storage and improved insulin sensitivity, Diabetes, 59, 572, 10.2337/db09-1322 Mitchell, 1971, Maximal oxygen uptake, N Engl J Med, 284, 1018, 10.1056/NEJM197105062841809 Miura, 2003, Overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha down-regulates GLUT4 mRNA in skeletal muscles, J Biol Chem, 278, 31385, 10.1074/jbc.M304312200 Miura, 2006, Overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1alpha leads to muscle atrophy with depletion of ATP, Am J Pathol, 169, 1129, 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060034 Mizisin, 2004, Ciliary neurotrophic factor improves nerve conduction and ameliorates regeneration deficits in diabetic rats, Diabetes, 53, 1807, 10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1807 Mizisin, 2007, Comparable myelinated nerve pathology in feline and human diabetes mellitus, Acta Neuropathol, 113, 431, 10.1007/s00401-006-0163-8 Mookerjee, 2010, Mitochondrial uncoupling and lifespan, Mech Ageing Dev, 131, 463, 10.1016/j.mad.2010.03.010 Mootha, 2003, PGC-1alpha-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes, Nat Genet, 34, 267, 10.1038/ng1180 Muoio, 2012, Lipid-induced mitochondrial stress and insulin action in muscle, Cell Metab, 15, 595, 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.010 Muoio, 2008, Mechanisms of disease: molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 9, 193, 10.1038/nrm2327 Musi, 2001, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated in muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes during exercise, Diabetes, 50, 921, 10.2337/diabetes.50.5.921 Narayan, 2003, Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States, JAMA, 290, 1884, 10.1001/jama.290.14.1884 Nathan, 2005, Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 353, 2643, 10.1056/NEJMoa052187 Neschen, 2005, Prevention of hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance in mitochondrial acyl-CoA:glycerol-sn-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 knockout mice, Cell Metab, 2, 55, 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.06.006 Nicholls, 2004, Mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamate excitotoxicity studied in primary neuronal cultures, Curr Mol Med, 4, 149, 10.2174/1566524043479239 Nicholls, 2005, Mitochondria and calcium signaling, Cell Calcium, 38, 311, 10.1016/j.ceca.2005.06.011 Nicholls, 2006, Simultaneous monitoring of ionophore- and inhibitor-mediated plasma and mitochondrial membrane potential changes in cultured neurons, J Biol Chem, 281, 14864, 10.1074/jbc.M510916200 Nicholls, 2000, Mitochondria and neuronal survival, Physiol Rev, 80, 315, 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.1.315 Nielsen, 2010, Increased subsarcolemmal lipids in type 2 diabetes: effect of training on localization of lipids, mitochondria, and glycogen in sedentary human skeletal muscle, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 298, E706, 10.1152/ajpendo.00692.2009 Nishikawa, 2000, The missing link: a single unifying mechanism for diabetic complications, Kidney Int, 58, S26, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07705.x Nishikawa, 2000, Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage, Nature, 404, 787, 10.1038/35008121 Nja, 1978, The effects of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig, J Physiol, 277, 53, 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012260 Obrosova, 2002, How does glucose generate oxidative stress in peripheral nerve?, Int Rev Neurobiol, 50, 3, 10.1016/S0074-7742(02)50071-4 Obrosova, 2002, An aldose reductase inhibitor reverses early diabetes-induced changes in peripheral nerve function, metabolism, and antioxidative defense, FASEB J, 16, 123, 10.1096/fj.01-0603fje Obrosova, 2005, Aldose reductase inhibition counteracts oxidative-nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in tissue sites for diabetes complications, Diabetes, 54, 234, 10.2337/diabetes.54.1.234 Pagel-Langenickel, 2010, The role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle insulin resistance, Endocr Rev, 31, 25, 10.1210/er.2009-0003 Patti, 2010, The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, Endocr Rev, 31, 364, 10.1210/er.2009-0027 Patti, 2003, Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: potential role of PGC1 and NRF1, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 8466, 10.1073/pnas.1032913100 Perez-Campo, 1998, The rate of free radical production as a determinant of the rate of aging: evidence from the comparative approach, J Comp Physiol B, 168, 149, 10.1007/s003600050131 Perseghin, 1996, Increased glucose transport-phosphorylation and muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise training in insulin-resistant subjects, N Engl J Med, 335, 1357, 10.1056/NEJM199610313351804 Perseghin, 2007, Abnormal left ventricular energy metabolism in obese men with preserved systolic and diastolic functions is associated with insulin resistance, Diabetes Care, 30, 1520, 10.2337/dc06-2429 Petersen, 2003, Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance, Science, 300, 1140, 10.1126/science.1082889 Petersen, 2004, Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 350, 664, 10.1056/NEJMoa031314 Poirier, 2001, Diastolic dysfunction in normotensive men with well-controlled type 2 diabetes: importance of maneuvers in echocardiographic screening for preclinical diabetic cardiomyopathy, Diabetes Care, 24, 5, 10.2337/diacare.24.1.5 Poirier, 2003, Preclinical diabetic cardiomyopathy: relation of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction to cardiac autonomic neuropathy in men with uncomplicated well-controlled type 2 diabetes, Metabolism, 52, 1056, 10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00091-X Polydefkis, 2004, The time course of epidermal nerve fibre regeneration: studies in normal controls and in people with diabetes, with and without neuropathy, Brain, 127, 1606, 10.1093/brain/awh175 Praet, 2006, 31P MR spectroscopy and in vitro markers of oxidative capacity in type 2 diabetes patients, MAGMA, 19, 321, 10.1007/s10334-006-0060-0 Puigserver, 1998, A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis, Cell, 92, 829, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81410-5 Purves, 2001, A role for mitogen-activated protein kinases in the etiology of diabetic neuropathy, FASEB J, 15, 2508, 10.1096/fj.01-0253hyp Quattrini, 2007, Surrogate markers of small fiber damage in human diabetic neuropathy, Diabetes, 56, 2148, 10.2337/db07-0285 Ribisl, 2007, Exercise capacity and cardiovascular/metabolic characteristics of overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Look AHEAD clinical trial, Diabetes Care, 30, 2679, 10.2337/dc06-2487 Rijzewijk, 2008, Myocardial steatosis is an independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Am Coll Cardiol, 52, 1793, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.062 Rijzewijk, 2009, Altered myocardial substrate metabolism and decreased diastolic function in nonischemic human diabetic cardiomyopathy: studies with cardiac positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 1524, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.074 Roden, 1996, Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans, J Clin Invest, 97, 2859, 10.1172/JCI118742 Rodgers, 2008, Metabolic adaptations through the PGC-1 alpha and SIRT1 pathways, FEBS Lett, 582, 46, 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.034 Roy Chowdhury, 2012, Impaired adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signalling in dorsal root ganglia neurons is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy in diabetes, Brain, 135, 1751, 10.1093/brain/aws097 Russell, 2002, High glucose-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons, FASEB J, 16, 1738, 10.1096/fj.01-1027com Saleh, 2013, Ciliary neurotrophic factor activates NF-kappaB to enhance mitochondrial bioenergetics and prevent neuropathy in sensory neurons of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rodents, Neuropharmacology, 65, 65, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.015 Samuel, 2012, Mechanisms for insulin resistance: common threads and missing links, Cell, 148, 852, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017 Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 16260, 10.1073/pnas.0607795103 Savage, 2006, Reversal of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance by antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2, J Clin Invest, 116, 817, 10.1172/JCI27300 Scheuermann-Freestone, 2003, Abnormal cardiac and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes, Circulation, 107, 3040, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072789.89096.10 Schmidt, 1997, Axonal cytoskeletal pathology in aged and diabetic human sympathetic autonomic ganglia, Brain Res, 769, 375, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00806-8 Schmidt, 1997, Dystrophic axonal swellings develop as a function of age and diabetes in human dorsal root ganglia, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 56, 1028, 10.1097/00005072-199709000-00008 Schmidt, 2003, Non-obese diabetic mice rapidly develop dramatic sympathetic neuritic dystrophy: a new experimental model of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Am J Pathol, 163, 2077, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63565-1 Schmidt, 2008, Synaptic ultrastructural alterations anticipate the development of neuroaxonal dystrophy in sympathetic ganglia of aged and diabetic mice, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 67, 1166, 10.1097/NEN.0b013e318190d6db Schmidt, 2009, Neuritic dystrophy and neuronopathy in Akita (Ins2(Akita)) diabetic mouse sympathetic ganglia, Exp Neurol, 216, 207, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.11.019 Schrauwen, 2004, Oxidative capacity, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial damage in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 53, 1412, 10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1412 Shepherd, 1999, Glucose transporters and insulin action – implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, 341, 248, 10.1056/NEJM199907223410406 Short, 2003, Impact of aerobic exercise training on age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and muscle oxidative capacity, Diabetes, 52, 1888, 10.2337/diabetes.52.8.1888 Shulman, 2004, Unraveling the cellular mechanism of insulin resistance in humans: new insights from magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Physiology (Bethesda), 19, 183, 10.1152/physiol.00007.2004 Sidenius, 1980, Reduced perikaryal volume of lower motor and primary sensory neurons in early experimental diabetes, Diabetes, 29, 182, 10.2337/diab.29.3.182 Sigal, 2007, Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 147, 357, 10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00005 Sima, 2004, Diabetic neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and the effects of C-peptide, J Neurol Sci, 220, 133, 10.1016/j.jns.2004.03.014 Simoneau, 1997, Altered glycolytic and oxidative capacities of skeletal muscle contribute to insulin resistance in NIDDM, J Appl Physiol, 83, 166, 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.166 Simoneau, 1995, Skeletal muscle glycolytic and oxidative enzyme capacities are determinants of insulin sensitivity and muscle composition in obese women, FASEB J, 9, 273, 10.1096/fasebj.9.2.7781930 Simoneau, 1999, Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss, FASEB J, 13, 2051, 10.1096/fasebj.13.14.2051 Sinha, 2002, Assessment of skeletal muscle triglyceride content by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in lean and obese adolescents: relationships to insulin sensitivity, total body fat, and central adiposity, Diabetes, 51, 1022, 10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1022 Smith, 2006, Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy, Diabetes Care, 29, 1294, 10.2337/dc06-0224 Soyal, 2006, PGC-1alpha: a potent transcriptional cofactor involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia, 49, 1477, 10.1007/s00125-006-0268-6 Srinivasan, 2000, Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: evidence for apoptosis and associated mitochondrial dysfunction, Diabetes, 49, 1932, 10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1932 Struthers, 2002, Screening for and treating left-ventricular abnormalities in diabetes mellitus: a new way of reducing cardiac deaths, Lancet, 359, 1430, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08358-7 Stumvoll, 2005, Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy, Lancet, 365, 1333, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61032-X Suarez, 2004, In vivo adenoviral transfer of sorcin reverses cardiac contractile abnormalities of diabetic cardiomyopathy, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 286, H68, 10.1152/ajpheart.00245.2003 Suarez, 2008, Alterations in mitochondrial function and cytosolic calcium induced by hyperglycemia are restored by mitochondrial transcription factor A in cardiomyocytes, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 295, C1561, 10.1152/ajpcell.00076.2008 Sung, 2009, Fasting blood glucose and the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction, Circulation, 119, 812, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.776989 Szczepaniak, 2003, Myocardial triglycerides and systolic function in humans: in vivo evaluation by localized proton spectroscopy and cardiac imaging, Magn Reson Med, 49, 417, 10.1002/mrm.10372 Szendroedi, 2008, Mitochondrial fitness and insulin sensitivity in humans, Diabetologia, 51, 2155, 10.1007/s00125-008-1153-2 Szendroedi, 2007, Muscle mitochondrial ATP synthesis and glucose transport/phosphorylation in type 2 diabetes, PLoS Med, 4, e154, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040154 Taegtmeyer, 2002, Adaptation and maladaptation of the heart in diabetes. Part I: general concepts, Circulation, 105, 1727, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000012466.50373.E8 Territo, 2001, Calcium activation of heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: rapid kinetics of mVO2, NADH, AND light scattering, J Biol Chem, 276, 2586, 10.1074/jbc.M002923200 Thyfault, 2007, Contraction of insulin-resistant muscle normalizes insulin action in association with increased mitochondrial activity and fatty acid catabolism, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 292, C729, 10.1152/ajpcell.00311.2006 Toledo, 2007, Effects of physical activity and weight loss on skeletal muscle mitochondria and relationship with glucose control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 56, 2142, 10.2337/db07-0141 Trost, 2002, Overexpression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase improves myocardial contractility in diabetic cardiomyopathy, Diabetes, 51, 1166, 10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1166 Tuomilehto, 2001, Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, N Engl J Med, 344, 1343, 10.1056/NEJM200105033441801 Turner, 2007, Excess lipid availability increases mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative capacity in muscle: evidence against a role for reduced fatty acid oxidation in lipid-induced insulin resistance in rodents, Diabetes, 56, 2085, 10.2337/db07-0093 UKPDS, 1998, Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group, Lancet, 352, 837, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6 UKPDS, 1998, Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group, Lancet, 352, 854, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8 Urban, 2012, Modulating molecular chaperones improves sensory fiber recovery and mitochondrial function in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Exp Neurol, 235, 388, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.03.005 van der Meer, 2007, Short-term caloric restriction induces accumulation of myocardial triglycerides and decreases left ventricular diastolic function in healthy subjects, Diabetes, 56, 2849, 10.2337/db07-0768 van der Meer, 2009, Pioglitazone improves cardiac function and alters myocardial substrate metabolism without affecting cardiac triglyceride accumulation and high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, Circulation, 119, 2069, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.803916 Vincent, 2004, Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, Endocr Rev, 25, 612, 10.1210/er.2003-0019 Vincent, 2004, Uncoupling proteins prevent glucose-induced neuronal oxidative stress and programmed cell death, Diabetes, 53, 726, 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.726 Vinik, 2003, Diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Diabetes Care, 26, 1553, 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1553 Voitenko, 1999, Changes in calcium signalling in dorsal horn neurons in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, Neuroscience, 94, 887, 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00330-9 Voitenko, 2000, Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the activity of calcium channels in rat dorsal horn neurons, Neuroscience, 95, 519, 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00453-4 Wang, 2005, Impact of altered substrate utilization on cardiac function in isolated hearts from Zucker diabetic fatty rats, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 288, H2102, 10.1152/ajpheart.00935.2004 Wang, 2009, Myocardial overexpression of adenine nucleotide translocase 1 ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice, Exp Physiol, 94, 220, 10.1113/expphysiol.2008.044800 Wei, 2000, Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2 diabetes, Ann Intern Med, 132, 605, 10.7326/0003-4819-132-8-200004180-00002 Weis, 1994, Rat heart expresses two forms of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. The minor component is identical to the liver enzyme, J Biol Chem, 269, 18712, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32222-6 Wilson, 2000, Meta-analysis of the age-associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity in men: relation to training status, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 278, H829, 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.3.H829 Wisloff, 2005, Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity, Science, 307, 418, 10.1126/science.1108177 Wittmeier, 2012, Hepatic steatosis and low cardiorespiratory fitness in youth with type 2 diabetes, Obesity (Silver Spring), 20, 1034, 10.1038/oby.2011.379 Yagihashi, 1997, Pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy: lessons from animal models, J Peripher Nerv Syst, 2, 113 Yan, 2006, Cross-talk between calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling, Acta Pharmacol Sin, 27, 821, 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00390.x Young, 2002, Adaptation and maladaptation of the heart in diabetes. Part II: potential mechanisms, Circulation, 105, 1861, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000012467.61045.87 Young, 2002, Impaired long-chain fatty acid oxidation and contractile dysfunction in the obese Zucker rat heart, Diabetes, 51, 2587, 10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2587 Yu, 2008, Hyperglycemia and downregulation of caveolin-1 enhance neuregulin-induced demyelination, Glia, 56, 877, 10.1002/glia.20662 Zhang, 2012, C-terminal heat shock protein 90 inhibitor decreases hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial bioenergetics in sensory neurons, J Proteome Res, 11, 2581, 10.1021/pr300056m Zherebitskaya, 2009, Development of selective axonopathy in adult sensory neurons isolated from diabetic rats: role of glucose-induced oxidative stress, Diabetes, 58, 1356, 10.2337/db09-0034 Zherebitskaya, 2012, Sensory neurons derived from diabetic rats have diminished internal Ca2+ stores linked to impaired re-uptake by the endoplasmic reticulum, ASN Neuro, 4, e00072, 10.1042/AN20110038 Zhou, 2000, Lipotoxic heart disease in obese rats: implications for human obesity, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 1784, 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1784 Zib, 2007, Effect of pioglitazone therapy on myocardial and hepatic steatosis in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes, J Investig Med, 55, 230, 10.2310/6650.2007.00003