Transfusion-associated viral infections

Current Problems in Pediatrics - Tập 17 - Trang 395-443 - 1987
Steven Baldwin1, Sergio Stagno1, Richard Whitley1
1Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Birmingham, Alabama, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Naragi, 1984, Cytomegalovirus White, 1986 Onorato, 1985, Epidemiology of cytomegaloviral infections: Recommendations for prevention and control, Rev Infect Dis, 7, 479, 10.1093/clinids/7.4.479 Adler, 1984, Neonatal cytomegalovirus infections due to blood, CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 23, 1, 10.3109/10408368609165792 Adler, 1983, Transfusion-associated CMV infections, Rev Infect Dis, 5, 977, 10.1093/clinids/5.6.977 Stagno, 1982, Maternal cytomegalovirus infection and perinatal transmission, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 25, 563, 10.1097/00003081-198209000-00014 Hanshaw, 1976, School failure and deafness after “silent” congenital cytomegalovirus infection, N Engl J Med, 295, 468, 10.1056/NEJM197608262950902 Reynolds, 1974, Inapparent congenital cytomegalovirus infection with elevated cord IgM levels: Causal relationship with auditory and mental deficiency, N Engl J Med, 290, 291, 10.1056/NEJM197402072900601 Stagno, 1977, Auditory and visual defects resulting from symptomatic and subclinical congenital cytomegalovirus and toxoplasma infections, Pediatrics, 59, 669, 10.1542/peds.59.5.669 Kumar, 1974, Congenital and postnatally acquired cytomegalovirus infections: Long-term follow-up, J Pediatr, 104, 674, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80942-7 Montgomery, 1972, Recovery of cytomegalovirus from the cervix in pregnancy, Pediatrics, 49, 524, 10.1542/peds.49.4.524 Reynolds, 1973, Cytomegalovirus excretion and perinatal infection, N Engl J Med, 289, 1, 10.1056/NEJM197307052890101 Numazaki, 1970, Primary infection with human cytomegalovirus: Virus isolation from healthy infants and pregnant women, Am J Epidemiol, 91, 410, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121151 Knox, 1979, Comparative prevalence of subclinical cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections in the genital and urinary tracts of low-income urban women, J Infect Dis, 140, 419, 10.1093/infdis/140.3.419 Stagno, 1975, Cervical cytomegalovirus excretion in pregnant and non-pregnant women: Suppression in early gestation, J Infect Dis, 131, 522, 10.1093/infdis/131.5.522 Nankervis, 1984, A prospective study of maternal cytomegalovirus infection and its effect on the fetus, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 149, 435, 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90159-5 Stagno, 1982, Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: The relative importance of primary and recurrent maternal infection, N Engl J Med, 306, 945, 10.1056/NEJM198204223061601 Ahlfors, 1981, Secondary maternal cytomegalovirus infection causing symptomatic congenital infection, N Engl J Med, 305, 284, 10.1056/NEJM198107303050514 Glenn, 1981, Cytomegalovirus infections following renal transplantation, Rev Infect Dis, 3, 1151, 10.1093/clinids/3.6.1151 Meyers, 1986, Risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection after human marrow transplantation, J Infect Dis, 153, 478, 10.1093/infdis/153.3.478 Dummer, 1985, Morbidity of cytomegalovirus infection in recipients of heart or heart-lung transplants who received cyclosporine, J Infect Dis, 152, 1182, 10.1093/infdis/152.6.1182 Chou, 1986, Acquisition of donor strains of cytomegalovirus by renal-transplant recipients, N Engl J Med, 314, 1418, 10.1056/NEJM198605293142205 McCracken, 1969, Congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease, Am J Dis Child, 117, 522, 10.1001/archpedi.1969.02100030524005 Hanshaw, 1973, Developmental abnormalities associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection, Adv Teratol, 4, 64 Stagno, 1982, Defects of tooth structure in congenital CMV infection, Pediatrics, 59, 646, 10.1542/peds.69.5.646 Hanshaw, 1965, Acquired cytomegalovirus infection: Association with hepatomegaly and abnormal liver function tests, N Engl J Med, 272, 602, 10.1056/NEJM196503252721202 Toghill, 1969, Cytomegalovirus infection and chronic liver disease, Gastroenterology, 56, 935, 10.1016/S0016-5085(69)80098-3 Stagno, 1981, Infant pneumonitis associated with cytomegalovirus, chlamydia, pneumocystis, and ureaplasma: A prospective study, Pediatrics, 68, 322, 10.1542/peds.68.3.322 Whitley, 1976, Protracted pneumonitis in young infants associated with perinatally acquired cytomegalovirus infection, J Pediatr, 89, 15, 10.1016/S0022-3476(76)80919-5 Berenberg, 1970, Long-term follow-up of cytomegalic inclusion disease of infancy, Pediatrics, 46, 403, 10.1542/peds.46.3.403 Pass, 1980, Outcome of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infections: Results of long-term longitudinal follow-up, Pediatrics, 66, 758, 10.1542/peds.66.5.758 Hanshaw, 1971, Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: A fifteen year perspective, J Infect Dis, 123, 555, 10.1093/infdis/123.5.555 Klemola, 1967, Further studies on cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in previously healthy individuals, Acta Med Scand, 182, 311, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1967.tb11529.x Klemola, 1969, Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in previously healthy individuals: Five new cases and follow-up of thirteen previously published cases, Ann Intern Med, 71, 11, 10.7326/0003-4819-71-1-11 Kantor, 1970, Immunologic abnormalities induced by post-perfusion cytomegalovirus infection, Ann Intern Med, 73, 553, 10.7326/0003-4819-73-4-553 Klemola, 1970, Hypsersensitivity reactions to ampicillin in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis, Scand J Infect Dis, 2, 29, 10.3109/inf.1970.2.issue-1.05 Sterner, 1970, Acquired cytomegalovirus infection in older children and adults, Scand J Infect Dis, 2, 95, 10.3109/inf.1970.2.issue-2.04 Calstrom, 1968, Acquired cytomegalovirus infection, Br Med J, 2, 521, 10.1136/bmj.2.5604.521 Lamb, 1974, Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis with jaundice as a presenting sign, Lancet, 2, 1003 Davies, 1979, Cytomegalovirus infection associated with lower urinary tract symptoms, Br Med J, 1, 1120, 10.1136/bmj.1.6171.1120 Rasanen, 1967, Cytomegalovirus hepatitis, Lancet, 2, 1051 Wilson, 1972, Cytomegalovirus myocarditis, Br Med J, 2, 865, 10.1136/bmj.2.5466.865-c Tiula, 1972, Fatal cytomegalovirus infection in a previously healthy boy with myocarditis and consumption coagulopathy as presenting signs, Scand J Infect Dis, 4, 57, 10.3109/inf.1972.4.issue-1.12 Dowling, 1977, Cytomegalovirus complement fixing antibody in Guillain-Barre syndrome, Neurology, 27, 1153, 10.1212/WNL.27.12.1153 Kabins, 1976, Viral ascending radiculomyelitis with severe hypoglycorrhachia, Arch Intern Med, 136, 933, 10.1001/archinte.1976.03630080067020 Leonard, 1971, Polyneuritis associated with cytomegalovirus infections, Q J Med, 40, 435 Craighead, 1971, Pulmonary cytomegalovirus infection in the adult, Am J Pathol, 63, 487 Ramsey, 1980, The renal transplant patient with fever and pulmonary infiltrates: Etiology, clinical manifestations, and management, Medicine (Baltimore), 59, 206, 10.1097/00005792-198005000-00003 Murray, 1977, Cytomegalovirus retinitis in adults: A manifestation of disseminated infection, Am J Med, 63, 574, 10.1016/0002-9343(77)90203-0 Pollard, 1980, Cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunosuppressed hosts: I. Natural history and effects of treatment with adenine arabinoside, Ann Intern Med, 93, 655, 10.7326/0003-4819-93-5-655 Egbert, 1980, Cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunosuppressed hosts: II. Ocular manifestations, Ann Intern Med, 93, 644, 10.7326/0003-4819-93-5-664 Kreel, 1960, A syndrome following total body perfusion, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 111, 317 Adler, 1983, Cytomegalovirus infections in neonates acquired by blood transfusion, Pediatr Infect Dis, 2, 114, 10.1097/00006454-198303000-00009 Preiksaitis, 1985, Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in cardiac surgery patients, J Med Virol, 15, 283, 10.1002/jmv.1890150309 Prince, 1971, A serologic study of cytomegalovirus infections associated with blood transfusions, N Engl J Med, 284, 1125, 10.1056/NEJM197105202842004 Armstrong, 1976, Cytomegalovirus infection in children undergoing open-heart surgery, Yale J Biol Med, 49, 83 Seaman, 1962, Febrile postcardiotomy lymphocytic splenomegaly: A new entity, Am Surg, 156, 956 Smith, 1964, A syndrome resembling infectious mononucleosis after open heart surgery, Br Med J, 1, 945, 10.1136/bmj.1.5388.945 Bergstrom, 1957, Fever with blood picture resembling infectious mononucleosis in operated tuberculosis cases, Acta Tuberc Scand, 34, 132 Kaariainen, 1966, Rise of cytomegalovirus antibodies in an infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome after transfusion, Br Med J, 1, 1270, 10.1136/bmj.1.5498.1270 Lang, 1969, Association of cytomegalovirus infection with post-perfusion syndrome, N Engl J Med, 280, 1145, 10.1056/NEJM196905222802103 Lang, 1969, Cytomegalovirus infection and the post-perfusion syndrome: Recognition of primary infections in four patients, N Engl J Med, 280, 1145, 10.1056/NEJM196905222802103 Foster, 1969, A prospective study of the role of cytomegalovirus in post-transfusion mononucleosis, N Engl J Med, 280, 1311, 10.1056/NEJM196906122802401 Paloheimo, 1968, Subclinical cytomegalovirus infections and cytomegalovirus mononucleosis after open-heart surgery, Am J Cardiol, 22, 624, 10.1016/0002-9149(68)90198-7 Embil, 1968, Cytomegalovirus infection following extracorporeal circulation in children: A prospective study, Lancet, 2, 1151, 10.1016/S0140-6736(68)91635-8 Caul, 1971, Cytomegalovirus infections after open-heart surgery: A prospective study, Lancet, 1, 777, 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91216-5 Beneke, 1984, Relation of titers of antibodies to CMV in blood donors to the transmission of cytomegalovirus infection, J Pediatr, 150, 883 1984, Vox Sang, 46, 387, 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1984.tb00103.x Rinaldo, 1977, Interaction of cytomegalovirus with leukocytes from patients with mononucleosis due to cytomegalovirus, J Infect Dis, 136, 667, 10.1093/infdis/136.5.667 Diosi, 1969, Latent cytomegalovirus infection in blood donors, Br Med J, 2, 660, 10.1136/bmj.4.5684.660 Stevens, 1970, Asymptomatic cytomegalovirus infection following blood transfusion in tumor surgery, JAMA, 211, 1341, 10.1001/jama.1970.03170080029006 Rader, 1985, Cytomegalovirus infection in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgical procedures, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 160, 13 Drew, 1982, Transfusion-related cytomegalovirus infection following non-cardiac surgery, JAMA, 247, 2389, 10.1001/jama.1982.03320420039029 Baumgartner, 1982, Severe cytomegalovirus infection in multiply transfused, splenectomized, trauma patients, Lancet, 2, 63, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91688-9 Richardson, 1981, Glomerulopathy associated with cytomegalovirus viremia in renal allografts, N Engl J Med, 305, 57, 10.1056/NEJM198107093050201 Ho, 1976, Factors contributing to the risk of cytomegalovirus infection in patients receiving renal transplants, Yale J Biol Med, 49, 17 Luby, 1974, Relationship between cytomegalovirus and hepatic function abnormalities in the period after renal transplant, J Infect Dis, 129, 511, 10.1093/infdis/129.5.511 Naragi, 1977, Prospective study of prevalence, incidence, and source of herpesvirus infections in patients with renal allografts, J Infect Dis, 136, 531, 10.1093/infdis/136.4.531 Fiala, 1975, Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection after transplantation and immunosuppression, J Infect Dis, 132, 421, 10.1093/infdis/132.4.421 Verdonck, 1984, Is cytomegalovirus infection a major cause of T-cell alterations after (autologous) bone marrow transplantation?, Lancet, 1, 932, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92391-2 Ballard, 1979, Acquired cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants, Am J Dis Child, 133, 482 Yeager, 1974, Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in newborn infants, Am J Dis Child, 128, 478 Adler, 1983, Cytomegalovirus infections in neonates acquired by blood transfusion, Pediatr Infect Dis, 2, 114, 10.1097/00006454-198303000-00009 Adler, 1984, Hospital-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in neonates, Birth Defects, 20, 355 Spector, 1979, Cytomegaloviruria in older infants in intensive care nurseries, J Pediatr, 95, 444, 10.1016/S0022-3476(79)80532-6 Yeager, 1983, Sequelae of maternally derived cytomegalovirus infections in premature infants, J Pediatr, 102, 918, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80025-0 Adler, 1984, Prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection in very low birthweight infants utilizing frozen blood and CMV seronegative donors, Transfusion, 24, 333, 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1984.24484275576.x Yeager, 1981, Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants, J Pediatr, 98, 281, 10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80662-2 Yeager, 1983, Transmission of cytomegalovirus to mothers by infected infants: Another reason to prevent transfusion-acquired infections, Pediatr Infect Dis, 2, 295, 10.1097/00006454-198307000-00008 Brady, 1984, Use of deglycerolized red blood cells to prevent post-transfusion infection with cytomegalovirus in neonates, J Infect Dis, 15, 334, 10.1093/infdis/150.3.334 Demmler, 1986, Post-transfusion cytomegalovirus infection in neonates: Role of saline-washed red blood cells, J Pediatr, 108, 762, 10.1016/S0022-3476(86)81062-9 Smith, 1984, High-titer anti-CMV plasma in treatment of neonatal cytomegalovirus infection, Lancet, 1, 447, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91770-7 Taylor, 1986, Frozen deglycerolized blood prevents transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in neonates, Pediatr Infect Dis, 6, 188, 10.1097/00006454-198603000-00005 Kumar, 1980, Acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection in infants following exchange transfusion: A prospective study, Transfusion, 20, 327, 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1980.20380214901.x Tobin, 1975, Cytomegalovirus infection and exchange transfusion, Br Med J, 15, 404, 10.1136/bmj.4.5993.404 Luthardt, 1971, Cytomegalievirus-infektionen bei kindern mit blutauschtransfusion in neugeborenalter, Klin Wochenschr, 49, 81, 10.1007/BF01497304 Winston, 1980, Cytomegalovirus infections associated with leukocyte transfusions, Ann Intern Med, 93, 671, 10.7326/0003-4819-93-5-671 Tolkoff-Rubin, 1978, Cytomegalovirus infection in dialysis patients and personnel, Ann Intern Med, 89, 625, 10.7326/0003-4819-89-5-625 Gottlieb, 1981, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: Evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency, N Engl J Med, 305, 1425, 10.1056/NEJM198112103052401 Masur, 1981, At outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction, N Engl J Med, 305, 1431, 10.1056/NEJM198112103052402 Siegal, 1981, Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions, N Engl J Med, 305, 1439, 10.1056/NEJM198112103052403 Centers for Disease Control, 1981, Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men: New York City and California, MMWR, 30, 305 Centers for Disease Control, 1981, Pneumocystis pneumonia: Los Angeles, MMWR, 30, 250 Hymes, 1981, Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men: A report of eight cases, Lancet, 2, 598, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92740-9 Centers for Disease Control, 1983, Immunodeficiency among female sexual partners of males with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): New York, MMWR, 31, 697 Harris, 1983, Immunodeficiency in female sexual partners of men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, N Engl J Med, 308, 1181, 10.1056/NEJM198305193082001 Ammann, 1983, Acquired immunodeficiency in an infant: Possible transmission by means of blood products, Lancet, 1, 956, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92082-2 Centers for Disease Control, 1982, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A, MMWR, 31, 365 Centers for Disease Control, 1982, Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome among patients with hemophilia A, MMWR, 31, 644 Davis, 1983, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient with hemophilia, Ann Intern Med, 98, 284, 10.7326/0003-4819-98-3-284 Elliott, 1983, The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia in a patient with hemophilia, Ann Intern Med, 98, 290, 10.7326/0003-4819-98-3-290 Poon, 1983, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Mycobacterium aviumintracellulare infection in a previously healthy patient with classic hemophilia: Clinical, immunologic, and virologic findings, Ann Intern Med, 98, 287, 10.7326/0003-4819-98-3-287 Ehrankrantz, 1983, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia complicating hemophilia A, J Fla Med Assoc, 70, 116 Broder, 1984, A pathogenic retrovirus (HTLV-III) linked to AIDS, N Engl J Med, 311, 1292, 10.1056/NEJM198411153112006 Kalish, 1985, The T4 lymphocyte in AIDS, N Engl J Med, 313, 112, 10.1056/NEJM198507113130210 Marwick, 1985, Not there yet, but “on our way” in AIDS research, scientists say, JAMA, 253, 3369, 10.1001/jama.1985.03350470017001 Fahey, 1984, Quantitative changes in T-helper or T-suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets that distinguish acquired immune deficiency syndrome from other immune subset disorders, Am J Med, 76, 95, 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90756-3 Centers for Disease Control, 1986, Update: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: United States, MMWR, 35, 757 Centers for Disease Control, 1986, Human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus antibody prevalence in U.S. military recruit applicants, MMWR, 35, 26 Centers for Disease Control, 1984, Update: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: United States, MMWR, 32, 691 Centers for Disease Control, 1985, Update: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: United States, MMWR, 34, 245 Marx, 1984, Strong new candidate for AIDS agent, Science, 224, 475, 10.1126/science.6324344 Fauci, 1984, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Epidemiology, clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations, Ann Intern Med, 100, 92, 10.7326/0003-4819-100-1-92 Epstein, 1986, Neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children, Pediatrics, 78, 678, 10.1542/peds.78.4.678 Church, 1986, New scarlet letter(s): Pediatric AIDS, Pediatrics, 77, 423 Lapointe, 1985, Transplacental transmission of HTLV-III virus, N Engl J Med, 312, 1325, 10.1056/NEJM198505163122012 Zeigler, 1985, Post-natal transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus from mother to infant, Lancet, 1, 896, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91673-3 Peterman, 1985, Transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States, JAMA, 254, 2913, 10.1001/jama.1985.03360200065028 Curran, 1984, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions, N Engl J Med, 310, 69, 10.1056/NEJM198401123100201 Bove, 1984, Transfusion-associated AIDS: A cause for concern, N Engl J Med, 310, 115, 10.1056/NEJM198401123100209 Jaffe, 1985, Infection with HTLV-III/LAV and transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, JAMA, 254, 770, 10.1001/jama.1985.03360060072028 Shearer, 1984, Blood transfusion and susceptibility to AIDS, N Engl J Med, 310, 1601, 10.1056/NEJM198406143102412 Church, 1984, Transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome in infants, J Pediatr, 105, 731, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80292-9 Peterman, 1986, HTLV-III/LAV infection in hemodialysis patients, JAMA, 255, 2324, 10.1001/jama.1986.03370170088041 Marion, 1986, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) embryopathy, Am J Dis Child, 140, 638, 10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140210036020 Shannon, 1985, Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in children, J Pediatr, 106, 332, 10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80320-6 Rubinstein, 1983, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in infants, Am J Dis Child, 137, 825 Oleske, 1983, Immune deficiency syndrome in children, JAMA, 249, 2345, 10.1001/jama.1983.03330410031024 Scott, 1984, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in infants, N Engl J Med, 310, 76, 10.1056/NEJM198401123100202 Malcolm, 1984, Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Hosp Physician, 4, 35 Schorr, 1985, Prevalence of HTLV-III antibody in American blood donors, N Engl J Med, 313, 384, 10.1056/NEJM198508083130610 Centers for Disease Control, 1985, Update: Public Health Service workshop on human T-lymphotropic virus type-III antibody testing: United States, MMWR, 34, 477 Oleske, 1985, HTLV-III/LAV antibodies in pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), abstracted, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 75, 192(A, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90485-3 Westphal, 1986, Potential liability for transfusion-associated AIDS, JAMA, 255, 195, 10.1001/jama.1986.03370020037011 Moore, 1986, AIDS, blood transfusions, and directed donations, N Engl J Med, 314, 1454, 10.1056/NEJM198605293142214 Perkins, 1985, Does antibody screening of donors increase the risk of transfusion-associated AIDS?, N Engl J Med, 313, 115, 10.1056/NEJM198507113130212 Rapoza, 1985, Testing of donor blood for AIDS agents, letter, JAMA, 253, 3464 Levej, 1984, Recovery and inactivation of infectious retroviruses from factor VIII concentrates, Lancet, 2, 722 Zuck, 1986, More on partitioning and inactivation of AIDS virus immune globulin preparations, letter, N Engl J Med, 314, 1454, 10.1056/NEJM198605293142215 Maloney, 1985, AIDS in a child 512 years after a transfusion, N Engl J Med, 312, 1256, 10.1056/NEJM198505093121911 Koop, 1986, From the Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service, JAMA, 256, 2783, 10.1001/jama.1986.03380200021005 Francis, 1984, Occurrence of hepatitis A, B, and non-A/non-B in the United States: CDC Sentinel County Hepatitis Study I, Am J Med, 76, 69, 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90752-6 Pattison, 1975, Epidemiology of hepatitis B in hospital personnel, Am J Epidemiol, 101, 59, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112071 Denes, 1978, Hepatitis B infection in physicians: Results of a nationwide seroepidemiologic survey, JAMA, 239, 210, 10.1001/jama.1978.03280300042018 Szmuness, 1974, Hepatitis B infection: A point-prevalence study in 15 U.S. hemodialysis centers, JAMA, 227, 902, 10.1001/jama.1974.03230210013003 Lutwick, 1984, Hepatitis B virus, 729 Wands, 1974, Hepatitis B in an oncology unit, N Engl J Med, 291, 1371, 10.1056/NEJM197412262912601 Szmuness, 1975, On the role of sexual behavior in the spread of hepatitis B infection, Ann Intern Med, 83, 489, 10.7326/0003-4819-83-4-489 Conrad, 1981, Diseases transmissible by blood transfusion: Viral hepatitis and other infectious disorders, Semin Hematol, 18, 122 Beeson, 1943, Jaundice occurring one to four months after transfusion of blood or plasma, JAMA, 121, 1332, 10.1001/jama.1943.02840170016005 National Transfusion Hepatitis Cooperative Study, 1972, JAMA, 220, 692, 10.1001/jama.1972.03200050034009 Barker, 1970, Transmission of serum hepatitis, JAMA, 211, 1509, 10.1001/jama.1970.03170090025005 Gocke, 1972, A prospective study of post-transfusion hepatitis: The role of Australia antigen, JAMA, 219, 1165, 10.1001/jama.1972.03190350013004 Barker, 1972, Relationship of virus dose to incubation time of clinical hepatitis and time of appearance of hepatitis-associated antigen, Am J Med Sci, 263, 27, 10.1097/00000441-197201000-00005 Alter, 1972, Post-transfusion hepatitis after exclusion of commercial and hepatitis-B antigen-positive donors, Ann Intern Med, 77, 691, 10.7326/0003-4819-77-5-691 Rinker, 1981, Prospective study of hepatitis B in thirty-two inadvertently infected people, Gastroenterology, 81, 686, 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90492-3 Aach, 1974, Risk of transfusing blood containing antibody to hepatitis-B surface antigen, Lancet, 2, 190, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91485-8 Berquist, 1976, Infectivity of serum containing HBsAg and antibody to e antigen, Lancet, 1, 1026, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)91908-5 Trepo, 1978, Different fates of hepatitis B virus markers during plasma fractionation, Vox Sang, 35, 143, 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1978.tb02913.x Falk, 1978, Transplantation of hepatitis B surface antigen positive bone marrow, Transfusion, 18, 242, 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1978.18278160592.x Wolf, 1979, The transplanted kidney as a source of hepatitis B infection, Ann Intern Med, 91, 412, 10.7326/0003-4819-91-3-412 Koff, 1977, Contagiousness of acute hepatitis B: Secondary attack rates in household contacts, Gastroenterology, 72, 297, 10.1016/S0016-5085(77)80090-5 Redekar, 1975, Hepatitis B immune globulin as a prophylactic measure for spouses exposed to acute type B hepatitis, N Engl J Med, 293, 1055, 10.1056/NEJM197511202932101 Vernon, 1976, Hepatitis A and B in the family unit: Non-parenteral transmission by asymptomatic children, JAMA, 235, 2829, 10.1001/jama.1976.03260520023016 Aach, 1981, Viral hepatitis, 513 Lutwick, 1979, Relationship between aflatoxin, hepatitis B virus, and hepatocellular carcinoma, Lancet, 1, 755, 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)91210-8 Schumacher, 1974, Arthritis in acute hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis, Am J Med, 57, 655, 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90020-5 Gocke, 1970, Association between polyarteritis and Australia antigen, Lancet, 2, 1149, 10.1016/S0140-6736(70)90339-9 Kohler, 1974, Chronic membranous glomerulonephritis caused by hepatitis B antigen-antibody immune complexes, Ann Intern Med, 81, 448, 10.7326/0003-4819-81-4-448 Dudley, 1973, Serum antibodies and immunoglobulins in hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA)-positive and negative liver disease, Gastroenterology, 14, 360 Knodell, 1975, Etiological spectrum of posttransfusion hepatitis, Gastroenterology, 69, 1278, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32325-X Lander, 1978, Anti-core antibody screening of transfused blood, Vox Sang, 34, 77, 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1978.tb03726.x Hoofnagle, 1978, Type B hepatitis after transfusion with blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, N Engl J Med, 298, 1379, 10.1056/NEJM197806222982502 Szmuness, 1974, Hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of non-parenterally transmitted hepatitis B, N Engl J Med, 290, 701, 10.1056/NEJM197403282901302 Walter, 1971, Prophylactic gamma globulin for prevention of endemic hepatitis: Effects of U.S. gamma globulin upon the incidence of viral hepatitis and other infectious disease in U.S. soldiers abroad, Arch Intern Med, 128, 723, 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310230053002 Centers for Disease Control, 1981, Immune globulins for protection against viral hepatitis, MMWR, 30, 423 Centers for Disease Control, 1981, Immune globulins for protection against viral hepatitis, MMWR, 30, 433 Seeff, 1978, Type B hepatitis after needle stick exposure: Prevention with hepatitis B immune globulin: Final report of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study, Ann Intern Med, 88, 285, 10.7326/0003-4819-88-3-285 Szmuness, 1980, Hepatitis B vaccine: Demonstration of efficacy in a controlled clinical trial in a high-risk population in the United States, N Engl J Med, 303, 833, 10.1056/NEJM198010093031501 Nishioka, 1985, Delta hepatitis, N Engl J Med, 312, 1515, 10.1056/NEJM198506063122311 Denniston, 1986, Cloned fragment of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome: Sequence and diagnostic application, Science, 232, 873, 10.1126/science.3704630 Hollinger, 1982, Non-A, non-B hepatitis following blood transfusion: Risk factors associated with donor characteristics, 361 Hadler, 1984, Delta virus infection and severe hepatitis, Ann Intern Med, 100, 339, 10.7326/0003-4819-100-3-339 Rizzetto, 1983, Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen with intrahepatic expression of the delta antigen: An active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment, Ann Intern Med, 98, 437, 10.7326/0003-4819-98-4-437 Caredda, 1985, Hepatitis B virus-associated coinfection and superinfection with delta agent: Indistinguishable disease with different outcome, J Infect Dis, 151, 925, 10.1093/infdis/151.5.925 Rizzetto, 1983, The delta agent, Hepatology, 3, 729, 10.1002/hep.1840030518 Lettau, 1986, Nosocomial transmission of delta hepatitis, Ann Intern Med, 104, 631, 10.7326/0003-4819-104-5-631 Centers for Disease Control, 1984, Delta hepatitis—Massachusetts, MMWR, 33, 493 Ljungren, 1985, Viral hepatitis in Colombia: A study of the “hepatitis of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta”, Hepatology, 5, 299, 10.1002/hep.1840050225 1984, 616 1984, 644 Hansson, 1985, Virology and clinical significance of delta agent infection, J Virol Methods, 10, 295, 10.1016/0166-0934(85)90045-X Rosina, 1985, Risk of post-transfusion infection with the hepatitis delta virus: A multicenter study, N Engl J Med, 312, 1488, 10.1056/NEJM198506063122305 Smedile, 1982, Influence of delta infection on severity of hepatitis B, Lancet, 2, 945, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90156-8 Rizetto, 1982, Delta infection and liver disease in hemophilic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, J Infect Dis, 145, 18, 10.1093/infdis/145.1.18 Rizzetto, 1980, Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees, J Infect Dis, 141, 590, 10.1093/infdis/141.5.590 Buti, 1986, Serological diagnosis of acute delta hepatitis, J Med Virol, 18, 81, 10.1002/jmv.1890180110 Hoofnagle, 1977, Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis, Ann Intern Med, 87, 14, 10.7326/0003-4819-87-1-14 Alter, 1978, Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis, Lancet, 1, 459, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90131-9 Tabor, 1978, Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis from man to chimpanzee, Lancet, 1, 463, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90132-0 Hollinger, 1978, Non-A, non-B hepatitis transmission in chimpanzees: A project of the transfusion-transmitted viruses study group, Intervirology, 10, 60, 10.1159/000148969 Yoshizawa, 1982, Non-A, non-B (type 1) hepatitis agent cable of inducing tubular ultrastructures in the hepatocyte cytoplasm of chimpanzees: Inactivation by formalin and heat, Gastroenterology, 82, 502, 10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80399-5 Tabor, 1980, Inactivation of an agent of human non-A, non-B hepatitis by formalin, J Infect Dis, 142, 767, 10.1093/infdis/142.5.767 Feinstone, 1983, Inactivation of hepatitis B virus and non-A, non-B hepatitis by chloroform, Infect Immun, 41, 816, 10.1128/IAI.41.2.816-821.1983 Bradley, 1983, Post-transfusion non-A, non-B, hepatitis: Physicochemical properties of two distinct agents, J Infect Dis, 148, 254, 10.1093/infdis/148.2.254 Feinstone, 1984, Non-A, non-B hepatitis, 757 Meyers, 1977, Parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: An epidemic reassessed, Ann Intern Med, 87, 57, 10.7326/0003-4819-87-1-57 Hruby, 1978, Transfusion-related short-incubation hepatitis in hemophiliac patients, JAMA, 240, 1355, 10.1001/jama.1978.03290130049018 Prince, 1974, Long-incubation post-transfusion hepatitis without serological evidence of exposure to hepatitis B virus, Lancet, 2, 241, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91412-3 Mosley, 1977, Multiple hepatitis viruses and multiple attacks of acute viral hepatitis, N Engl J Med, 296, 76, 10.1056/NEJM197701132960204 Graske, 1975, An outbreak of hepatitis associated with intravenous injections of factor VIII concentrate, Lancet, 2, 221 Craske, 1978, Evidence for existence of at least two types of factor VIII associated non-B transfusion hepatitis, Lancet, 2, 1051, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92374-7 Yoshizawa, 1981, Demonstration of two different types of non-A, non-B hepatitis by reinjection and cross-challenge studies in chimpanzees, Gastroenterology, 81, 107, 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90659-4 Tabor, 1985, The three viruses of non-A, non-B hepatitis, Lancet, 1, 743, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91274-7 Francis, 1979, The transmission and outcome of hepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B: A review, Epidemiol Rev, 1, 17, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036208 Galbraith, 1979, Non-A, non-B hepatitis associated with chronic liver disease in a hemodialysis unit, Lancet, 1, 951, 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)91723-9 Robinson, 1982, The enigma of non-A, non-B hepatitis, J Infect Dis, 145, 387, 10.1093/infdis/145.3.387 Tong, 1981, Studies on the maternal infant transmission of the viruses which cause acute hepatitis, Gastroenterology, 80, 999, 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90072-X Khuroo, 1980, Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis: Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type, Am J Med, 68, 818, 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90200-4 Mathieson, 1980, Hepatitis type A, B, and non-A, non-B in fulminant hepatitis, Gastroenterology, 21, 72 Berman, 1979, The chronic sequelae of non-A, non-B hepatitis, Ann Intern Med, 91, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-91-1-1 Kim, 1980, Prevalence of type B and non-A, non-B hepatitis in hemophilia: Relationship to chronic liver disease, Gastroenterology, 79, 1159, 10.1016/0016-5085(80)90908-7 Fletcher, 1983, Non-A, non-B hepatitis after transfusion of Factor VIII in infrequently treated patients, Br Med J, 287, 1754, 10.1136/bmj.287.6407.1754 Knodell, 1977, Development of chronic liver disease after acute non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis: Role of gamma-globulin prophylaxis in its prevention, Gastroenterology, 72, 902, 10.1016/S0016-5085(77)80208-4 Koretz, 1976, Post-transfusion chronic liver disease, Gastroenterology, 71, 797, 10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80363-0 Feinstone, 1975, Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B, N Engl J Med, 292, 767, 10.1056/NEJM197504102921502 Alter, 1972, Post-transfusion hepatitis after exclusion of commercial and hepatitis-B antigen-positive donors, Ann Intern Med, 77, 697, 10.7326/0003-4819-77-5-691 Aach, 1981, Serum alanine aminotransferase of donors in relation to the risk of non-A, non-B hepatitis recipients, N Engl J Med, 304, 989, 10.1056/NEJM198104233041701 Solem, 1969, Accidentally transmitted infectious mononucleosis, Acta Med Scand, 186, 433, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1969.tb01499.x Turner, 1972, Transmission of infectious mononucleosis by transfusion of pre-illness plasma, Ann Intern Med, 77, 751, 10.7326/0003-4819-77-5-751 1987, MMWR, 36, 235