Missing covariate data in medical research: To impute is better than to ignore

Burton, 2004, Missing covariate data within cancer prognostic studies: a review of current reporting and proposed guidelines, Br J Cancer, 91, 4, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601907

Little, 1992, Regression with missing X's: a review, J Am Stat Assoc, 87, 1227, 10.2307/2290664

Little, 1987

Little, 1999, Methods for handling missing values in clinical trials, J Rheumatol, 26, 1654

Rubin, 1987

Rubin, 1996, Multiple imputation after 18+ years, J Am Stat Assoc, 91, 473, 10.2307/2291635

Schafer, 1997

Schafer, 2002, Missing data: our view of the state of the art, Psychol Methods, 7, 147, 10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147

Barnes, 2006, Multiple imputation techniques in small sample clinical trials, Stat Med, 25, 233, 10.1002/sim.2231

Clark, 2003, Developing a prognostic model in the presence of missing data: an ovarian cancer case study, J Clin Epidemiol, 56, 28, 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00539-5

Donders, 2006, Review: a gentle introduction to imputation of missing values, J Clin Epidemiol, 59, 1087, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.014

Faris, 2002, Multiple imputation versus data enhancement for dealing with missing data in observational health care outcome analyses, J Clin Epidemiol, 55, 184, 10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00433-4

Harrell, 2001

Kmetic, 2002, Multiple imputation to account for missing data in a survey: estimating the prevalence of osteoporosis, Epidemiology, 13, 437, 10.1097/00001648-200207000-00012

Moons, 2006, Using the outcome for imputation of missing predictor values was preferred, J Clin Epidemiol, 59, 1092, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009

Janssen, 2009, Dealing with missing predictor values when applying clinical prediction models, Clin Chem, 55, 994, 10.1373/clinchem.2008.115345

Klebanoff, 2008, Use of multiple imputation in the epidemiologic literature, Am J Epidemiol, 168, 355, 10.1093/aje/kwn071

Oudega, 2005, Ruling out deep venous thrombosis in primary care. A simple diagnostic algorithm including D-dimer testing, Thromb Haemost, 94, 200, 10.1160/TH04-12-0829

Oudega, 2005, Limited value of patient history and physical examination in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis in primary care, Fam Pract, 22, 86, 10.1093/fampra/cmh718

Oudega, 2005, The Wells rule does not adequately rule out deep venous thrombosis in primary care patients, Ann Intern Med, 143, 100, 10.7326/0003-4819-143-2-200507190-00008

van Buuren

Hanley, 1983, A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases, Radiology, 148, 839, 10.1148/radiology.148.3.6878708

Harrell, 1984, Regression modelling strategies for improved prognostic prediction, Stat Med, 3, 143, 10.1002/sim.4780030207

Collins, 2001, A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures, Psychol Methods, 6, 330, 10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.330

Rubin, 1991, Multiple imputation in health-care databases: an overview and some applications, Stat Med, 10, 585, 10.1002/sim.4780100410

Schafer, 1999, Multiple imputation: a primer, Stat Methods Med Res, 8, 3, 10.1191/096228099671525676

Horton, 2001, Multiple imputation in practice: comparison of software packages for regression models with missing variables, Am Stat, 55, 244, 10.1198/000313001317098266

Horton, 2007, Much ado about nothing: a comparison of missing data methods and software to fit incomplete data regression models, Am Stat, 61, 79, 10.1198/000313007X172556