On the mechanism by which nose bluntness suppresses second-mode instability

J.D. Anderson Jr., Hypersonic and High-Temperature Gas Dynamics, AIAA Education Series, 2nd Edition, 2006. M. Lewis, Hypersonic Flight: Progress and Challenges on the Way to High Mach Systems, Director of IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute, AIAA Presentation, 2018. Hirschel, 2015 Reed, 1997, Drag prediction and transition in hypersonic flow, AGARD Conference Proceedings, AGARD, Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France, 3, C15 C. Peebles, Road to Mach 10: Lessons Learned from the X-43A Flight Research Program, AIAA Library of Flight Series, 978-1563479328(2008). Reshotko, 2000, The Blunt Body Paradox: A Case for Transient Growth Paredes, 2017, Blunt-body paradox and transient growth on a hypersonic spherical forebody, Physical Review Fluids, 2, 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.2.053903 Paredes, 2018, Blunt-body paradox and improved application of transient-growth framework, AIAA Journal, 56, 10.2514/1.J056678 E.C. Marineau, C.G. Moraru, D.R. Lewis, et al., Mach 10 boundary-layer transition experiments on sharp and blunted cones, AIAA Paper (2014) 3108. E.C. Marineau, G.C. Moraru, D.R. Lewis, et al., Investigation of Mach 10 boundary layer stability of sharp cones at angle-of-attack, Part 1: Experiments, AIAA Paper (2015) 1737. M. Tufts, R. L. Kimmel, Analysis of windward side hypersonic boundary layer transition on blunted cones at angle of attack, AIAA Paper (2017) 0764. T.J. Juliano, R.L. Kimmel, S. Willems, et al., HIFiRE-1 boundary-layer transition: ground test results and stability analysis, AIAA Paper (2015) 1736. K.F. Stetson, Nosetip bluntness effects on cone frustum boundary layer transition in hypersonic flow, 16th AIAA Fluid and Plasmadynamics Conference, AIAA Paper (1983)1763. J.S. Jewell, R.L. Kimmel, Boundary layer stability analysis for stetson’s Mach 6 blunt cone experiments, SciTech Forum, AIAA Paper (2016) 0598. Kuehl, 2018, Thermoacoustic interpretation of second-mode instability, AIAA Journal, 10.2514/1.J057015 I. Nompelis, T. Drayna, G. Candler, Development of a hybrid unstructured implicit solver for the simulation of reacting flows over complex geometries, AIAA Paper (2004) 2227. I. Nompelis, T. Drayna, G. Candler, A parallel unstructured implicit solver for hypersonic reacting flow simulation, AIAA Paper (2005) 4867. G.V. Candler, H.B. Johnson, I. Nompelis, et al., Development of the US3D code for advanced compressible and reacting flow simulations, AIAA Paper (2015) 1893. Lakebrink, 2018, Optimization of a Mach-6 quiet wind tunnel nozzle, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 55, 315, 10.2514/1.A33794 Reed, 2014, Verification and validation issues in hypersonic stability and transition prediction, Journal of Spacecraft Rockets, 52, 29, 10.2514/1.A32825 J. Kuehl, E. Perez, H.L. Reed, JoKHeR: NPSE simulations of hypersonic cross instability, AIAA Paper (2012) 0921. J. Kuehl, Nonlinear saturation versus nonlinear detuning: quantification on a Mach 6 flared cone, AIAA Paper (2017) 0763. Hofferth, 2013, Boundary-layer instability and transition on a flared cone in a Mach 6 quiet wind tunnel, International Journal of Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation, 5, 109, 10.1504/IJESMS.2013.052386 T. Kocian, E. Perez, N. Oliviero, et al., Hypersonic stability analysis of a flared cone, AIAA Paper (2013) 0667. B.C. Chynoweth, C. Hader, A. Batista, et al., A history and progress of research on boundary-layer transition on a Mach 6 flared cone, AIAA Paper (2018) 0060. Chynoweth, 2019, History and progress of boundary-layer transition on a Mach-6 flared cone, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 56, 333, 10.2514/1.A34285 J. Kuehl, P. Paredes, Gortler modified Mack-Modes on a hypersonic flared cone, AIAA Paper (2016) 0849. V.C.B. Sousa, A. Batista, J. Kuehl, et al., Nonlinear dynamics of second mode waves on a hypersonic flared cone, AIAA Paper (2018) 3852. J. Kuehl, H.L. Reed, T.S. Kocian, et al., Bandwidth effects on Mack-Mode instability, AIAA Paper (2014) 2777. A. Batista, J. Kuehl, A Mechanism for Spectral Broadening and Implications for Saturation Amplitude Estimates, AIAA Paper (2017) 3635. Kuehl, 2017, Discrete and finite bandwidth frequency distributions in nonlinear stability applications, Physics of Fluids, 29, 10.1063/1.4975158 Herbert, 1987, Stability analysis of nonparallel boundary layers, Bulletin of American Physical Society, 32 Gaster, 1974, On the effects of boundary-layer growth on flow stability, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 66, 465, 10.1017/S0022112074000310 T. Herbert, Parabolized stability equations, AGARD Report. No. 793, Von Karman Institute, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium, 1994, Special Course on Progress in Transition Modelling. Herbert, 1997, Parabolized stability equations, Annual Review Fluid Dynamics, 29, 245, 10.1146/annurev.fluid.29.1.245 F.P. Bertolotti, Compressible boundary layer stability analyzed with the PSE equations, AIAA Paper (1991) 1637. C.L. Chang, M.R. Malik, G. Erlebacher, et al., Compressible stability of growing boundary layers using parabolized stability equations, AIAA Paper (1991) 1636. R.D. Joslin, C.L. Streett, C.L. Chang, 3-D incompressible spatial direct numerical simulation code validation study: A comparison with linear stability and parabolic stability equation theories in boundary-layer transition on a flat plate, Report No. NASA TP-3205, (1992). Li, 1996, On the nature of PSE approximation, Theoretical Computational Fluid Dynamics, 8, 253, 10.1007/BF00639695 Haynes, 2000, Simulation of swept-wing vortices using nonlinear parabolized stability equations, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 405, 325, 10.1017/S0022112099007260 Stuckert, 1994, Linear disturbances in hypersonic, chemically reacting shock layers, AIAA Journal., 32, 1384, 10.2514/3.12206 C.L. Chang, H. Vinh, M.R. Malik, Hypersonic boundary-layer stability with chemical reactions using PSE, AIAA Paper (1997) 2012. Johnson, 1998, Numerical study of hypersonic reacting boundary layer transition on cones, Physics of Fluids., 10, 2676, 10.1063/1.869781 Malik, 2003, Hypersonic flight transition data analysis using parabolized stability equations with chemistry effects, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 40, 332, 10.2514/2.3968 C.-L. Chang, The Langley Stability and Transition Analysis Code (LASTRAC) Version 1.2 User Manual, Report No. NASA/TM-2004-213233, (2004). H.B. Johnson, G.V. Candler, Hypersonic boundary layer stability analysis using PSE-chem, AIAA Paper (2005) 5023. F. Li, M. Choudhari, C.-L. Chang, et al., Analysis of instabilities in non-axisymmetric hypersonic boundary layers over cones, in 10th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, Chicago, Illinois, 28 June-1 July 2010. Theofilis, 2011, Global linear instability, Annual Review Fluid Mechanics, 43, 319, 10.1146/annurev-fluid-122109-160705 P. Paredes, V. Theofilis, D. Rodriguez, et al., The PSE-3D instability analysis methodology for flows depending strongly on two and weakly on the third spatial dimension, AIAA Paper (2011) 3752. E. Perez, T. S. Kocian, J. Kuehl, et al., Stability of hypersonic compression cones, AIAA Paper (2012) 2962. L. Lees, C.-C. Lin, Investigation of the Stability of the Laminar Boundary Layer in a Compressible Fluid, NACA TR 1115, 1946. Schmid, 2001, 10.1007/978-1-4613-0185-1 J. Sakakeeny, A. Batista, J. Kuehl, How nose bluntness suppresses second-mode growth, AIAA Paper (2019) 3083.