Adding a motivational interviewing pretreatment to cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary randomized controlled trial

Altman, 2001, The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: Explanation and elaboration, Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 663, 10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012 Antony, 1998, Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample, Psychological Assessment, 10, 176, 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 Arkowitz, 2008 Barlow, 2007, Psychological treatments for panic disorders, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder, 351 Baron, 1986, The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173, 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Behar, 2003, Screening for generalized anxiety disorder using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: A receiver operating characteristic analysis, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 25, 10.1016/S0005-7916(03)00004-1 Bieling, 2004, Measurement issues in preventing anxiety and depression: Concepts and instruments, 43 Borkovec, 1994, The nature, functions, and origins of worry, 5 Borkovec, 1993, Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 3 Borkovec, 1988, Treatment of nonphobic anxiety disorders: a comparison of nondirective, cognitive, and coping desensitization therapy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 877, 10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.877 Borkovec, 2002, A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 288, 10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.288 Borkovec, 1995, Perceived functions of worry among generalized anxiety disorder subjects: Distraction from more emotionally distressing topics?, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 25, 10.1016/0005-7916(94)00064-S Brown, 1992, Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 33, 10.1016/0005-7967(92)90093-V Brown, 2002, Classification of anxiety and mood disorders, 292 Brown, 1997, Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) in clinical samples, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 79, 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X Brown, 1994 Bryant, 1999, Therapist skill and patient variables in homework compliance: controlling an uncontrolled variable in cognitive therapy outcome research, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 381, 10.1023/A:1018703901116 Buckner, J. D., Roth Ledley, D., Heimberg, R. G., & Schmidt, N. B. (2008). Treating comorbid social anxiety and alcohol use disorders: Combining motivation enhancement therapy with cognitive behavioral therapy. Clinical Case Studies. Burke, 2003, The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 843, 10.1037/0022-006X.71.5.843 Butler, 1993, Predicting outcome after treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 211, 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90075-6 Campbell, 2002, Generalized anxiety disorder, 147 Cartwright-Hatton, 1997, Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The Metacognitions Questionnaire, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279, 10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00011-X Cohen, 1988 Covin, 2008, A meta-analysis of CBT for pathological worry among clients with GAD, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 108, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.002 Deci, 1985 Dugas, 2007, Can the components of a cognitive model predict the severity of generalized anxiety disorder?, Behavior Therapy, 38, 169, 10.1016/j.beth.2006.07.002 Durham, 2004, Cognitive behavior therapy for good and poor prognosis generalized anxiety disorder: A clinical effectiveness study, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 145, 10.1002/cpp.405 Freeston, 1994, Why do people worry?, Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791, 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5 Gillis, 1995, Normative values for the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Fear Questionnaire, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory, Psychological Assessment, 7, 450, 10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.450 Gosselin, 2007, Cognitive variables related to worry among adolescents: Avoidance strategies and faulty beliefs about worry, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 225, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.001 Guy, 1976 Handmaker, 1999, Findings of a pilot study of motivational interviewing with pregnant drinkers, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 285, 10.15288/jsa.1999.60.285 Heimberg, 1998, Cognitive behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine in social phobia: 12-week outcome, Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1133, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.12.1133 Hettema, 2005, Motivational interviewing, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 91, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143833 Hirschfeld, 1996, Placebo response in the treatment of panic disorder, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 60, A76 Hodgins, 2008, Motivational interviewing in the treatment of problem and pathological gambling, 225 Jacobson, 1991, Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12, 10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12 Katon, 1990, Distressed high utilizers of medical care: DSM-III-R diagnoses and treatment needs, General Hospital Psychiatry, 12, 355, 10.1016/0163-8343(90)90002-T Kertes, A., Westra, H. A., Angus, L., & Marcus, M. (in press). The impact of motivational interviewing on client experiences of cognitive behavioural therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. Ladouceur, 2000, Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a controlled clinical trial, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 957, 10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.957 Lovibond, 1995, The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U Mendlowicz, 2000, Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders, American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 669, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.669 Meyer, 1990, Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487, 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 Miller, 2002 Molina, 1994, The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: psychometric properties and associated characteristics Moyers, 2005, Assessing competence in the use of motivational interviewing, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28, 19, 10.1016/j.jsat.2004.11.001 Newman, 2008, An open trial of integrative therapy for generalized anxiety disorder, Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45, 135, 10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.135 Pelletier, 1997, Client Motivation for Therapy Scale: A measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and a motivation for therapy, Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 414, 10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_11 Primakoff, 1989 Robichaud, 2009, Psychological treatments of generalized anxiety disorder Rogers, 1951 Ruscio, 2004, Experience and appraisal of worry among high worriers with and without generalized anxiety disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1469, 10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.007 Shaw, 1999, Therapist competence ratings in relation to clinical outcome in cognitive therapy of depression, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 837, 10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.837 Sheehan, 1983 Sheehan, 1996, The measurement of disability, International Journal of Psychopharmacology, 11, 89, 10.1097/00004850-199606003-00015 Simpson, 2008, Adding motivational interviewing to exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder: An open trial, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, 37, 38, 10.1080/16506070701743252 Sobel, 1982, Asymptomatic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models, Sociological Methodology, 13, 290, 10.2307/270723 Taft, 2003, Process and treatment adherence factors in group cognitive-behavioral therapy for partner violent men, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 812, 10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.812 Wells, 2004, A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 385, 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5 Wells, 2006, Metacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: an open trial, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37, 206, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.07.002 Westra, 2004, Managing resistance in cognitive behavioral therapy: The application of motivational interviewing in mixed anxiety and depression, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 33, 161, 10.1080/16506070410026426 Westra, H. A., & Arkowitz, H. (in press). Combining motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy to increase treatment efficacy for generalized anxiety disorder. In D. Sookman & R. Leahy (Eds.). Resolving treatment impasses with resistant anxiety disorders. Routledge. Westra, H. A., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2003). Motivational interviewing adapted for anxiety [unpublished treatment manual]. Westra, 2006, Preparing clients for cognitive behavioral therapy: A randomized pilot study of motivational interviewing for anxiety, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 481, 10.1007/s10608-006-9016-y Westra, 2008, Integrating motivational interviewing in the treatment of anxiety, 26 Young, J., & Beck, A. T. (1980). Cognitive therapy scale rating manual. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania [unpublished manuscript]. Zaider, 2003, Evaluation of the clinical global impression scale among individuals with social anxiety disorder, Psychological Medicine, 33, 611, 10.1017/S0033291703007414