The environmental performance of fluorescent lamps in China, assessed with the LCA method

The rapid increase in production and usage of fluorescent lamps (FLs) has brought with it a rising concern about potential mercury risk from both FL production and disposal at the end-of-life (EoL) stage. Thus, there is an urgent need for the environmentally sound management of FLs. In order to provide useful information for the development of effective management tools, this study used the life cycle assessment methodology to investigate the environmental performance of FLs in China. This work compares the environmental performance of two types of FLs, linear (LFLs) and compact (CFLs), using the modular life cycle assessment (LCA) based on the international standards of the ISO 14040 series. The operational data applied to the inventory analysis and combined with the information in the Ecoinvent 3.0 databases was obtained by interviews with a local FL manufacturer and a licensed waste FL treatment facility. Results suggest that the chosen linear FL has a lower environmental impact than the compact one. The use stage accounted for the majority (>94 %) of total environmental impacts, followed by the manufacturing stage. The ballast component was the largest contributor to the environmental impact of CFLs and largely accounted for the difference between CFLs and LFLs in the manufacturing stage. The end-of-life stage can be a benefit to the environment when waste FLs are processed through the proper, licensed disposal enterprises in China. Electricity consumption accounts for more than 94 % of the environmental impact of FLs over their entire life cycle. This can be reduced by 19 % when the electricity used is changed from the Beijing mix to the China mix. Results of the life cycle assessment can be used to compare relative environmental impacts of different waste FL treatment technologies and can help policy makers better understand the urgency of the issues calling for their attention.