Radon flux maps for the Netherlands and Europe using terrestrial gamma radiation derived from soil radionuclides

Beck, 1980 Biraud, 2000, European greenhouse gas emissions estimated from continuous atmospheric measurements and radon 222 at mace head, Ireland, J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph. (1984–2012), 105, 1351, 10.1029/1999JD900821 Blaauboer, 1996 Conen, 2002, Latitudinal distribution of radon-222 flux from continents, Tellus B, 54, 127, 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.00365.x Franke, 2002 Goto, 2008, Estimation of global radon exhalation rate distribution, vol. 1034, 169 Grasty, 1995 Griffiths, 2010, A map of radon flux at the Australian land surface, Atmosph. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 14313, 10.5194/acpd-10-14313-2010 Grossi, 2011, Inter-comparison of different direct and indirect methods to determine radon flux from soil, Radiat. Meas., 46, 112, 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.07.021 Gupta, 2004, Use of radon for evaluation of atmospheric transport models: sensitivity to emissions, Tellus B, 56, 404, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00124.x Hengl, 2004, A generic framework for spatial prediction of soil variables based on regression-kriging, Geoderma, 120, 75, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.08.018 Hiemstra, 2009, Real-time automatic interpolation of ambient gamma dose rates from the Dutch radioactivity monitoring network, Comput. Geosci., 35, 1711, 10.1016/j.cageo.2008.10.011 Hirao, 2010, Estimation of the global 222-Rn flux density from the earth's surface, Jap. J. Health Phys., 45, 161, 10.5453/jhps.45.161 Hirsch, 2007, On using radon-222 and CO2 to calculate regional-scale CO2 fluxes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3737, 10.5194/acp-7-3737-2007 Hofer, 2011, Constrained kriging: an R-package for customary, constrained and covariance-matching constrained point or block kriging, Comput. Geosci., 37, 1562, 10.1016/j.cageo.2011.02.009 IAEA, 2009 Ielsch, 2001, Radon (222Rn) level variations on a regional scale: influence of the basement trace element (U, Th) geochemistry on radon exhalation rates, J. Environ. Radioact., 53, 75, 10.1016/S0265-931X(00)00106-5 Keitt, 2012 Köster, 1988, Linear regression models for the natural radioactivity (238U, 232Th and 40K) in Dutch soils: a key to anomalies, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 24, 63, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080243 Lehmann, 2004, An automatic static chamber for continuous 220Rn and 222Rn flux measurements from soil, Radiat. Meas., 38, 43, 10.1016/j.radmeas.2003.08.001 Lehmann, 2000, Radon-222 monitoring of soil diffusivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3917, 10.1029/1999GL008469 Losana, 2001, Comparison of different methods for the assessment of the environmental gamma dose, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 97, 333, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006683 Nazaroff, 1992, Radon transport from soil to air, Rev. Geophys., 30, 137, 10.1029/92RG00055 Olea, 1996, Compensating for estimation smoothing in kriging, Mathemat. Geol., 28, 407, 10.1007/BF02083653 Pebesma, 2004, Multivariable geostatistics in s: the gstat package, Comput. Geosci., 30, 683, 10.1016/j.cageo.2004.03.012 Quindos, 2004, Conversion factors for external gamma dose derived from natural radionuclides in soils, J. Environ. Radioact., 71, 139, 10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00164-4 R Core Team, 2012 Saito, 1995, Gamma ray fields in the air due to sources in the ground, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 58, 29 Salminen, 2005 Schery, 1998, Modelling radon flux from the earth's surface Schery, 1989, The flux of radon and thoron from Australian soils, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8567, 10.1029/JD094iD06p08567 Schmidt, 1996, Carbon dioxide and methane in continental Europe: a climatology, and 222 radon-based emission estimates, Tellus B, 48, 457, 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1994.t01-2-00002.x-i1 Steur, 1985, Bodemkaart van nederland 1: 250000, Kartografisch Tijdschrift, 11, 27 Stranden, 1984, The influence of moisture and temperature on radon exhalation, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 7, 55, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082962 Szegvary, 2009, European 222Rn inventory for applied atmospheric studies, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1536, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.025 Szegvary, 2007, Predicting terrestrial 222Rn flux using gamma dose rate as a proxy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2789, 10.5194/acp-7-2789-2007 Thompson, 2000, An international intercomparison of national network systems used to provide early warning of a nuclear accident having transboundary implications, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 92, 89, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a033290 Twenhoofel, 2005, Operation of the Dutch 3rd generation national radioactivity monitoring network, 19 UNSCEAR, 2000 van der Laan, 2009, Methane and nitrous oxide emissions in the Netherlands: ambient measurements support the national inventories, Atmosph. Chem. Phys., 9, 9369, 10.5194/acp-9-9369-2009 van der Veer, 2006 van der Veer, 2006, Geochemical soil survey of the Netherlands. Atlas of major and trace elements in topsoil and parent material; assessment of natural and anthropogenic enrichment factors, Nether. Geograph. Stud., 347, 250 Vermeulen, 2011, Greenhouse gas observations from Cabauw tall tower (1992–2010), Atmosph. Measur. Techniq., 4, 617, 10.5194/amt-4-617-2011 Wickham, 2009 WMO/GAW, 2004, World meteorological organization/global atmospheric Watch Yamazawa, 2009, Evaluation of radon source maps for Siberia using atmospheric radon concentration over Arctic ocean and Bering sea Yoshioka, 1994, Study of time variation of terrestrial gamma radiation due to depth distribution of soil moisture content, Radioisotopes, 43, 183, 10.3769/radioisotopes.43.183 Zahorowski, 2004, Ground based radon-222 observations and their application to atmospheric studies, J. Environ. Radioact., 76, 3, 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.03.033 Zahorowski, 1996, A fast portable emanometer for field measurement of radon and thoron flux, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 67, 109, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031802 Zhang, 2011, Radon activity in the lower troposphere and its impact on ionization rate: a global estimate using different radon emissions, Atmosph. Chem. Phys., 11, 7817, 10.5194/acp-11-7817-2011 Zhuo, 2008, Estimating the amount and distribution of radon flux density from the soil surface in china, J. Environ. Radioact., 99, 1143, 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.01.011