De-bordering policies at the city scale: strategies for building resilience in Barcelona's migration governance
Tóm tắt
This article bridges the fields of urban politics, migration governance and border studies by exploring Barcelona as a case study. It raises a first critical question about what happens to so-called borderlands when "borders" move to other scales, such as cities that are not usually categorized as "border cities". Within this framing debate, this study explores two fundamental questions: (1) how border practices at the state level shape constrained relations between cities and migrants, and (2) how cities map de-bordering policies to resolve such constraints, which we conceptualise as an example of 'urban resilience'. The aim is to provide a focus that brings the analytical category of "urban resilience", recently proposed within the emerging debate on the "local turn" in migration studies, to bear on issues directly related to the social impacts of state bordering processes on urban systems. The article then argues that urban justice principles drive most cities to initiate resilient de-bordering policies, and can be seen as a distinctive normative factor underpinning urban resilience when applied to migration governance. After laying the groundwork for this theoretical framework and its application to the city of Barcelona, the final section briefly outlines the potential of this new and crucial critical area of migration research. This will provide yet another opportunity to highlight that we are likely to enter an era in which cities will increasingly become sovereign geopolitical entities within and beyond the traditional hierarchical reach of their own states.
Tài liệu tham khảo
100 Resilient Cities. Global migration resilient cities at the forefront: Strategic actions to adapt and transform our cities in an age of migration. Rockefeller Foundation, 2017. Retrieved: https://resilientcitiesnetwork.org/downloadable_resources/UR/Global-Migration-Resilient-Cities-At-The-Forefront.pdf
Amin, A., & Thrift, N. (2017). Seeing like a city. Wiley.
Andersen, D., Klatt, M., & Sandberg, M. (Eds.). (2016). The border multiple: The practicing of borders between public policy and everyday life in a re-scaling Europe. Routledge.
Ara. Editorial: “Afrontar el fenomen dels ‘menes’ no pot dependre de les xifres”, September 16, 2019.
Aranda, G. Es dupliquen els MENA que fan 18 anys i perden la protección. Ara, October 27, 2018.
Arendt, H. (1976). The origins of totalitarianism. Harvest Book.
Barber, M., & Dynes, A. M. (2023). City-state ideological incongruence and municipal preemption. American Journal of Political Science, 67(1), 119–136.
Benhabib, S. (2011). The rights of others: Aliens, residents, and citizens. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Biggs, R., Schlüter, M., & Schoon, M. L. (2016). Principles for building resilience: Sustaining ecosystem services in social-ecological systems. Cambridge University Press.
Blizzard, B., & Johnston, J. M. (2020). State policy control and local deviation: The case of immigration. State and Local Government Review, 52(4), 309–320.
Brand, F. S., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the meaning (s) of resilience: Resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and Society, 12(1), 23.
Brantz, D., & Sharma, A. (2020). Urban resilience in a global context: Actors, narratives, and temporalities. Bielefield.
Brenner, N. (2001). The limits to scale?: Methodological reflections on scalar structuration. Progress in Human Geography: an International Review of Geographical Work in the Social Sciences and Humanities, 25, 591–614.
Brunet-Jailly, E. (2011). Special section: Borders, borderlands and theory: An introduction. Geopolitics, 16(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2010.493765
Burayidi, M. A., Allen, A., Twigg, J., & Wamsler, C. (Eds.). (2020). The Routledge Handbook of urban resilience. Routledge.
Caponio, T. (2022). Making sense of the multilevel governance of migration. Palgrave Macmillan.
Charter of Lampedusa. (2014). Charter of Lampedusa/Carta di Lampedusa. Retrieved http://www.lacartadilampedusa.org/index.html
Charter of Palermo. (2015). From migration as suffering to mobility as an inalienable human right. Retrieved: https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/ICP/IDM/2015_CMC/Session-IIIb/Orlando/PDF-CARTA-DI-PALERMO-Statement.pdf
Cooper, A., & Tinning, S. (Eds.). (2019). Debating and defining borders: Philosophical and theoretical perspectives (1st ed.). Routledge.
Cooper, A., Perkins, C., & Rumford, P. C. (2016). The vernacularization of borders. In R. Jones & C. Johnson (Eds.), Placing the border in everyday life (pp. 15–32). Ashgate Publishing, Border Regions Series.
Council of Europe. (2017). Barcelona Intercultural Cities Programme. Report 2017. Retrieved: https://www.coe.int/en/web/interculturalcities/barcelona
Da Silva, J., & Morera, B. (2014). City resilience framework. Retrieved: https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/City-Resilience-Framework-2015.pdf. ARUP.
Davis, D. E., & de Duren, N. L. (Eds.). (2011). Cities and sovereignty: Identity politics in urban spaces. Indiana University Press.
El Periódico “BCN destina mig milió per a migrants irregulars”, August 1st, 2020.
European Commission. (2015). The challenge of resilience in a globalised world: Report by the Joint Research Centre, the European Commission’s in-house science service. Publications Office.
European Commission. (2020). Migration statistics: the impact of COVID-19. Retrieved https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_232
Filipcevic Cordes, V. (2017). City sovereignty: Urban resistance and rebel cities reconsidered. Urban Science, 1(3), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci1030022
Fowler, L., & Witt, S. L. (2019). State preemption of local authority: Explaining patterns of state adoption of preemption measures. Publius the Journal of Federalism, 49(3), 540–559.
Galderisi, A. (2014). Urban resilience: A framework for empowering cities in face of heterogeneous risk factors. A/z Itu Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 11(1), 36–58.
Hamstead, Z. A., Iwaniec, D. M., McPhearson, T., Berbés-Blázquez, M., Cook, E. M., & Muñoz-Erickson, T. A. (2021). Resilient urban futures. Springer.
Harvey, D. (2015). The right to the city. In The city reader (pp. 314–322). Routledge. ISBN: 9781315748504. Retrieved from: https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii53/articles/david-harvey-the-right-to-the-city
Harvey, D., & Potter, C. (2009). The right to the just city. Searching for the just city: Debates in urban theory and practice (Ch. 2, pp. 40–51). Routledge.
Hatherley, O. (2012). Rebel cities: From the right to the city to the urban revolution by David Harvey—Review. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/12/owen-hatherley-rebel-cities-harvey
Hillmann, F., & Samers, M. (2023). Introduction. In (Eds.), Cities, migration, and governance: Beyond scales and levels. Taylor & Francis.
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2017). Toolbox of migration-related elements for the city Resilience strategy. Consultation Document.
Jones, R., & Johnson, C. (Eds.). (2016). Placing the border in everyday life. Ashgate Publishing.
Katz, B., & Nowak, J. (2018). New localism: How cities can thrive in the age of populism. Berlin: Brookings Institution Press.
Kolossov, V., & Scott, J. (2013). Selected conceptual issues in border studies. Belgeo, 1. Retrieved: http://journals.openedition.org/belgeo/10532
Lacroix, T. (2021). Migration-related city networks: A global overview. Local Government Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2021.1938553
Laine, J. P. (2016). The multiscalar production of borders. Geopolitics, 21(3), 465–482.
Lefebvre, H. (1967[1996]). The right to the city. In E. Kofman & E. Lebas (Eds.), Writings on cities (pp. 63–184). Blackwell.
Lemberg-Pedersen, M. (2019). Manufacturing displacement. Externalization and postcoloniality in European migration control. Global Affairs, 5(3), 247–271.
Lidén, G., & Nyhlén, J. (2022). Local migration policy: Governance structures and policy output in Swedish municipalities. Palgrave Macmillan.
Marston, S. & Smith, N. (2001). “States, Scales and Households: Limits to Scale Thinking? A response to Brenner”. Progress in Human Geography, 25(4), 615–619.
Magnusson, W. (2011). Politics of urbanism: Seeing like a city. Routledge.
MacKinnon, D. (2015). Resilient city. In International encyclopedia social and behavioral sciences (pp. 561–567).
Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49.
Mouzo Quintáns, J., & Congostrina, A. L. (2017). Manifestació: Desenes de milers de persones marxen a Barcelona per l’acollida de refugiats. El País Catalunya, February 17, 2017.
OECD. (2014). Guidelines for resilience systems analysis. OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2018). Working together for local integration of migrants and refugees in Barcelona. OECD Pub.
OECD. (2020). What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants and their children?. OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/what-is-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-immigrants-and-their-children-e7cbb7de/
Oomen, B. (2019). Decoupling and teaming up: The rise and proliferation of transnational municipal networks in the field of migration. International Migration Review, 54(3), 913–939.
Oomen, B., Baumgärtel, M., Miellet, S., Durmus, E., & Sabchev, T. (2021). Strategies of divergence: Local authorities, law, and discretionary spaces in migration governance. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(4), 3608–3628. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab062
Oomen, B., Davis, M., & Grigolo, M. (Eds.). (2016). Global urban justice: The rise of human rights cities. Cambridge University Press.
Orlando, L., Soyer, T., & Marsili, L. (2020). Cities of solidarity: A conversation between the mayor of Palermo and the mayor of Izmir. Soundings: A journal of politics and culture, 74, 86–94.
Paasi, A. (2012). Border studies reanimated: Going beyond the territorial/relational divide. Environment and Planning a: Economy and Space, 44(10), 2303–2309.
Peters, B.G., & Pierre, J. (2012). Urban governance, In: K. Mossberger, S.E. Clarke, & P. John (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of urban politics (pp. 71–86), Chapter 5. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pinheiro, R., Frigotto, M. L., & Young, M. (2022). Towards resilient organizations and societies: A cross-sectoral and multi-disciplinary perspective. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82072-5
Riverstone-Newell, L. (2017). The rise of state preemption laws in response to local policy innovation. Publius: the Journal of Federalism, 47(3), 403–425.
Scholten, P., & Penninx, R. (2016). The multilevel governance of migration and integration. In B. Garcés-Mascareñas & R. Penninx (Eds.), Integration processes and policies in Europe. IMISCOE research series. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21674-4_6
Schragger, R. (2016). City power: Urban governance in a global age: Introduction-cities, capital, and constitutions. In City power: Urban governance in a global age (Oxford 2016), Virginia Law and Economics Research Paper, no. 2016–10.
Spencer, S. (2020). Cities breaking the mould? Municipal inclusion of irregular migrants in Europe. In S. Spencer & A. Triandafyllidou (Eds.), Migrants with irregular status in Europe: Evolving conceptual and policy challenges (pp. 187–205). Springer.
Svitková, K. (2021). Resilience and urban governance: Securing cities. Routledge.
UN-Habitat. (2015). Urban resilience. Habitat III Issue paper, New York.
Vale, L. J. (2014). The politics of resilient cities: Whose resilience and whose city? Building Research & Information, 42(2), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.850602
van Munster, R., & Sterkx, S. (2006). Governing mobility: The externalization of European migration policy and the boundaries of the European Union. In European research reloaded: Cooperation and Europeanized states integration among Europeanized states (pp. 229–250). Springer.
Varsanyi, M. (Ed.). (2010). Taking local control: Immigration policy activism in U.S. cities and states. Stanford University Press.
Varsanyi, M., Lewis, P., Provine, M., & Decker, S. (2012). A multilayered jurisdictional patchwork: Immigration federalism in the United States. Law & Policy, 34(2), 138–158.
Vicens, L. (2017). Una multitud es manifesta pels refugiats a Barcelona. Ara, February 18, 2017.
Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2012). Resilience practice: Building capacity to absorb disturbance and maintain function (1st ed.). Island Press.
Wastl-Walter, D. (Ed.). (2016). The Routledge research companion to border studies. Taylor and Francis.
Wilkinson, S., & Remoy, H. T. (2018). Building urban resilience through change of use. Wiley-Blackwell.
Williamson, A. F. (2018). Welcoming new Americans?: Local governments and immigrant incorporation. University of Chicago Press.
World Bank. (2016). Investing in urban resilience: Protecting and promoting development in a changing world. The World Bank.
Yamagata, Y., & Maruyama, H. (Eds.). (2016). Urban resilience: A transformative approach. Springer.
Zaiotti, R. (2018). Externalizing migration management: Europe, North America and the spread of “remote control” practices. Routledge.
Zapata-Barrero, R. (2023). Urban migration governance under the resilience lens: conceptual and empirical insights. Ethnic and Racial Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2166793
Zapata-Barrero, R., Caponio, T., Scholten, P. (2017). “Theorizing the ‘Local Turn’ in a Multi-Level Governance Framework of Analysis: A Case Study in Immigrant Policies.” International Review of Administrative Sciences, March, 1-6 (Introduction of Special Issue).
Ziervogel, G., Pelling, M., Cartwright, A., Chu, E., Deshpande, T., Harris, L., Hyams, K., et al. (2017). Inserting rights and justice into urban resilience: A focus on everyday risk. Environment and Urbanization, 29(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816686905
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2015a). Mesura de Govern “Barcelona, ciutat refugi”.
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2015b). Estratègia d’inclusió per a persones que exerceixen la venda irregular al carrer a Barcelona. Retrieved: https://bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/bitstream/11703/86531/3/estrategiavendairregular.pdf
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2017a). Mesura de govern per afavorir l’accés a la regularitat i prevenir la irregularitat sobrevinguda. Retrieved: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/novaciutadania/sites/default/files/documents/4._mesura_prevenir_irregularitat_sobrevinguda.pdf
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2017b). Municipal government measure to guarantee the rights of people in irregular situations. May 22nd, 2017. Retrieved: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dretsidiversitat/en/noticia/municipal-government-measure-to-guarantee-the-rights-of-people-in-irregular-situations_511413
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2017c). The SAIER and ‘Barcelona, Refuge City’, leading projects in Europe. Retrieved: https://www.barcelona.cat/internationalwelcome/en/news/the-saier-and-barcelona-refuge-city-leading-projects-in-europe_491462
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2017d). We attend to eleven different refugee profiles in Barcelona. Retrieved: https://ciutatrefugi.barcelona/en/noticia/_537712
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2018a). Barcelona Immigration Plan 2018-2021.
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2018b). Informe de govern. Avaluació del programa Nausica (14 September, 2018). Retrieved: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dretssocials/ca/bones-practiques-socials/programa-municipal-d%E2%80%99atenci%C3%B3-refugiats-nausica
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2019). Memòria del pla “Barcelona, ciutat refugi” 2015–2019, Direcció de Serveis d'Atenció i Acollida a Immigrants Drets de Ciutadania, Cultura, Participació i Transparència March.
Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2021). The SAIER helps the same volume of people, despite the pandemic. Retrieved: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dretsidiversitat/en/noticia/the-saier-helps-the-same-volume-of-people-despite-the-pandemic_1047119
Barcelona, Ciutat Refugi. (2019). El pla ‘Barcelona, ciutat refugi’, com tota despesa en migració, inverteix en cohesió social i ciutadania. Retrieved February 25: https://ciutatrefugi.barcelona/ca/noticia/el-pla-barcelona-ciutat-refugi-com-tota-despesa-en-migracio-inverteix-en-cohesio-social-i-ciutadania_775300
Barcelona Notícies. (2019). L’Ajuntament proposa un pla integral per abordar la venda ambulant irregular des de tots els àmbits. Retrieved: https://www.bcn-noticies.cat/politica/lajuntament-proposa-pla-integral-abordar-venda-ambulant-irregular-tots-ambits/
OPAI - Pla d’Assentaments Irregulars. Retrieved: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/serveissocials/ca/canal/pla-dassentaments
Sanz, J., & Pardo, L. (2015). Avaluació de la implementació dels programes PISL i PROPER, Institut Català d’Avaluació de Polítiques Publiques, Ivàlua, March. Retrieved: https://ivalua.cat/sites/default/files/2020-02/Avaluacio_pisl_proper_def%20%281%29.pdf
SASSEP - Serveis d’Atenció Social al Sensellarisme a l’Espai Públic. Retrieved: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/prevencio/ca/servei-d%E2%80%99atenci%C3%B3-social-al-sensellarisme-l%E2%80%99espai-p%C3%BAblic-sassep
SOAPI - Servei d’Acollida a Persones Immigrades. Retrieved: https://www.barcelona.cat/interculturalitathg/ca/servei-dacollida-soapi