Cytogenetic status of human lymphocytes after exposure to low concentrations of p,p′-DDT, and its metabolites (p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDD) in vitro

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Service, 2002. Toxicological Profile for DDT, DDE and DDD, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Service, 2008. Addendum to the DDT/DDD/DDE Toxicological Profile, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA. Aubé, 2008, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p, p′-DDE) disrupts the estrogen-androgen balance regulating the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer cells, Breast. Cancer. Res., 10, R16, 10.1186/bcr1862 Azqueta, 2009, DNA oxidation: investigating its key role in environmental mutagenesis with the comet assay, Mutat. Res., 674, 101, 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.10.013 Binelli, 2008, Genotoxic effects of p, p′-DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)ethane) and its metabolites in zebra mussel (D. polymorpha) by SCGE assay and micronucleus test, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 49, 406, 10.1002/em.20400 Bonassi, 2007, An increased micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes predicts the risk of cancer in humans, Carcinogenesis, 28, 625, 10.1093/carcin/bgl177 Collins, 2004, The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: principles, applications, and limitations, Mol. Biotechnol., 26, 249, 10.1385/MB:26:3:249 Collins, 2008, The comet assay: topical issues, Mutagenesis, 23, 143, 10.1093/mutage/gem051 Collins, 2009, Investigating oxidative DNA damage and its repair using the comet assay, Mutat. Res., 681, 24, 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.10.002 Crinnion, 2009, Chlorinated pesticides: threats to health and importance of detection, Altern. Med. Rev., 14, 347 Duke, 1992, Morphological and biochemical assays of apoptosis, 1 Ennaceur, 2008, Genotoxicity of the organochloride pesticides 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in cultured human lymphocytes, Chemosphere, 71, 1335, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.040 Eskenazi, 2009, The Pine River statement: human health consequences of DDT use, Environ. Health. Perspect., 117, 1359, 10.1289/ehp.11748 Fenech, 1985, Measurement of micronuclei in lymphocytes, Mutat. Res., 147, 29, 10.1016/0165-1161(85)90015-9 Fenech, 2003, HUMN project: detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures, Mutat. Res., 534, 65, 10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00249-8 Fenech, 2010, The lymphocyte cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and its application in radiation biodosimetry, Health Phys., 98, 234, 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181b85044 Ferreira, 2011, Serum concentrations of DDT and DDE among malaria control workers in the Amazon region, J. Occup. Health, 53, 115, 10.1539/joh.O10026 Frische, 2010, Structural diversity of organochlorine compounds in groundwater affected by an industrial point source, Chemosphere, 81, 500, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.039 Fukushima, 2005, Hormesis and dose-response-mediated mechanisms in carcinogenicity: evidence for threshold in carcinogenicity of non-genotoxic carcinogens, Carcinogenesis, 26, 1835, 10.1093/carcin/bgi160 Gajski, 2007, Use of sensitive methods for detection of DNA damage on human lymphocytes exposed to p, p′-DDT: comet assay and new criteria for scoring micronucleus test, J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 42, 607, 10.1080/03601230701465445 Galassi, 2008, p, p′-DDE contamination of the blood and diet in central European populations, Sci. Total. Environ., 390, 45, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.029 Glynn, 2011, Regional differences in levels of chlorinated an brominated pollutants in mother’s milk from primiparous women in Sweden, Environ. Int., 37, 71, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.07.003 Henderson, 1998, The ability of the comet assay to discriminate between genotoxins and cytotoxins, Mutagenesis, 13, 89, 10.1093/mutage/13.1.89 International agency for research on cancer, 2009. Agents reviewed by the IARC monographs, vol. 1–100A, Lyon, France. Kaushik, 2011, Changing patterns of organochlorine pesticide residues in raw bovine milk from Haryana, India, Environ. Monit. Assess., 182, 467, 10.1007/s10661-011-1890-4 Kumaravel, 2005, Detection of genetic instability at HER-2/neu and p53 loci in breast cancer cells using comet-FISH, Breast Cancer. Res. Treat., 91, 89, 10.1007/s10549-004-5780-0 Kumaravel, 2009, Comet assay measurements: a perspective, Cell Biol. Toxicol., 25, 53, 10.1007/s10565-007-9043-9 Lindberg, 2007, Origin of nuclear buds and micronuclei in normal and folate-deprived human lymphocytes, Mutat. Res., 617, 33, 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.002 Linderholm, 2010, Human exposure to persistent organic pollutants in West Africa – A temporal trend study from Guinea-Bissau, Environ. Int., 36, 675, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.020 McGlynn, 2008, Persistent organochlorine pesticides and risk of testicular germ cell tumors, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 100, 663, 10.1093/jnci/djn101 Mishra, 2011, Organochlorine pollutants in human blood and their relation with age, gender, and habitat from north-east India, Chemosphere, 85, 454, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.074 Morgan, 2010, Pyrethroid resistance in an Anopheles funestus population from Uganda, PLoS One, 5, e11872, 10.1371/journal.pone.0011872 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2010. OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals 487: In vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test, pp. 1–23. Okonkwo, 2008, DDT, DDE and DDD in human milk from south Africa, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 81, 348, 10.1007/s00128-008-9495-5 Nagata, 1997, Apoptosis by death factor, Cell, 88, 355, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81874-7 Pérez-Maldonado, 2005, DDT-induced oxidative damage in human blood mononuclear cells, Environ. Res., 98, 117, 10.1016/j.envres.2004.11.001 Pérez-Maldonado, 2006, DDE-induced apoptosis in children exposed to the DDT metabolite, Sci. Total. Environ., 370, 343, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.026 Rignell-Hydbom, 2009, Exposure to p, p′-DDE: a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, PLoS One, 4, e7503, 10.1371/journal.pone.0007503 Roy, 2009, Estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting puberty in humans – a review, Med. Sci. Monit., 15, 137 Shi, 2009, p, p′-DDE induces apoptosis of rat Sertoli cells via FasL-dependent pathway, J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2009, 181282, 10.1155/2009/181282 Singh, 1988, A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells, Exp. Cell Res., 175, 184, 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90265-0 Singh, 2000, Microgels for estimation of DNA strand breaks, DNA protein crosslinks and apoptosis, Mutat. Res., 455, 111, 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00075-0 Singh, 2005, Apoptosis assessment by the DNA diffusion assay, Methods. Mol. Med., 111, 56 Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, 2008. Global Status of DDT and its Alternative Use in Vector Control to Prevent Disease, Geneva, Switzerland. Sun, 2010, Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from upper reach of Huaihe River, East China, J. Hazard. Mater., 184, 141, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.016 Tice, 2000, Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35, 206, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J Turusov, 2002, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): ubiquity, persistence, and risks, Environ. Health Perspect., 110, 125, 10.1289/ehp.02110125 Uppala, 2005, Induction of cell proliferation, micronuclei and hyperdiploidy/polyploidy in the mammary cells of DDT- and DMBA-treated pubertal rats, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 46, 43, 10.1002/em.20131 Villa, 2011, Persistent organic pollutant in a fish community of a sub-alpine lake, Environ. Pollut., 159, 932, 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.013 Wendel, 2001, Chronic nervous-system effects of long-term occupational exposure to DDT, Lancet, 357, 1014, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04249-5 World Health Organization, 2004. DDT and its Derivates in Drinking-water, Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, Global Malaria Programme, 2007. The use of DDT in Malaria Vector Control, WHO Position Statement. Yáñez, 2002, Overview of human health and chemical mixtures: problems facing developing countries, Environ. Health Perspect., suppl. 6, 901, 10.1289/ehp.02110s6901 Yáñez, 2004, DDT induces DNA damage in blood cells. Studies in vitro and in women chronically exposed to this insecticide, Environ. Res., 94, 18, 10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00047-1