Socio-economic background of wastewater irrigation and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in crops and vegetables

Abdu, 2010 Abdul, 2001, Heavy metal accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in plants, Turk. J. Bot., 25, 111 Abdullahi, 2007, Trace metals screening of tomatoes and onions from irrigated farmlands on the bank of River Challawa, Kano, Nigeria, Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 6, 1869 Aftab, 2011, Physicochemical properties, contamination and suitability of canal water for irrigation, Lahore Branch Pakistan, Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem., 12, 88 Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, 2007 Alebel, 2010, Wastewater use in crop production in peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa: impacts on health in farm households, Environ. Dev. Econ., 16, 25 Al-Karaki, 2011, Utilization of treated sewage waste water for green forage production in a hydroponic system, Emir. J. Food. Agric., 23, 80, 10.9755/ejfa.v23i1.5315 Amiri, 2008, Heavy metal accumulation in under crown Olea europaea L. forest irrigated with waste water, Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7, 3912 Anwar, 2010, Socio-economics consequences of reusing waste water in agriculture in Faisalabad, Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci., 8, 102 Arora, 2008, Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources, Food Chem., 111, 811, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.049 Aydinalpi, 2003, Distribution and forms of heavy metals in some agricultural soils, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 12, 629 Baig, 2011, Economic impacts of wastewater irrigation in Punjab, Pak. J. Agric. Res., 49, 5 Banerjee, 2010, Heavy metal contamination in fruits and vegetables in two districts of West Bengal, India, Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 9, 1423 Bernstein, 2004, Health effects of air pollution, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 114, 1116, 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.030 Bigdeli, 2008, Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications, Am. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 4, 86 Carmichael, 2001, Health effects of toxin-producing cyanobacteria: the CyanoHABs, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J., 7, 1393, 10.1080/20018091095087 Chiroma, 2012, Levels of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb Fe and Cr) in bushgreen and roselle irrigated with treated and untreated urban sewage water, Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 1, 50 Cooper, 1991, Public health concerns in waste water reuse, Water Sci. Technol., 24, 55, 10.2166/wst.1991.0235 De Matos, 2001, Mobility of heavy metals as related to soil chemical and mineralogical characteristics of Brazilian soils, Environ. Pollut., 111, 429, 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00088-9 Denneman, 1990, Ecotoxicological risk assessment as a base for development of Soil quality criteria Drechsel, 2009 Ensink, 2004, A nationwide assessment of waste water use in Pakistan: an obscure activity or a vitally important one?, Water Policy, 6, 197, 10.2166/wp.2004.0013 FAO, 1985, Water Quality for Irrigation for Agriculture, vol. 1, 1 FAO, 1992, Waste Water Treatment and Use in Agriculture, vol. 47, 16 Fatoba, 2012, Assessment of heavy metal contents of Lycopersicum esculentum mill. (tomato) and Capsicum chinense L. (pepper) irrigated with treated and untreated detergent and soap waste waters, Ethiop. J. Environ. Stud. Manage., 5, 506, 10.4314/ejesm.v5i4.S10 Feenstra, 2000 Galavi, 2010, Effects of treated municipal waste water on soil chemical properties and heavy metal uptake by Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L.), J. Agric. Sci., 2, 235 Ghafoor, 1994, Chemical composition of effluents from different industries of the Faisalabad city, Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 31, 367 Habbari, 2000, Geohelminthic infections associated with raw waste water reuse for agricultural purposes in Beni-Mellal, Morocco, Int. J. Parasitol., 48, 249, 10.1016/S1383-5769(99)00026-4 Hanif, 2005, Assessing pollution levels in effluents of industries in City Zone of Faisalabad, Pakistan, J. Appl. Sci., 5, 1713, 10.3923/jas.2005.1713.1717 Hanjra, 2012, Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: implications for water governance and public policy, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 215, 255, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.003 Hanjra, 2010, Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change, Food Policy, 35, 365, 10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006 Henze, 2002 Ibrahim, 1993, Chemical composition of Faisalabad-city [Pakistan] sewage effluent: I. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents., J. Agric. Res., 30 Jamal, 2013, Pakistan poverty statistics: estimates for 2011 Jamil, 2010, Contamination of agro-ecosystem and human health hazards from waste water used for irrigation, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 32, 370 Jiménez, 2005, Treatment technology and standards for agricultural waste water reuse: a case study in Mexico, Irrig. Drain., 54, S23, 10.1002/ird.183 John, 2012, Assessment of heavy metal bioaccumulation in spinach, jute mallow and tomato in farms within Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria, Am. J. Chem., 2, 13, 10.5923/j.chemistry.20120201.04 Karatas, 2006, Heavy metal accumulation in wheat plants irrigated by waste water, Cellulose Chem. Technol., 40, 575 Katz, 1993, The toxicology of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation: a review, J. Appl. Toxicol., 13, 217, 10.1002/jat.2550130314 Khan, 2013, Heavy metal status of soil and vegetables grown on pen-urban area of Lahore district, Soil Environ., 32, 49 Khan, 2008, Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China., Environ. Pollut., 152, 686, 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.056 Kibria, 2012, Influence of waste water irrigation on heavy metal accumulation in soil and plant, Int. J. Appl. Nat. Sci., 1, 43 Lone, 2013, Accumulation of heavy metals on soil and vegetable crops grown on sewage and tube well water irrigation, Sci. Res. Essays, 8, 2187, 10.5897/SRE2013.5636 Mahmood, 2006, Impacts of waste water irrigation on water quality and on the health of local community in Faisalabad Pakistan, J. Water Res., 10, 19 Maldonado, 2008, Heavy metal content in soils under different waste water irrigation patterns in Chihuahua, Mexico, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 5, 441, 10.3390/ijerph5050441 Mapanda, 2007, Uptake of heavy metals by vegetables irrigated using waste water and the subsequent risks in Harare, Zimbabwe, Phys. Chem. Earth, 32, 1399, 10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.046 Mara, 1989, 187 Martin, 2009, Human health effects of heavy metals. Environmental science and technology briefs for citizens. Center for Hazardous Substance Research, Kansas State University, Epidemiology, 19, S230 McLean, 1992, Ground water issue. Behaviour of metals in soils Mesa-Jurado, 2012, The economic value of guaranteed water supply for irrigation under scarcity conditions, Agric. Water Manage., 113, 10, 10.1016/j.agwat.2012.06.009 Miller, 1998, Nitric-perchloric acid wet digestion in an open vessel, 57 Muchuweti, 2006, Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implications for human health, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 112, 41, 10.1016/j.agee.2005.04.028 Murtaza, 2008, Accumulation and implications of cadmium, cobalt and manganese in soils and vegetables irrigated with city effluent, J. Sci. Food Agric., 88, 100, 10.1002/jsfa.3052 Murtaza, 2010, Disposal and use of sewage on agricultural lands in Pakistan: a review, Pedosphere, 20, 23, 10.1016/S1002-0160(09)60279-4 Mussarat, 2007, Concentration of metals in sewage and canal water used for irrigation in Peshawar, Sarhad J. Agric., 23, 335 Naseem, 2012 Olaniran, 2013, Bioavailability of heavy metals in soil: impact on microbial biodegradation of organic compounds and possible improvement strategies, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14, 10197, 10.3390/ijms140510197 Omofonmwan, 2009, Effects of solid waste on the quality of underground water in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria, J. Hum. Ecol., 26, 99, 10.1080/09709274.2009.11906171 Ozores-Hampton, 2005, Heavy metal accumulation in a sandy soil and in pepper fruit following long-term application of organic amendments, Compost Sci. Util., 13, 60, 10.1080/1065657X.2005.10702218 Pak-SCEA, 2006 Plum, 2010, The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 7, 1342, 10.3390/ijerph7041342 Qadir, 1997, Metal ion toxicities in soils and vegetables irrigated with city effluent Qadir, 2010, The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries, Agric. Water Manage., 97, 561, 10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 Rattan, 2005, Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—a case study, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 109, 310, 10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025 Ryan, 2007 Scott, 2004 Sharma, 2014, Review of arsenic contamination, exposure through water and food and low cost mitigation options for rural areas, Appl. Geochem., 41, 11, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.11.012 Sharma, 2013, Analysis of heavy metals in soil and vegetables irrigated with waste water in Meerut city region, Int. J. Adv. Life Sci., 6, 287 Shuval, 1990, Waste water irrigation in developing countries: health effects and technical solutions Singh, 2010, Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 611, 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.041 Singh, 1999, 120 Singh, 2004, Impact assessment of treated/untreated wastewater toxicants discharged by sewage treatment plants on health, agricultural, and environmental quality in the wastewater disposal area, Chemosphere, 55, 227, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.050 Singh, 2012, Heavy metals accumulation and distribution pattern in different vegetable crops, J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., 4, 75, 10.5897/JECE11.076 Sridhara, 2008, Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 69, 513, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.013 Sunderman, 1977, A review of the metabolism and toxicology of nickel, Ann. Clin. Lab., 7, 377 Tomáš, 2012, Heavy metals in productive parts of agricultural plants, J. Microbiol. Biotech. Food Sci., 1, 819 Valipour, 2014, Land use policy and agricultural water management of the previous half of century in Africa, Appl. Water Sci. Vasconcellos, 2003, A simplified method for assessing physical activity level values for a country or study population, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57, 1025, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601638 WHO/FAO, 2007, Joint FAO/WHO food standard programme codex alimentarius commission 13th session Zafar, 2003, Farmers perception about social impact and constraints in wastewater irrigation, Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 40, 210