Using multivariate statistical methods to assess the groundwater quality in an arsenic-contaminated area of Southwestern Taiwan
Tóm tắt
Groundwater is a major water resource in Southwestern Taiwan; hence, long-term monitoring of water quality is essential. The study aims to assess the hydrochemical characteristics of water in the arsenic-contaminated aquifers of Choushui River alluvial fan and Chianan Plain, Taiwan using multivariate statistical methods, namely, factor analysis (FA), cluster analysis (CA), and discriminant analysis (DA). Factor analysis is applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater. Cluster analysis is applied to spatially categorize the collected water samples based on the water quality. Discriminant analysis is then applied to elucidate key parameters associated with the occurrence of elevated As concentration (>10 μg L−1) in groundwater. Major water types are characterized as Na–Ca–Cl and Na–Mg–Cl in the Choushui River alluvial fan and Chianan Plain, respectively. Inorganic species of arsenic (As), particularly As(III), prevail in these two groundwater catchments, and their levels are higher in the Chianan Plain than in the Choushui River alluvial fan. Through FA, three factors, namely, the degree of salination, As reduction, and iron (Fe) reduction, are determined and denoted irrespective of some differences between the factorial compositions. Spatial distribution patterns of factors As reduction and Fe reduction imply that the redox zonation is delineated by As- and Fe-dominance zones separately. The results of CA demonstrate that three main groups can be properly explained by the factors extracted via FA. Three- (Fe2+, Fe3+, and NH
4
+
) and four-parameters (Fe2+, Fe3+, NH
4
+
, and Ca2+) derived from discriminant analysis for Choushui River alluvial fan and Chianan Plain are elucidated as key parameters affecting the distribution of As-contained groundwater. The analytical results indicate that the reductive dissolution of Fe minerals is prerequisite for the mobilization of As, whereas the shift of redox condition from Fe- to As-reducing leads to the accumulation of dissolved As in this area.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acharyya, S. K., Shah, B. A., Ashyiya, I. D., & Pandey, Y. (2005). Arsenic contamination in groundwater from parts of Ambagarh–Chowki block, Chhattisgarh, India: source and release mechanism. Environmental Geology, 49, 148–158.
Akai, J., Izumi, K., Fukuhara, H., Masuda, H., Nakano, S., Yoshimura, T., et al. (2004). Mineralogical and geomicrobiological investigations on groundwater arsenic enrichment in Bangladesh. Applied Geochemistry, 19, 215–230.
APHA. (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water (20th ed.). Washington: APHA, American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation.
Bhattacharya, P., Jacks, G., Ahmed, K. M., Khan, A. A., & Routh, J. (2002). Arsenic in groundwater of the Bengal delta plain aquifers in Bangladesh. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69, 538–545.
Central Geological Survey. (1999). Project of groundwater monitoring network in Taiwan during first stage-research report of Chou-Shui River alluvial fan. Taiwan: Water Resources Bureau.
Chen, W. F., & Liu, T. K. (2003). Dissolved oxygen and nitrate of groundwater in Choushui Fan-Delta, western Taiwan. Environmental Geology, 44, 731–737.
Fendorf, S., Michael, H. A., & van Geen, A. (2010). Spatial and temporal variations of groundwater arsenic in south and southeast Asia. Science, 328, 1123–1127.
Gallagher, P. A., Schwegel, C. A., Parks, A., Gamble, B. M., Wymer, L., & Creed, J. T. (2004). Preservation of As(III) and As(V) in drinking water supply samples from across the United States using EDTA and acetic acid as a means of minimizing iron–arsenic coprecipitation. Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 2919–2927.
Halim, M. A., Majumder, R. K., Nessa, S. A., Oda, K., Hiroshiro, Y., Saha, B. B., et al. (2009). Groundwater contamination with arsenic in Sherajdikhan, Bangladesh: Geochemical and hydrological implications. Environmental Geology, 58, 73–84.
Halim, M. A., Majumder, R. K., Nessa, S. A., Oda, K., Hiroshiro, Y., & Jinno, K. (2010). Arsenic in shallow aquifer in the eastern region of Bangladesh: insight from principal component analysis of groundwater compositions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 161, 453–472.
Harvey, C. F., Swartz, C. H., Badruzzaman, A. B. M., Keon-Blute, N., Yu, W., Ali, M. A., et al. (2002). Arsenic mobility and groundwater extraction in Bangladesh. Science, 298, 1602–1606.
Huang, C. Y. (1996). Foraminiferal analysis and stratigraphic correlation on the subsurface geology of the Choushuichi alluvial fan. In: Proc. Conf. Groundwater and Hydrogeology of Choushui River Alluvial Fan, 55–66.
Huang, Y. K., Lin, K. H., Chen, H. W., Chang, C. C., Liu, C. W., Yang, M. H., et al. (2003). Arsenic species contents at aquaculture farm and in farmed mouthbreeder (Oreochromis mossambicus) in BFD hyperendemic areas. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 41, 1491–1500.
Islam, F. S., Gault, A. G., Boothman, C., Polya, D. A., Charnock, J. M., Chatterjee, D., et al. (2004). Role of metal-reducing bacteria in arsenic release from Bengal delta sediments. Nature, 430, 68–71.
Jakobsen, R., & Postma, D. (1999). Redox zoning, rate of sulfate reduction and interactions with Fe-reduction and methanogenesis in a shallow sandy aquifer, Romo, Denmark. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 137–151.
Keon, N. E., Swartz, C. H., Brabander, D. J., Harvey, C., & Hemond, H. F. (2001). Validation of an arsenic sequential extraction method for evaluating mobility in sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, 35, 2778–2784.
Kim, M. J., Nriagu, J., & Haack, S. (2000). Carbonate ions and arsenic dissolution by groundwater. Environmental Science & Technology, 34, 3094–3100.
Kocar, B. D., Polizzotto, M. L., Benner, S. G., Ying, S. C., Ung, M., Ouch, K., et al. (2008). Integrated biogeochemical and hydrologic processes driving arsenic release from shallow sediments to groundwaters of Mekong delta. Applied Geochemistry, 23, 3059–3071.
Lin, Y. B., Lin, Y. P., Liu, C. W., & Tan, Y. C. (2006). Mapping of spatial multi-scale sources of arsenic variation in groundwater on ChiaNan floodplain of Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 370, 168–181.
Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H., Chen, S. Z., & Jang, C. S. (2003). Aquifer salinization in the Yun-Lin coastal area, Taiwan. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39, 817–827.
Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H., & Kuo, Y. M. (2003). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 313, 77–89.
Liu, C. W., Wang, S. W., Jang, C. S., & Lin, K. H. (2006). Occurrence of arsenic in ground water in the Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 68–75.
Liu, C. C., Jean, J. S., Nath, B., Lee, M. K., & Hor, L. I. (2009). Geochemical characteristics of the fluids and muds from two southern Taiwan mud volcanoes: Implications for water-sediment interaction and groundwater arsenic enrichment. Applied Geochemistry, 24, 1793–1802.
Lovley, D. R., & Phillips, E. J. P. (1987). Rapid assay for microbially reducible ferric iron in aquatic sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 153, 1536–1540.
Lu, K. L., Liu, C. W., Wang, S. W., Jang, C. S., Lin, K. H., Liao, V. H. C., et al. (2010). Primary sink and source of geogenic arsenic in sedimentary aquifer in the southern Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan. Applied Geochemistry, 25, 684–695.
Nath, B., Jean, J. S., Lee, M. K., Yang, H. J., & Liu, C. H. (2008). Geochemistry of high arsenic groundwater in Chia-Nan plain, Southwestern Taiwan: Possible sources and reactive transport of arsenic. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 99, 85–96.
Nath, B., Maity, J. P., Jean, J. S., Birch, G., Kar, S., Yang, H. J., et al. (2011). Geochemical characterization of arsenic-affected alluvial aquifers of the Bengal Delta (West Bengal and Bangladesh) and Chianan Plains (SW Taiwan): Implications for human health. Applied Geochemistry, 26, 705–713.
Nickson, R. T., McArthur, J. M., Burgess, W. G., Ahmed, K. M., Ravenscroft, P., & Rahman, M. (1998). Arsenic poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater. Nature, 395, 338.
Palma, P., Alvarenga, P., Palma, V. L., Fernandes, R. M., Soares, A. M. V. M., & Barbosa, I. R. (2010). Assessment of anthropogenic sources of water pollution using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Alqueva’s reservoir, Portugal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 165, 539–552.
Papaioannou, A., Mavridou, A., Hadjichristodoulou, C., Papastergiou, P., Pappa, O., Dovriki, E., et al. (2010). Application of multivariate statistical methods for groundwater physicochemical and biological quality assessment in the context of public health. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170, 87–97.
Reyment, R. A., & Joreskog, K. H. (1993). Applied factor analysis in the natural sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sharma, S. (1996). Applied multivariate techniques. New York: Wiley.
Smedley, P. L., & Kinniburgh, D. G. (2002). A review of the source, behavior, and distribution of arsenic in nature water. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 517–568.
Smith, A. H., Lopipero, P. A., Bates, M. N., & Steinmaus, C. M. (2002). Arsenic epidemiology and drinking water standards. Science, 296, 2145–2146.
SPSS Inc. (1998). SPSS BASE 8.0—Application guide. Chicago: SPSS.
Sundaray, S. K. (2010). Application of multivariate statistical techniques in hydrogeochemical studies—A case study: Brahmani-Koel River (India). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 164, 297–310.
Tseng, W. P. (1977). Effects and dose–response relationships of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic. Environmental Health Perspectives, 19, 109–119.
Wang, S. W., Liu, C. W., & Jang, C. S. (2007). Factors responsible for high arsenic concentrations in two groundwater catchments in Taiwan. Applied Geochemistry, 22, 460–467.
Yang, Y. H., Zhou, F., Guo, H. C., Sheng, H., Liu, H., Dao, X., et al. (2010). Analysis of spatial and temporal water pollution patterns in Lake Dianchi using multivariate statistical methods. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170, 407–416.
Zobrist, J., Dowdle, P. R., Davis, J. A., & Oremland, R. S. (2000). Mobilization of arsenite by dissimiliatory reduction of adsorbed arsenate. Environmental Science & Technology, 34, 4747–4753.