Physical activity and memory functions: An interventional study

Abbott, 2004, Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men, JAMA, 292, 1447, 10.1001/jama.292.12.1447 Ainsworth, 2000, Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 32, S498, 10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009 Allman, 2001, The anterior cingulate cortex. The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition, Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 935, 107, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03476.x Ang, 2007, Potential therapeutic effects of exercise to the brain, Curr. Med. Chem., 14, 2564, 10.2174/092986707782023280 Ashburner, 2000, Voxel-based morphometry—the methods, Neuroimage, 11, 805, 10.1006/nimg.2000.0582 Ashburner, 2005, Unified segmentation, Neuroimage, 26, 839, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018 Babyak, 2000, Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months, Psychosom. Med., 62, 633, 10.1097/00006842-200009000-00006 Barnes, 2003, A longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in healthy older adults, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 51, 459, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51153.x Blacker, 2007, Neuropsychological measures in normal individuals that predict subsequent cognitive decline, Arch. Neurol., 64, 862, 10.1001/archneur.64.6.862 Boldt, F., Berbalk, A., Halle, M.G.H., Löllgen, H., Schmidt Trucksäss, A., Urhausen, A., Völker, K., Zurstegge, M., 2002. Leitlinien zur Belastungsuntersuchung in der Sportmedizin. Expertenkommission und Präsidium der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin und Prävention. Breitenstein, 2006, Tonic dopaminergic stimulation impairs associative learning in healthy subjects, Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2552, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301167 Breitenstein, 2004, D-amphetamine boosts language learning independent of its cardiovascular and motor arousing effects, Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1704, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300464 Bush, 2000, Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex, Trends Cogn. Sci., 4, 215, 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2 Carro, 2000, Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain, J. Neurosci., 20, 2926, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-08-02926.2000 Cavanna, 2006, The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates, Brain, 129, 564, 10.1093/brain/awl004 Chen, 2005, Physical activity and the risk of Parkinson disease, Neurology, 64, 664, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000151960.28687.93 Chouinard, 2006, The primary motor and premotor areas of the human cerebral cortex, Neuroscientist, 12, 143, 10.1177/1073858405284255 Christoff, 2000, The frontopolar cortex and human cognition: evidence for a rostrocaudal hierarchical organisation within the human prefrontal cortex, Psychobiology, 28, 168, 10.3758/BF03331976 Church, 2002, Field testing of physiological responses associated with Nordic Walking, Res. Q Exerc. Sport, 73, 296, 10.1080/02701367.2002.10609023 Colcombe, 2003, Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study, Psychol. Sci., 14, 125, 10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430 Colcombe, 2005, The implications of cortical recruitment and brain morphology for individual differences in inhibitory function in aging humans, Psychol. Aging, 20, 363, 10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.363 Colcombe, 2003, Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 58, 176, 10.1093/gerona/58.2.M176 Colcombe, 2006, Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 61, 1166, 10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166 Colcombe, 2004, Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101, 3316, 10.1073/pnas.0400266101 Colcombe, 2004, Neurocognitive aging and cardiovascular fitness: recent findings and future directions, J. Mol. Neurosci., 24, 9, 10.1385/JMN:24:1:009 Cotman, 2002, Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity, Trends Neurosci., 25, 295, 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02143-4 DeBusk, 1990, Training effects of long versus short bouts of exercise in healthy subjects, Am. J. Cardiol., 65, 1010, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)91005-Q Devinsky, 1995, Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour, Brain, 118, 279, 10.1093/brain/118.1.279 Engelhart, 2002, Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease, JAMA, 287, 3223, 10.1001/jama.287.24.3223 Erickson, 2007, Interactive effects of fitness and hormone treatment on brain health in postmenopausal women, Neurobiol. Aging, 28, 179, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.11.016 Eriksdotter-Nilsson, 1989, Multiple changes in noradrenergic mechanisms in the coeruleo-hippocampal pathway during aging. Structural and functional correlates in intraocular double grafts, Neurobiol. Aging, 10, 117, 10.1016/0197-4580(89)90020-1 Fiorillo, 2004, The uncertain nature of dopamine, Mol. Psychiatry, 9, 122, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001445 Fletcher, 2001, Frontal lobes and human memory: insights from functional neuroimaging, Brain, 124, 849, 10.1093/brain/124.5.849 Floel, 2005, Dopaminergic influences on formation of a motor memory, Ann. Neurol., 58, 121, 10.1002/ana.20536 Floel, 2006, Translational studies in neurorehabilitation: from bench to bedside, Cogn. Behav. Neurol., 19, 1, 10.1097/00146965-200603000-00001 Floel, 2006, Levodopa increases memory encoding and dopamine release in the striatum in the elderly, Neurobiol. Aging Floel, 2005, Dopaminergic effects on encoding of a motor memory in chronic stroke, Neurology, 65, 472, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000172340.56307.5e Floel, 2004, Prefrontal cortex asymmetry for memory encoding of words and abstract shapes, Cereb. Cortex., 14, 404, 10.1093/cercor/bhh002 Floel, A., Willemer, C., Krüger, K., Breitenstein, C., Mooren, F., Knecht, S., 2007. Physical activity and the aging brain. Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Annual Meeting, New York, S10. Floel, 2008, Lifestyle and memory in the elderly, Neuroepidemiology, 31, 39, 10.1159/000137378 Folstein, 1975, “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J. Psychiatr. Res., 12, 189, 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 Frey, 1999, Freiburg questionnaire of physical activity—development, evaluation and application, Soz Praventivmed., 44, 55, 10.1007/BF01667127 Gibbons, 2002, ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines), Circulation, 106, 1883, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000034670.06526.15 Golby, 2001, Material-specific lateralization in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex during memory encoding, Brain, 124, 1841, 10.1093/brain/124.9.1841 Gold, 2003, Basal serum levels and reactivity of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor to standardized acute exercise in multiple sclerosis and controls, J. Neuroimmunol., 138, 99, 10.1016/S0165-5728(03)00121-8 Gomez-Pinilla, 1997, Physical exercise induces FGF-2 and its mRNA in the hippocampus, Brain Res., 764, 1, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00375-2 Gomez-Pinilla, 2001, Differential regulation by exercise of BDNF and NT-3 in rat spinal cord and skeletal muscle, Eur. J. Neurosci., 13, 1078, 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01484.x Grefkes, 2005, The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and monkeys, J. Anat., 207, 3, 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00426.x Hattori, 1994, Striatal dopamine turnover during treadmill running in the rat: relation to the speed of running, Brain Res. Bull., 35, 41, 10.1016/0361-9230(94)90214-3 Hayasaka, 2004, Nonstationary cluster-size inference with random field and permutation methods, Neuroimage, 22, 676, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.041 Hedden, 2004, Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 5, 87, 10.1038/nrn1323 Helge, 2008, Low-intensity training dissociates metabolic from aerobic fitness, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 18, 86, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00604.x Helmstaedter, 2001 Herrmann, 2007, The cognitive neuropsychology of depression in the elderly, Psychol. Med., 37, 1693, 10.1017/S0033291707001134 Hillman, 2004, Physical activity and executive control: implications for increased cognitive health during older adulthood, Res. Q Exerc. Sport, 75, 176, 10.1080/02701367.2004.10609149 Infeld, 2002, Policy initiatives to promote healthy aging, Clin. Geriatr. Med., 18, 627, 10.1016/S0749-0690(02)00024-1 Irwin, 2004, Influence of demographic, physiologic, and psychosocial variables on adherence to a yearlong moderate-intensity exercise trial in postmenopausal women, Prev. Med., 39, 1080, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.017 Jay, 2003, Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory mechanisms, Prog. Neurobiol., 69, 375, 10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00085-6 Jernigan, 2001, Effects of age on tissues and regions of the cerebrum and cerebellum, Neurobiol. Aging, 22, 581, 10.1016/S0197-4580(01)00217-2 Jouvenceau, 1998, Alteration of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses in CA1 area of the aged rat hippocampus: contribution of GABAergic and cholinergic deficits, Hippocampus, 8, 627, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:6<627::AID-HIPO5>3.0.CO;2-X Kirchhoff, 2000, Prefrontal-temporal circuitry for episodic encoding and subsequent memory, J. Neurosci., 20, 6173, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-16-06173.2000 Knecht, 2004, Levodopa: faster and better word learning in normal humans, Ann. Neurol., 56, 20, 10.1002/ana.20125 Knecht, 2008, High-normal blood pressure is associated with poor cognitive performance, Hypertension, 51, 663, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.105577 Kraemer, 1999, Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men, J. Appl. Physiol., 87, 982, 10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.982 Kreijkamp-Kaspers, 2004, Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 292, 65, 10.1001/jama.292.1.65 Kuhner, 2007, Reliability and validity of the revised Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Results from German samples, Nervenarzt, 78, 651, 10.1007/s00115-006-2098-7 Kurth, 2006, Healthy lifestyle and the risk of stroke in women, Arch. Intern. Med., 166, 1403, 10.1001/archinte.166.13.1403 Laurin, 2001, Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons, Arch. Neurol., 58, 498, 10.1001/archneur.58.3.498 Lezak, 2004 Liegeois, 2004, Language reorganization in children with early-onset lesions of the left hemisphere: an fMRI study, Brain, 127, 1229, 10.1093/brain/awh159 Luft, 2008, Treadmill exercise activates subcortical neural networks and improves walking after stroke: a randomized controlled trial, Stroke, 39, 3341, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.527531 Manini, 2006, Daily activity energy expenditure and mortality among older adults, JAMA, 296, 171, 10.1001/jama.296.2.171 Markowska, 1998, Insulin-like growth factor-1 ameliorates age-related behavioral deficits, Neuroscience, 87, 559, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00143-2 Mattson, 2000, Neuroprotective signaling and the aging brain: take away my food and let me run, Brain Res., 886, 47, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02790-6 McMorris, 2008, A test of the catecholamines hypothesis for an acute exercise-cognition interaction, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 89, 106, 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.11.007 Meeusen, 1995, Exercise and brain neurotransmission, Sports Med., 20, 160, 10.2165/00007256-199520030-00004 Meisenzahl, 2008, Structural brain alterations in subjects at high-risk of psychosis: a voxel-based morphometric study, Schizophr. Res., 102, 150, 10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.023 Merriam, 2005, Active vision in parietal and extrastriate cortex, Neuroscientist, 11, 484, 10.1177/1073858405276871 Meyer, 2006, Does cumulating endurance training at the weekends impair training effectiveness?, Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil., 13, 578, 10.1097/01.hjr.0000198921.34814.4d Molteni, 2002, Differential effects of acute and chronic exercise on plasticity-related genes in the rat hippocampus revealed by microarray, Eur. J. Neurosci., 16, 1107, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02158.x Nyberg, 2004, Cognitive aging: a view from brain imaing, 135 Nybo, 2003, Association between fatigue and failure to preserve cerebral energy turnover during prolonged exercise, Acta Physiol. Scand., 179, 67, 10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01175.x Nybo, 2003, Neurohumoral responses during prolonged exercise in humans, J. Appl. Physiol., 95, 1125, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00241.2003 O’Hare, 2008, Activation of the posterior cingulate by semantic priming: a co-registered ERP/fMRI study, Brain Res., 1189, 97, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.095 Oldfield, 1971, The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory, Neuropsychologia, 9, 97, 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 Palange, 2007, Recommendations on the use of exercise testing in clinical practice, Eur. Respir. J., 29, 185, 10.1183/09031936.00046906 Pan, 1998, Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood-brain barrier, Neuropharmacology, 37, 1553, 10.1016/S0028-3908(98)00141-5 Park, 2003, The effect of long-term aerobic exercise on maximal oxygen consumption, left ventricular function and serum lipids in elderly women, J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci., 22, 11, 10.2114/jpa.22.11 Pate, 1995, Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine, JAMA, 273, 402, 10.1001/jama.1995.03520290054029 Pereira, 2007, An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104, 5638, 10.1073/pnas.0611721104 Poduslo, 1996, Permeability at the blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers of the neurotrophic factors: NGF, CNTF, NT-3, BDNF, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 36, 280, 10.1016/0169-328X(95)00250-V Poline, 1997, Combining spatial extent and peak intensity to test for activations in functional imaging, Neuroimage, 5, 83, 10.1006/nimg.1996.0248 Posner, 2000, Cognitive neuroscience: origins and promise, Psychol. Bull., 126, 873, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.873 Pressley, 2003, Dementia in community-dwelling elderly patients: a comparison of survey data, medicare claims, cognitive screening, reported symptoms, and activity limitations, J. Clin. Epidemiol., 56, 896, 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00133-1 Price, 2003, The myth of the visual word form area, Neuroimage, 19, 473, 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00084-3 Raine, 2006, Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behavior, Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci., 1, 203, 10.1093/scan/nsl033 Ravaglia, 2008, Physical activity and dementia risk in the elderly: findings from a prospective Italian study, Neurology, 70, 1786, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000296276.50595.86 Raz, 2004, Aging, sexual dimorphism, and hemispheric asymmetry of the cerebral cortex: replicability of regional differences in volume, Neurobiol. Aging, 25, 377, 10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00118-0 Rogers, 1990, After reaching retirement age physical activity sustains cerebral perfusion and cognition, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 38, 123, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb03472.x Sadik, 2003, The increasing burden of Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 17, S75, 10.1097/00002093-200307003-00003 Schiffer, 2006, Physiological responses to nordic walking, walking and jogging, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 98, 56, 10.1007/s00421-006-0242-5 Schulz, 2004, Impact of aerobic training on immune-endocrine parameters, neurotrophic factors, quality of life and coordinative function in multiple sclerosis, J. Neurol. Sci., 225, 11, 10.1016/j.jns.2004.06.009 Schwarz, 1996, Acute effect of brief low- and high-intensity exercise on circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, II, and IGF-binding protein-3 and its proteolysis in young healthy men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 3492 Singh, 2001, The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized, controlled trial, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 56, M497, 10.1093/gerona/56.8.M497 Slanger, 2007, Test-retest reliability of self-reported reproductive and lifestyle data in the context of a german case-control study on breast cancer and postmenopausal hormone therapy, Ann. Epidemiol., 17, 993, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.094 Smiley-Oyen, 2008, Exercise, fitness, and neurocognitive function in older adults: the “selective improvement” and “cardiovascular fitness” hypotheses, Ann. Behav. Med., 10.1007/s12160-008-9064-5 Squire, 1992, Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: a functional anatomical study of memory, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 1837, 10.1073/pnas.89.5.1837 Stiggelbout, 2004, Once a week is not enough: effects of a widely implemented group based exercise programme for older adults; a randomised controlled trial, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 58, 83, 10.1136/jech.58.2.83 Strauss, 2006 Street, 2007, The relationship between organised physical recreation and mental health, Health Promot. J. Austr., 18, 236, 10.1071/HE07236 Sutoo, 2003, Regulation of brain function by exercise, Neurobiol. Dis., 13, 1, 10.1016/S0969-9961(03)00030-5 Talairach, 1988 Teunissen, 2003, Inflammation markers in relation to cognition in a healthy aging population, J. Neuroimmunol., 134, 142, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00398-3 Thomas, 2008, Depression and cognition in older adults, Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 21, 8, 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f2139b Trejo, 2001, Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus, J. Neurosci., 21, 1628, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01628.2001 Van der Elst, 2005, Rey's verbal learning test: normative data for 1855 healthy participants aged 24–81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation, J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc., 11, 290, 10.1017/S1355617705050344 van Gelder, 2004, Physical activity in relation to cognitive decline in elderly men: the FINE Study, Neurology, 63, 2316, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000147474.29994.35 van Praag, 1999, Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 13427, 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13427 van Praag, 1999, Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus, Nat. Neurosci., 2, 266, 10.1038/6368 Vaynman, 2005, License to run: exercise impacts functional plasticity in the intact and injured central nervous system by using neurotrophins, Neurorehabil. Neural Repair, 19, 283, 10.1177/1545968305280753 Vaynman, 2006, Revenge of the “sit”: how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity, J. Neurosci. Res., 84, 699, 10.1002/jnr.20979 Vaynman, 2006, Coupling energy metabolism with a mechanism to support brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity, Neuroscience, 139, 1221, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.062 Vaynman, 2006, Exercise differentially regulates synaptic proteins associated to the function of BDNF, Brain Res., 1070, 124, 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.062 Volkow, 1998, Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals, Am. J. Psychiatry., 155, 344 Wang, 2000, PET studies of the effects of aerobic exercise on human striatal dopamine release, J. Nucl. Med., 41, 1352 Weuve, 2004, Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women, JAMA, 292, 1454, 10.1001/jama.292.12.1454 Winter, 2007, High impact running improves learning, Neurobiol. Learn Mem., 87, 597, 10.1016/j.nlm.2006.11.003 Wise, 2004, Dopamine, learning and motivation, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 5, 483, 10.1038/nrn1406 Witte, 2009, Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly humans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106, 1255, 10.1073/pnas.0808587106 Woodard, 1999, Task decomposition analysis of intertrial free recall performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease, J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol., 21, 666, 10.1076/jcen.21.5.666.872 Worsley, 1999, Detecting changes in nonisotropic images, Hum. Brain Mapp., 8, 98, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:2/3<98::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-F