A socio-ecological exploration of fear of crime in urban green spaces – A systematic review

Abrams, 1993 Adu-Mireku, 2002, Fear of crime among residents of three communities in Accra, Ghana, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43, 153, 10.1177/002071520204300203 Amemiya, 2002, The physical characteristics of greenways that instill the fear of crime in a New Town, Journal of Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture, 65, 823, 10.5632/jila.65.823 Amemiya, 2003, Analyzing the fear of crime in parks and greenways: a case study of Tsukuba Science City, Japan, Journal of Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture, 2, 134 Anderson, 1989, Planting in parking lots to improve perceived attractiveness and security, Journal of Arboriculture, 15, 7 Andrews, 2010, Variations in perception of danger, fear and preference in a simulated natural environment, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 473, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.001 Atkins, 1991 Bannister, 2001, Fear and the city, Urban Studies, 38, 807, 10.1080/00420980123505 Bixler, 1997, Nature is scary, disgusting and uncomfortable, Environment and Behavior, 29, 443, 10.1177/001391659702900401 Bowler, 2010, A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments, BMC Public Health, 10, 456, 10.1186/1471-2458-10-456 Brower, 1983, Resident's perceptions of territorial features and perceived local threat, Environment and Behavior, 15, 419, 10.1177/0013916583154002 Brownlow, 2006, An archaeology of fear and environmental change in Philadelphia, Geoforum, 37, 227, 10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.02.009 Burgess, 1996, Focusing on fear, Area, 28, 130 Burgess, 1988, People, parks and the urban green: a study of popular meanings and values for open spaces in the city, Urban Studies, 25, 455, 10.1080/00420988820080631 Castonguay, 2009, Children's appreciation of outdoor places in a poor neighborhood, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 101, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.05.002 Chiesura, 2004, The role of urban parks for the sustainable city, Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, 129, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003 Clark, 2003, Fear in fear of crime, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 102, 267, 10.1375/pplt.2003.10.2.267 Coles, 2000, Urban forest landscapes in the UK – progressing the social agenda, Landscape and Urban Planning, 52, 181, 10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00132-8 Coley, 1997, Where does community grow? The social context created by nature in urban public housing, Environment and Behavior, 29, 468, 10.1177/001391659702900402 Cooper-Marcus, 1999 Crank, 2003, Fear of crime in a nonurban setting, Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 249, 10.1016/S0047-2352(03)00006-0 Crew, 2001, Linear parks and urban neighbourhoods: a study of the crime impact of the Boston south-west corridor, Journal of Urban Design, 6, 245, 10.1080/13574800120105779 Crow, 2006, The Riverside and Berwyn experience: contrast in landscape structure, perceptions in the urban landscapes and their effects on people, Landscape and Urban Planning, 75, 282, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.04.002 Dammert, 2006, Does it take a village? Policing strategies and fear of crime in Latin America, Latin American Politics and Society, 48, 27, 10.1353/lap.2006.0043 Daniel, 2001, Representational validity of landscape visualizations: the effect of graphical realism on perceived scenic beauty of forest vistas, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 61, 10.1006/jevp.2000.0182 Donovan, 2012, The effect of trees on crime in Portland, Oregon, Environment and Behavior, 44, 3, 10.1177/0013916510383238 Doran, 2012 Farrall, 2000, Social psychology and the ‘fear of crime’: re-examining a speculative model, British Journal of Criminology, 40, 399, 10.1093/bjc/40.3.399 Ferraro, 1995 Ferraro, 1996, Women's fear of victimization: shadow of sexual assault, Social Forces, 75, 667, 10.1093/sf/75.2.667 Fisher, 2009, College students’ crime-related fear on campus: are fear-provoking cues gendered?, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25, 300, 10.1177/1043986209335013 Fisher, 1992, Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: prospect, refuge, and escape, Environment and Behavior, 24, 35, 10.1177/0013916592241002 Fisher, 1995, Fear of crime and perceived risk of victimization in an urban university setting Foster, 2008, The built environment, neighborhood crime and constrained physical activity: an exploration of inconsistent findings, Preventive Medicine, 47, 241, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.017 Foster, 2013, Does fear of crime discourage walkers? A social-ecological exploration of fear as a deterrent to walking in new suburbs, Environment & Behavior Fox, 2009, Gender, crime victimization and fear of crime, Security Journal, 22, 24, 10.1057/sj.2008.13 Fraser, 2000, Cultural background and landscape history as factors affecting perceptions of the urban forest, Journal of Arboriculture, 26, 106 Glaser, 1994, Security v. park and recreation service delivery: reduced effectiveness of public investment, Journal of Urban Affairs, 16, 359, 10.1111/j.1467-9906.1994.tb00335.x Gobster, 2004, The human dimensions of urban greenways: planning for recreation and related experiences, Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, 147, 10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00162-2 Hale, 1996, Fear of crime: a review of the literature, International Review of Victimology, 4, 79, 10.1177/026975809600400201 Hamel, 2007, The dominance of English in the international scientific periodical literature and the future of language use in science, AILA Review, 20, 53, 10.1075/aila.20.06ham Hanson, 2000, Crime related fears and demographic diversity in Los Angeles County after the 1992 civil disturbances, Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 607, 10.1002/1520-6629(200011)28:6<607::AID-JCOP5>3.0.CO;2-Y Hartig, 1991, Restorative effects of natural environment experience, Environment and Behaviour, 23, 3, 10.1177/0013916591231001 Hartig, 2003, Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 109, 10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3 Herzog, 1984, A cognitive analysis of preference for field-and-forest environments, Landscape Research, 9, 10, 10.1080/01426398408706092 Hung, 2006, Benefits and constraints associated with the use of an urban park reported by a sample of elderly in Hong Kong, Leisure Studies, 25, 291, 10.1080/02614360500409810 James, 2001, “Anyone could be lurking around!”: constraints on adolescent girls’ recreational activities after dark, World Leisure Journal, 43, 44, 10.1080/04419057.2001.9674248 Johnson, 2006, Fear of crime in Botswana: impact of gender, victimization, and incivility, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 30, 235, 10.1080/01924036.2006.9678754 Jansson, 2013, Perceived personal safety in relation to urban woodland vegetation – a review, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 12, 127, 10.1016/j.ufug.2013.01.005 Jorgensen, 2007, Enjoyment and fear in urban woodlands – does age make a difference?, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 6, 267, 10.1016/j.ufug.2007.05.004 Jorgensen, 2002, Woodland spaces and edges: their impact on perception of safety and preference, Landscape and Urban Planning, 60, 135, 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00052-X Jorgensen, 2007, Woodland as a setting for housing – appreciation and fear and the contribution to residential satisfaction and place identity in Warrington New Town, UK, Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 273, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.02.015 Kahn, 1999 Kaplan, 1987, Aesthetics, affect and cognition: environmental preference from an evolutionary perspective, Environment & Behavior, 19, 3, 10.1177/0013916587191001 Kaplan, 1982 Kaplan, 1989 Karakus, 2010, Fear of crime among citizens of Turkey, Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 174, 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.02.006 Kimura, 2006, A study on spatial characteristic of tree-lined sidewalk that causes fear of crime, Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture, 68, 825, 10.5632/jila.68.825 Koskela, 2000, Revisiting fear and place: women's fear of attack and the built environment, Geoforum, 31, 269, 10.1016/S0016-7185(99)00033-0 Krenichyn, 2004, Women and physical activity in an urban park: enrichment and support through an ethic of care, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 117, 10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00053-7 Kroth, 1992 Kuo, 2001, Environment and crime in the inner city: does vegetation reduce crime?, Environment Behavior, 333, 343, 10.1177/00139160121973025 Kuo, 1998, Transforming inner-city landscapes: trees, sense of safety, and preference, Environment and Behavior, 30, 28, 10.1177/0013916598301002 Lene, 2003, Women's and men's fear of gang crimes: sexual and nonsexual assault as perceptually contemporaneous offenses, Justice Quarterly, 20, 337, 10.1080/07418820300095551 Lewis, 1980, Fear in the neighborhoods: an investigation of the impact of crime, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 17, 160, 10.1177/002242788001700203 Lindgren, 2012, Safety in residential areas, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 103, 196, 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00679.x Loewen, 1993, Perceived safety from crime in the urban environment, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 323, 10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80254-3 Lorenc, 2012, Crime, fear of crime, environment, and mental health and wellbeing: mapping review of theories and causal pathways, Journal of Health and Place, 18, 757, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.04.001 Lyytimäki, 2009, Hopping on one leg – the challenge of ecosystem disservices for urban green management, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 8, 309, 10.1016/j.ufug.2009.09.003 Maas, 2009, Is green space in the living environment associated with people's feelings of social safety?, Environment & Planning A, 41, 1763, 10.1068/a4196 MacNaghten, 2000, Bodies in the woods, Body & Society, 6, 166, 10.1177/1357034X00006003009 Madge, 1997, Public parks and the geography of fear, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 88, 237, 10.1111/j.1467-9663.1997.tb01601.x Madriz, 1997 Mambretti, 2011 Mani, 2012, The importance of well-designed children's play-environments in reducing parental concerns, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 11, 1176 Markowitz, 2001, Extending social disorganization theory: modeling the relationships between cohesion, disorder and fear, Criminology, 39, 293, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00924.x Maslow, 1968 McCormack, 2010, Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: a review of qualitative research, Health and Place, 16, 712, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003 Mesch, 2000, Perceptions of risk, lifestyle activities and fear of crime, Deviant Behavior, 21, 47, 10.1080/016396200266379 Miethe, 1995, Fear and withdrawal from urban life, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 14, 10.1177/0002716295539001002 Müderrisoğlu, 2004, The relationship between perceived beauty and safety in urban recreation parks, Journal of Applied Sciences, 4, 72, 10.3923/jas.2004.72.77 Mykhalovskiy, 2004, Advancing the population health agenda: encouraging the integration of social theory into population health research and practice, Canadian Journal of Public Health, 95, 392, 10.1007/BF03405154 Nasar, 1982, A model relating visual attributes in the residential environment to fear of crime, Journal of Environmental Systems, 11, 247, 10.2190/4EEQ-C09R-M4MX-JGA0 Nasar, 1993, Hot spots of fear and crime: a multi-method investigation, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 187, 10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80173-2 Nasar, 1997, Landscape of fear and stress, Environment and Behavior, 29, 291, 10.1177/001391659702900301 Nasar, 1983, The emotional quality of scenes and observation points: a look at prospect and refuge, Landscape and Planning, 10, 355, 10.1016/0304-3924(83)90041-2 Nasar, 1993, Proximate physical cues to fear of crime, Landscape and Urban Planning, 26, 161, 10.1016/0169-2046(93)90014-5 O’Brien, 2005, Publics and woodlands: well-being, local identity, social learning, conflict and management, Forestry, 78, 321, 10.1093/forestry/cpi042 Özgüner, 2011, Cultural differences in attitudes towards urban parks and green spaces, Landscape Research, 36, 599, 10.1080/01426397.2011.560474 Pain, 1997, Whither women's fear? Perceptions of sexual violence in public and private, International Review of Victimology, 4, 297, 10.1177/026975809700400404 Painter, 1996, The influence of street lighting improvements on crime, fear and pedestrian street use, after dark, Landscape and Urban Planning, 35, 193, 10.1016/0169-2046(96)00311-8 Parsons, 2002, Good looking: in defence of scenic landscape aesthetics, Landscape and Urban Planning, 60, 43, 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00051-8 Peters, 2010, Social interactions in urban parks: stimulating social cohesion?, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 9, 93, 10.1016/j.ufug.2009.11.003 Ross, 1999, Disorder and decay: the concept and measurement of perceived neighborhood disorder, Urban Affairs Review, 34, 412, 10.1177/10780879922184004 Ruiter, 2001, Scary warning and rational precautions: a review of the psychology of fear appeals, Psychology and Health, 16, 613, 10.1080/08870440108405863 Salant, 1994 Scarborough, 2010, Assessing the relationship between individual characteristics, neighborhood context, and fear of crime, Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 819, 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.010 Schafer, 2006, Fear of crime and criminal victimization: gender based contrast, Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 285, 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.03.003 Schroeder, 1982, Preferred features of urban parks and forests, Journal of Arboriculture, 8, 317 Schroeder, 1984, Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites, Journal of Leisure Research, 16, 178, 10.1080/00222216.1984.11969584 Schroeder, 1985, Public preference for tree density in municipal parks, Journal of Arboriculture, 11, 272 Shaffer, 1985, Perceptions of the security and attractiveness of urban parking lots, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 5, 311, 10.1016/S0272-4944(85)80001-3 Skår, 2010, Forest dear forest fear: dwellers’ relationship to their neighbourhood forest, Landscape and Urban Planning, 98, 110, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.017 Skogan, 1986, Fear of crime and neighborhood change, Crime and Justice, 8, 203, 10.1086/449123 Skogan, 1990 Skogan, 1999, Measuring what matters: crime, disorder and fear Skogan, 1981 Stanko, 1992, The case of fearful women: gender, personal safety and fear of crime, Women and Criminal Justice, 4, 117, 10.1300/J012v04n01_06 Stoks, 1983, Assessing urban public space environment for danger of violent crime – especially rape, 331 Talbot, 1984, Needs and fears: the response to trees and nature in the inner city, Journal of Arboriculture, 10, 222 Tashakkori, 2003 Taylor, 1986, Testing alternative models of fear of crime, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 77, 151, 10.2307/1143593 Thompson, 1998, Living alone and neighborhood characteristics as predictors of social support in late life, Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53, S354, 10.1093/geronb/53B.6.S354 Tjaden, 1998 Tulloch, 2000, The meaning of age differences in the fear of crime, British Journal of Criminology, 40, 451, 10.1093/bjc/40.3.451 Ulrich, 1984, View through a window may influence recovery from surgery, Science, 224, 42, 10.1126/science.6143402 Ulrich, 1993, Biophilia, biophobia and natural landscapes Van den Berg, 2005, Fear versus fascination: an exploration of emotional responses to natural threats, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 261, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.08.004 Vaske, 2008 Wallace, 1998 Warr, 1990, Dangerous situations: social context and fear of victimization, Social forces, 68, 891, 10.1093/sf/68.3.891 Warr, 2000, Fear of crime in the United States: avenues for research and policy, Journal of Criminal Justice, 4, 451 Warr, 1983, Fear of victimization: a look at the proximate causes, Social Forces, 61, 1033, 10.1093/sf/61.4.1033 Whyte, W.H., 1980. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Project for Public Spaces, New York. Westover, 1985, Perceptions of crime and safety in three Midwestern Parks, Professional Geographer, 37, 410, 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1985.00410.x Wilbur, 2002, Environmental, policy and cultural factors related to physical activities in urban, African American women, Women and Health, 36, 17, 10.1300/J013v36n02_02 Wilcox, 2007, A multidimensional examination of campus safety: victimization, perceptions of danger, worry about crime, and precautionary behavior among college women in the Post-Clery Era, Crime and Delinquency, 53, 219, 10.1177/0097700405283664 Woolley, 1995, Pakistani children in Sheffield and their perception and use of public open space, Children's Environ, 12, 479 Woolley, 1999, Pakistani teenagers’ use of public open space in Sheffield, Managing Leisure, 4, 156, 10.1080/136067199375823 Yeoh, 1997, Where women fear to tread: images of danger and the effects of fear of crime in Singapore, GeoJournal, 43, 273, 10.1023/A:1006817400224 Yokohari, 2006, The history and future directions of greenways in Japanese new towns, Landscape and Urban Planning, 76, 210, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.033 Zelinka, 2001