Role of basal ganglia–brainstem pathways in the control of motor behaviors
Tài liệu tham khảo
Albin, 2001, Decreased striatal dopaminergic innervation in REM sleep behavior disorder, Neurology, 55, 1410, 10.1212/WNL.55.9.1410
Alexander, 1990, Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing, Trends Neurosci., 13, 267, 10.1016/0166-2236(90)90107-L
Amirali, 2001, Mapping of brain stem neuronal circuitry active during swallowing, Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 110, 502, 10.1177/000348940111000603
Anderson, 1980, Axonal branching patterns and location of nigrothalamic and nigrocollicular neurons in the cat, J. Neurophysiol., 43, 883, 10.1152/jn.1980.43.4.883
Battig, 1962, Comparison of the effects of frontal and caudate lesions on discrimination learning in monkeys, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 55, 458, 10.1037/h0047328
Beckstead, 1979, Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat, Brain Res., 175, 191, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)91001-1
Bliwise, 2000, Inter-rater reliability for identification of REM sleep in Parkinson’s disease, Sleep, 23, 671
Brooks, 1995, The role of the basal ganglia in motor control: contributions from PET, J. Neurol. Sci., 128, 1, 10.1016/0022-510X(94)00206-4
Chase, 1990, The atonia and myoclonia of active (REM) sleep, Ann. Rev. Psychol., 41, 557, 10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.003013
Chase, 1986, Effect of stimulation of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis on the membrane potential of cat lumbar motoneurons during sleep and wakefulness, Brain Res., 386, 237, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90160-5
Chemelli, 1999, Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation, Cell, 98, 437, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81973-X
Chevalier, 1990, Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions, Trends Neurosci., 13, 277, 10.1016/0166-2236(90)90109-N
Chevalier, 1985, Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. Part I. The striato-nigral influence on tect-spino/tecto-diencephalic neurons, Brain Res., 334, 215, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90213-6
Culebras, 1989, Magnetic resonance findings in REM sleep behavior disorder, Neurology, 39, 1519, 10.1212/WNL.39.11.1519
Datta, 2002, Evidence that REM sleep is controlled by the activation of brain stem pedunculopontine tegmental kainate receptor, J. Neurophysiol., 87, 10.1152/jn.00763.2001
Datta, 1991, Substantia nigra reticulata neurons during sleep-waking states: relation with ponto-geniculo-occipital waves, Brain Res., 566, 344, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91723-E
Delong, 1990, Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin, Trends Neurosci., 13, 281, 10.1016/0166-2236(90)90110-V
Divac, 1972, Neostriatum and functions of the prefrontal cortex, Acta Neurobiol. Exp., 32, 461
Drew, 1996, Role of the motor cortex in the control of visually triggered gait modifications, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 74, 426
Dusterhoft, 2000, On the search for the vocal pattern generator. A single-unit recording study, Neuroreport, 11, 231, 10.1097/00001756-200006260-00045
Eisensehr, 2001, REM sleep behavior disorder in sleep-disordered patients with versus without Parkinson’s disease: is there a need for polysomnography?, J. Neurol. Sci., 186, 7, 10.1016/S0022-510X(01)00480-4
Fung, 1981, Evidence of facilitatory coerulospinal action in lumbar motoneurons of cats, Brain Res., 261, 299, 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90132-3
Garcia-Rill, 1991, The pedunculopontine nucleus, Prog. Neurobiol., 36, 363, 10.1016/0301-0082(91)90016-T
Garcia-Rill, 1997, Disorders of the reticular activating system, Med. Hypothesis., 49, 379, 10.1016/S0306-9877(97)90083-9
Georgopoulos, 1989, Visuomotor coordination in reaching and locomotion, Science, 245, 1209, 10.1126/science.2675307
Goldman-Rakic, P.S., 1987. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In: Plum, F., Cowman, M. (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, vol. V. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp. 373–416.
Grace, 1979, Paradoxical GABA excitation of nigral dopaminergic cells: indirect mediation through reticulata inhibitory neurons, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 59, 211, 10.1016/0014-2999(79)90283-8
Graybiel, 1995, Building action repertoires: memory and learning functions of the basal ganglia, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 5, 733, 10.1016/0959-4388(95)80100-6
Grillner, S., 1981. Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish. In: Brooks, V.B. (Ed.), The Nervous System, vol. II. American Physiological Society Press, Bethesda, pp. 1179–1236.
Grillner, 2003, The motor infrastructure: from ion channels to neuronal networks, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 4, 573, 10.1038/nrn1137
Grillner, 1997
Grillner, 2004, Innate versus learned movements—a false dichotomy?, Prog. Brain Res., 143, 3
Grofova, 1998, Nigral innervation of cholinergic and glutamatergic cells in the rat mesopontine tegmentum: Light and electron microscopic anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical studies, J. Comp. Neurol., 395, 359, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980808)395:3<359::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-1
Habaguchi, 2002, Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating the generalized motor inhibition in cats: II. Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation with respect to postsynaptic inhibition of forelimb and hindlimb motoneurons, Neuroscience, 113, 65, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00149-5
Hajos, 1994, Synaptic connections between pars compacta and pars reticulata neurones: electrophysiological evidence for functional modules within the substantia nigra, Brain Res., 660, 216, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91292-0
Hanakawa, 1999, Mechanisms underlying gait disturbance in Parkinson’s disease: a single photon emission computed tomography study, Brain, 122, 1271, 10.1093/brain/122.7.1271
Häusser, 1994, Inhibitory synaptic potentials in guinea-pig substantia nigra dopamine neurones in vitro, J. Physiol., 479, 401, 10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020305
Hendry, 1979, Thalamic relay nuclei for cerebellar and certain related fiber systems in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 185, 679, 10.1002/cne.901850406
Hikosaka, 1989
Hikosaka, 2000, Role of the basal ganglia in the control of purposive saccadic eye movements, Physiol. Rev., 80, 954, 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.953
Hikosaka, 1983, Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata, vol. II. Visual responses related to fixation of gaze, J. Neurophysiol., 49, 1254, 10.1152/jn.1983.49.5.1254
Hikosaka, 1983, Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata, vol. III. Memory-contingent visual and saccade responses, J. Neurophysiol., 49, 1268, 10.1152/jn.1983.49.5.1268
Hikosaka, 1983, Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. IV. Relation of substantia nigra to superior colliculus, J. Neurophysiol., 49, 1285, 10.1152/jn.1983.49.5.1285
Hirsch, 1987, Neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in Parkinson disease and in progressive supranuclear palsy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 5976, 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5976
Hobson, 1986, Evolving concepts of sleep cycle generation: from brain centers to neuronal populations, Behav. Brain Sci., 9, 371, 10.1017/S0140525X00046215
Honda, 1994, Serotoergic synaptic input to cholinergic neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum, Brain Res., 647, 299, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91329-3
Hornykiewicz, 1986, Brain neurotransmitters in dystonia musculorum deformans, N. Engl. J. Med., 315, 347, 10.1056/NEJM198608073150602
Hutchins, 1988, Corticospinal projections from the medial wall of the hemisphere, Exp. Brain Res., 71, 667, 10.1007/BF00248761
Inglis, 1995, The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: where the striatum meets the reticular formation, Prog. Neurobiol., 47, 1, 10.1016/0301-0082(95)00013-L
Isa, 2002, Intrinsic processing in the mammalian superior colliculus, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 12, 668, 10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00387-2
Jellinger, 1988, The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry., 51, 540, 10.1136/jnnp.51.4.540
Jones, 1991, Paradoxical sleep and its chemical/structural substrates in the brain, Neuroscience, 40, 637, 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90002-6
Kitai, 1998, Afferent control of substantia nigra compacta dopamine neurons: anatomical perspective and role of glutamatergic and cholinergic inputs, Adv. Pharmacol., 42, 700, 10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60844-3
Kobayashi, 2004, Pedunculopontine control of visually guided saccades, Brain Res., 143, 439, 10.1016/S0079-6123(03)43041-0
Kobayashi, 2002, Contribution of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons to performance of visually guided saccade tasks in monkeys, J. Neurophysiol., 88, 715, 10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.715
Kojima, 1997, Excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus produce contralateral hemiparkinsonism in the monkey, Neurosci. Lett., 226, 111, 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00254-1
Koyama, 2000, Modulation of presumed cholinergic mesopontine tegmental neurons by acetylcholine and monoamines applied iontophoretically in unanesthetized cats, Neuroscience, 96, 723, 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00004-X
von Krosigk, 1992, Synaptic organization of GABAergic inputs from the striatum and the globus pallidus onto neurons in the substantia nigra and retrorubral field which project to the medullary reticular formation, Neuroscience, 50, 531, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90445-8
Lai, 1993, Glutamatergic and cholinergic projections to the pontine inhibitory area identified with horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport and immunohistochemistry, J. Comp. Neurol., 336, 321, 10.1002/cne.903360302
Lai, 1988, Medullary regions mediating atonia, J. Neurosci., 8, 4790, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-12-04790.1988
Lai, 1990, Muscle tone suppression and stepping produced by stimulation of midbrain and rostral pontine reticular formation, J. Neurosci., 10, 2727, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-08-02727.1990
Lai, 1991, Pontomedullary glutamate receptors mediating locomotion and muscle tone suppression, J. Neurosci., 11, 2931, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-09-02931.1991
Laplane, 1984, Pure psychic akinesia with bilateral lesions of basal ganglia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 47, 377, 10.1136/jnnp.47.4.377
Leonald, 1994, Serotonergic and cholinergic inhibition of mesopontine cholinergic neurons controlling REM sleep; an in vitro electrophysiological study, Neuroscience, 59, 309, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90599-1
Lin, 1999, The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene, Cell, 98, 365, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81965-0
Magoun, 1946, An inhibitory mechanism in the bulbar reticular formation, J. Neurophysiol., 9, 165, 10.1152/jn.1946.9.3.165
Maloney, 1999, Differential c-Fos expression cholinergic, monoaminergic and GABAergic cell groups of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum after paradoxical sleep deprivation and recovery, J. Neurosci., 19, 3057, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-08-03057.1999
Maloney, 2002, c-Fos expression in dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum after paradoxical sleep deprivation and recovery, Eur. J. Neurosci., 15, 1, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01907.x
Marsden, 1982, The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia: The Robert Wartenberg Lecture, Neurology, 32, 514, 10.1212/WNL.32.5.514
Marsden, 1989, Slowness of movement in Parkinson’s disease, Mov. Disord., 4, 26, 10.1002/mds.870040505
Masdeu, 1994, Astasia and gait failure with damage of the pontomesencephalic locomotor region, Ann. Neurol., 35, 619, 10.1002/ana.410350517
Matsumura, 2001, The role of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in experimental parkinsonism in primates, Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg., 77, 108, 10.1159/000064614
Matsumura, 2000, Organization of somatic motor inputs from the frontal lobe to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the macaque monkey, Neuroscence, 98, 97, 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00099-3
Matsuyama, 1997, The organization of the projection from the pericruciate cortex to the pontomedullary brainstem of the cat: a study using the anterograde tracer. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, J. Comp. Neurol., 389, 617, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971229)389:4<617::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-3
McCormick, 1997, Sleep and arousal: thalamocortical mechanisms, Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 20, 185, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.185
McHugh, 1975
Mellers, 1995, Psychotic and depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. A study of the growth hormone response to apomorphine, Br. J. Psychiatry., 167, 522, 10.1192/bjp.167.4.522
Middleton, 2000, Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits, Brain Res. Rev., 31, 236, 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00040-5
Mileykovskiy, 2000, Activation of pontine and medullary motor inhibitory regions reduces discharge in neurons located in the locus coeruleus and the anatomical equivalent of the midbrain locomotor region, J. Neurosci., 20, 8551, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08551.2000
Mitani, 1988, Cholinergic projections from the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei to the pontine giganotocellular tegmental field in the cat, Brain Res., 451, 397, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90792-5
Mogenson, 1991
Mori, 1987, Integration of posture and locomotion in acute decerebrate cats and in awake, free moving cats, Prog. Neurobiol., 28, 161, 10.1016/0301-0082(87)90010-4
Moriizumi, 1988, Topographic projections from the basal ganglia to the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta of the cat with special reference to pallidal projections, Expl. Brain Res., 71, 298, 10.1007/BF00247490
Morris, 1994, The pathogenesis of gait hypokinesia in Parkinson’s disease, Brain, 117, 1169, 10.1093/brain/117.5.1169
Moruzzi, 1949, Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG, Clin. Neurophysiol., 1, 455, 10.1016/0013-4694(49)90219-9
Murray, 1978, Walking patterns of men with parkinsonism, Am. J. Phys. Med., 57, 278
Nambu, 1999, Distribution of orexin neurons in the adult rat brain, Brain Res., 827, 243, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01336-0
Nambu, 2002, Functional significance of the cortico- subthalamo-pallidal ’hyperdirect’ pathway, Neurosci. Res., 43, 111, 10.1016/S0168-0102(02)00027-5
Nauta, 1978, Efferent connections and nigral afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat, Neuroscience, 3, 385, 10.1016/0306-4522(78)90041-6
Nishino, 1997, Pharmacological aspects of human and canine narcolepsy, Prog. Neurobiol., 52, 27, 10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00070-6
Obeso, 1997
Pahapill, 2000, The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson’s disease, Brain, 123, 1767, 10.1093/brain/123.9.1767
Paladini, 1999, Striatal, pallidal, and pars reticulata evoked inhibition of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is mediated by GABAA receptors in vivo, Neuroscience, 89, 799, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00355-8
Parent, 1983, The output organization of the substantia nigra in primate as revealed by a retrograde double labeling method., Brain Res., 10, 529, 10.1016/0361-9230(83)90151-X
Pierrot-Deseilligny, 2004, Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex, Curr. Opin. Neurol., 17, 17, 10.1097/00019052-200402000-00005
Peyron, 1998, Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems, J. Neurosci., 18, 9996, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-23-09996.1998
Rossignol, 1996
Rye, 1997, Contributions of the pedunculopontine region to normal and altered REM sleep, Sleep, 20, 757, 10.1093/sleep/20.9.757
Rye, 1999, Juvenile Parkinson’s disease with REM sleep behavior disorder, sleepiness, and daytime REM onset, Neurology, 53, 1868, 10.1212/WNL.53.8.1868
Saint-Cyr, 1995
Saitoh, 2003, Nigral GABAergic inhibition upon cholinergic neurons in the rat pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, Eur. J. Neurosci., 18, 879, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02825.x
Saitoh, 2004, Nigral GABAergic inhibition upon mesencephalic dopaminergic cell groups in rats, Eur. J. Neurosci., 19, 2399, 10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03337.x
Sakai, 2000, Reduction in excessive muscle tone by selective depletion of serotonin in intercollicularly decerebrated rats., Brain Res., 860, 104, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02022-9
Saper, 2001, The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness, Trends Neurosci., 24, 726, 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02002-6
Sato, 2002, Role of primate substantia nigra pars reticulata in reward-oriented saccadic eye movement, J. Neurosci., 22, 2363, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-06-02363.2002
Scarnati, 1997, The pedunculopontine nucleus and related structures. Functional organization, Adv. Neurol., 74, 97
Schultz, 1998, Predictive reward signals of dopamine neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 80, 1, 10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Scott, 2003, Effect of lidocaine and NMDA injections into the medial pontobulbar reticular formation on mastication evoked by cortical stimulation in anaesthetized rabbits, Eur. J. Neurosci., 17, 2156, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02670.x
Semba, 1993, Aminergic and cholinergic afferents to REM sleep induction regions of the pontine reticular formation in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 330, 543, 10.1002/cne.903300410
Shiromani, 1990, Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat, Brain Res., 517, 224, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91030-K
Sinnamon, 1993, Preoptic and hypothalamic neurons and initiation of locomotion in the anesthetized rat, Prog. Neurobiol., 41, 323, 10.1016/0301-0082(93)90003-B
Skinner, 1990, Locomotor projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the medioventral medulla, Neuroreport, 1, 207, 10.1097/00001756-199011000-00008
Slawinska, 1995, Theta-like rhythm in depth EEG activity of hypothalamic area during spontaneous or electrically-induced locomotion in the rat, Brain Res., 678, 117, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00174-O
Smith, 1990, The output neurones and the dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra receive a GABA-containing input from the globus pallidus in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 296, 47, 10.1002/cne.902960105
Spann, 1991, Nigro-pedunculopontine projection in the rat: an anterograde tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), J. Comp. Neurol., 311, 375, 10.1002/cne.903110308
Spann, 1992, Cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the rat pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, Anat. Embryol., 186, 215, 10.1007/BF00174143
Sparks, 2002, The brainstem control of saccadic eye movements, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 3, 952, 10.1038/nrn986
Stanford, 1994, Sleep pattern and behaviour in cats with pontine lesions creating REM without atonia, J. Sleep Res., 3, 233, 10.1111/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00136.x
Steriade, 1996, Arousal: revisiting the reticular activating system, Science, 272, 225, 10.1126/science.272.5259.225
Steriade, 2001, Impact of network activities on neuronal properties in corticothalamic systems, J. Neurophysiol., 86, 1, 10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.1
Taheri, 2002, The role of hypocretins (orexins) in sleep regulation and narcolepsy, Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 25, 283, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142826
Takakusaki, 2003, Basal ganglia efferents to the brainstem centers controlling postural muscle tone and locomotion; A new concept for understanding motor disorders in basal ganglia dysfunction, Neuroscience, 119, 293, 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00095-2
Takakusaki, 2004, Changes in the excitability of hindlimb motoneuros during muscular atonia induced by stimulating the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in cats, Neuroscience, 124, 467, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.016
Takakusaki, 2003, Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating a generalized motor inhibition in cats. Part III. Functional organization of spinal interneurons in the lower lumbar segments, Neuroscience, 121, 731, 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00542-6
Takakusaki, 1993, Synaptic mechanisms acting on lumbar motoneurons during postural augmentation induced by serotonin injection into the rostral pontine reticular formation in decerebrate cats, Exp. Brain Res., 93, 471, 10.1007/BF00229362
Takakusaki, 2001, Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating the generalized motor inhibition in cats: parallel inhibitory mechanisms acting on motoneurons and on interneuronal transmission in reflex pathways, Neuroscience, 103, 511, 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00586-8
Takakusaki, 2004, Role of basal ganglia-brainstem systems in the control of postural muscle tone and locomotion, Prog. Brain Res., 143, 231, 10.1016/S0079-6123(03)43023-9
Takakusaki, 2003, Is orexin a determinant of the selection of motor behaviors induced by emotional stimuli?, Neurosci. Res., 46, 19
Takakusaki, K., Saitoh, K., Harada, H., Okumura, T., Takahashi, K., Koyama, S., 2004d. Orexinergic projections to the midbrain mediate alternation of emotional behavioral states from locomotion to cataplexy. Soc. Neurosci., Abstr.
Takakusaki, 2004, Evidence for a role of basal ganglia in the regulation of rapid eye movement sleep by electrical and chemical stimulation for the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata in decerebrate cats, Neuroscience, 124, 207, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.10.028
Takakusaki, 1994, Discharge properties of medullary reticulospinal neurons during postural changes induced by intrapontine injections of carbachol, atropine and serotonin, and their functional linkages to hindlimb motoneurons in cats, Exp. Brain Res., 99, 361, 10.1007/BF00228973
Takakusaki, 1996, Cholinergic and non- cholinergic tegmental pedunculopontine projection neurons in rats revealed by intracellular labeling, J. Comp. Neurol., 371, 345, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960729)371:3<345::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-2
Taylor, 1990, Cognitive and motor deficits in the acquisition of an object retrieval/detour task in MPTP-treated monkeys, Brain, 113, 617, 10.1093/brain/113.3.617
Taylor, 1986, Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease, Brain, 109, 845, 10.1093/brain/109.5.845
Turner, 1997, Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions, J. Neurophysiol., 77, 1051, 10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1051
Van der Kamp, 1989, Rapid elbow movements in patients with torsion dystonia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry., 52, 1043, 10.1136/jnnp.52.9.1043
Vanni-Mercier, 1998, A key role for the caudoventral pontine tegmentum in the simultaneous generation of eye saccades in bursts and associated ponto-geniculo- occipital waves during paradoxical sleep in the cat, Neuroscience, 86, 571, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00045-1
Wichmann, 1996, Functional and pathological models of the basal ganglia, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 6, 751, 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80024-9
Wichmann, 2003, Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease: the MPTP primate model of the human disorder, Ann. NY. Acad. Sci., 991, 199, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07477.x
Zweig, 1989, The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease, Ann. Neurol., 26, 41, 10.1002/ana.410260106
Zweig, 1987, Loss of pedunculopontine neurons in progressive supranuclear palsy, Ann. Neurol., 22, 18, 10.1002/ana.410220107