Recent advances in the biology of Merkel cell carcinoma

Feng, 2008, Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma, Science, 319, 1096, 10.1126/science.1152586

Poulin, 2006, Is there a role for SV40 in human cancer?, J Clin Oncol, 24, 4356, 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.7101

Toker, 1972, Trabecular carcinoma of the skin, Arch Dermatol, 105, 107, 10.1001/archderm.105.1.107

Tang, 1978, Trabecular carcinoma of the skin: an ultrastructural study, Cancer, 42, 2311, 10.1002/1097-0142(197811)42:5<2311::AID-CNCR2820420531>3.0.CO;2-L

Warner, 1983, Merkel cells and Merkel cell tumors. Ultrastructure, immunocytochemistry and review of the literature, Cancer, 52, 238, 10.1002/1097-0142(19830715)52:2<238::AID-CNCR2820520209>3.0.CO;2-W

Wilson, 1984, Detection of chromogranin in neuroendocrine cells with a monoclonal antibody, Am J Pathol, 115, 458

Hartschuh, 1989, Chromogranin A in the mammalian Merkel cell: cellular and subcellular distribution, J Invest Dermatol, 93, 641, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319788

Moll, 1986, Variability of expression and arrangement of cytokeratin and neurofilaments in cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinomas (Merkel cell tumors): immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis of twelve cases, Ultrastruct Pathol, 10, 473, 10.3109/01913128609007206

Moll, 1992, Cytokeratin 20 in human carcinomas. A new histodiagnostic marker detected by monoclonal antibodies, Am J Pathol, 140, 427

Weedon, 2002, Merkel cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma, 989

McCardle, 2010, Merkel cell carcinoma: pathologic findings and prognostic factors, Curr Probl Cancer, 34, 47, 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2010.02.002

Albores-Saavedra, 2010, Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study, J Cutan Pathol, 37, 20, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01370.x

Hodgson, 2005, Merkel cell carcinoma: changing incidence trends, J Surg Oncol, 89, 1, 10.1002/jso.20167

Agelli, 2010, The etiology and epidemiology of Merkel cell carcinoma, Curr Probl Cancer, 34, 14, 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2010.01.001

Ono, 2000, Merkel cell carcinoma in Japan, 135

Smith, 2001, Merkel cell carcinoma (neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin), Am J Clin Pathol, 115, S68

Sarnaik, 2010, Clinical recognition, diagnosis, and staging of merkel cell carcinoma, and the role of the multidisciplinary management team, Curr Probl Cancer, 34, 38, 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2010.01.002

Al-Ahmadie, 2004, A case of intraepidermal Merkel cell carcinoma within squamous cell carcinoma in-situ: Merkel cell carcinoma in-situ?, Am J Dermatopathol, 26, 230, 10.1097/00000372-200406000-00012

Bichakjian, 2007, Merkel cell carcinoma: critical review with guidelines for multidisciplinary management, Cancer, 110, 1, 10.1002/cncr.22765

Walsh, 2001, Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin: morphologic diversity and implications thereof, Hum Pathol, 32, 680, 10.1053/hupa.2001.25904

Iacocca, 1998, Mixed Merkel cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, J Am Acad Dermatol, 39, 882, 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70372-X

Cerroni, 1997, Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma in association with squamous- and basal-cell carcinoma, Am J Dermatopathol, 19, 610, 10.1097/00000372-199712000-00011

Forman, 2008, Collision tumor composed of Merkel cell carcinoma and lentigo maligna melanoma, J Cutan Pathol, 35, 203, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00773.x

Collina, 1997, Combined neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell tumor) and trichilemmal cyst, Am J Dermatopathol, 19, 545, 10.1097/00000372-199710000-00111

Perse, 1987, Trabecular (Merkel cell) carcinoma arising in the wall of an epidermal cyst, Am J Dermatopathol, 9, 423, 10.1097/00000372-198710000-00009

Pulitzer, 2009, Merkel cell carcinoma: review, Adv Anat Pathol, 16, 135, 10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181a12f5a

Kurokawa, 2003, CD56: a useful marker for diagnosing Merkel cell carcinoma, J Dermatol Sci, 31, 219, 10.1016/S0923-1811(03)00029-X

Liu, 2003, Diagnostic value of microtubule-associated protein-2 in Merkel cell carcinoma, Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol, 11, 326, 10.1097/00129039-200312000-00008

Llombart, 2005, Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 20 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma in search of prognostic markers, Histopathology, 46, 622, 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02158.x

Acebo, 2005, Merkel cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 11 cases, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 19, 546, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01224.x

Mount, 1994, Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma). An immunoelectron-microscopic case study, Am J Dermatopathol, 16, 60, 10.1097/00000372-199402000-00012

Pilloni, 2009, Merkel cell carcinoma with an unusual immunohistochemical profile, Eur J Histochem, 53, 275, 10.4081/ejh.2009.e33

Byrd-Gloster, 2000, Differential expression of thyroid transcription factor 1 in small cell lung carcinoma and Merkel cell tumor, Hum Pathol, 31, 58, 10.1016/S0046-8177(00)80199-9

Hanly, 2000, Analysis of thyroid transcription factor-1 and cytokeratin 20 separates Merkel cell carcinoma from small cell carcinoma of lung, J Cutan Pathol, 27, 118, 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2000.027003118.x

Agoff, 2000, Thyroid transcription factor-1 is expressed in extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas but not in other extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, Mod Pathol, 13, 238, 10.1038/modpathol.3880044

Kaufmann, 2000, Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in pulmonary and extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas and other neuroendocrine carcinomas of various primary sites, Histopathology, 36, 415, 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00890.x

Ordóñez, 2000, Value of thyroid transcription factor-1 immunostaining in distinguishing small cell lung carcinomas from other small cell carcinomas, Am J Surg Pathol, 24, 1217, 10.1097/00000478-200009000-00004

Cheuk, 2001, Immunostaining for thyroid transcription factor 1 and cytokeratin 20 aids the distinction of small cell carcinoma from Merkel cell carcinoma, but not pulmonary from extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 125, 228, 10.5858/2001-125-0228-IFTTFA

Leech, 2001, Merkel cell carcinoma can be distinguished from metastatic small cell carcinoma using antibodies to cytokeratin 20 and thyroid transcription factor 1, J Clin Pathol, 54, 727, 10.1136/jcp.54.9.727

Yang, 2004, CD117, CK20, TTF-1, and DNA topoisomerase II-alpha antigen expression in small cell tumors, J Cutan Pathol, 31, 254, 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2003.00175.x

Koljonen, 2005, Neuroendocrine differentiation in primary Merkel cell carcinoma—possible prognostic significance, Anticancer Res, 25, 853

Dong, 2005, B-cell specific activation protein encoded by the PAX-5 gene is commonly expressed in Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinomas, Am J Surg Pathol, 29, 687, 10.1097/01.pas.0000155162.33044.4f

Bobos, 2006, Immunohistochemical distinction between Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung, Am J Dermatopathol, 28, 99, 10.1097/01.dad.0000183701.67366.c7

Sur, 2007, TdT expression in Merkel cell carcinoma: potential diagnostic pitfall with blastic hematological malignancies and expanded immunohistochemical analysis, Mod Pathol, 20, 1113, 10.1038/modpathol.3800936

Buresh, 2008, Reactivity with TdT in Merkel cell carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall, Am J Clin Pathol, 129, 894, 10.1309/R494HQ9VRDJWDY30

Asioli, 2007, p63 expression as a new prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma, Cancer, 110, 640, 10.1002/cncr.22828

Ralston, 2008, MASH1: a useful marker in differentiating pulmonary small cell carcinoma from Merkel cell carcinoma, Mod Pathol, 21, 1357, 10.1038/modpathol.2008.118

Bhatia, 2010, Merkel cell carcinoma subgroups by Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA relative abundance and oncogene expression, Int J Cancer, 126, 2240, 10.1002/ijc.24676

Sierakowski, 2009, Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma with positive expression of thyroid transcription factor-1—a case report, Am J Dermatopathol, 31, 384, 10.1097/DAD.0b013e31819821e8

Shuda, 2009, Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors, Int J Cancer, 125, 1243, 10.1002/ijc.24510

Busam, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in merkel cell carcinomas and its absence in combined tumors and pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, Am J Surg Pathol, 33, 1378, 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181aa30a5

Kuwamoto, 2011, Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with morphologic differences in Merkel cell carcinoma, Hum Pathol, 42, 632, 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.09.011

Fernández-Figueras, 2005, Prognostic significance of p27Kip1, p45Skp2 and Ki67 expression profiles in Merkel cell carcinoma, extracutaneous small cell carcinoma, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Histopathology, 46, 614, 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02140.x

Koljonen, 2006, Proliferative activity detected by Ki67 correlates with poor outcome in Merkel cell carcinoma, Histopathology, 49, 551, 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02511.x

Carson, 1998, Proliferation markers and prognosis in Merkel cell carcinoma, J Cutan Pathol, 25, 16, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1998.tb01684.x

Koljonen, 2006, Cell cycle control by p21, p27 and p53 in Merkel cell carcinoma, Anticancer Res, 26, 2209

Fernández-Figueras, 2007, Expression profiles associated with aggressive behavior in Merkel cell carcinoma, Mod Pathol, 20, 90, 10.1038/modpathol.3800717

Van Gele, 2000, Mutation analysis of P73 and TP53 in Merkel cell carcinoma, Br J Cancer, 82, 823, 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1006

Popp, 2002, UV-B-type mutations and chromosomal imbalances indicate common pathways for the development of Merkel and skin squamous cell carcinomas, Int J Cancer, 99, 352, 10.1002/ijc.10321

Lassacher, 2008, p14ARF hypermethylation is common but INK4a-ARF locus or p53 mutations are rare in Merkel cell carcinoma, J Invest Dermatol, 128, 1788, 10.1038/sj.jid.5701256

Waltari, 2010, Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with tumor p53, KIT, stem cell factor, PDGFR-alpha and survival in Merkel cell carcinoma, Int J Cancer

Kim, 2008, Nuclear expression of survivin portends a poor prognosis in Merkel cell carcinoma, Mod Pathol, 21, 764, 10.1038/modpathol.2008.61

Su, 2002, CD117 (KIT receptor) expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, Am J Dermatopathol, 24, 289, 10.1097/00000372-200208000-00001

Feinmesser, 2004, c-kit expression in primary and metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma, Am J Dermatopathol, 26, 458, 10.1097/00000372-200412000-00003

Andea, 2010, Merkel cell carcinoma: correlation of KIT expression with survival and evaluation of KIT gene mutational status, Hum Pathol, 41, 1405, 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.02.010

Swick, 2007, Merkel cell carcinoma: evaluation of KIT (CD117) expression and failure to demonstrate activating mutations in the C-KIT proto-oncogene—implications for treatment with imatinib mesylate, J Cutan Pathol, 34, 324, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00613.x

Brunner, 2008, Expression of VEGF-A/C, VEGF-R2, PDGF-alpha/beta, c-kit, EGFR, Her-2/Neu, Mcl-1 and Bmi-1 in Merkel cell carcinoma, Mod Pathol, 21, 876, 10.1038/modpathol.2008.63

Kartha, 2008, Silent mutations in KIT and PDGFRA and coexpression of receptors with SCF and PDGFA in Merkel cell carcinoma: implications for tyrosine kinase–based tumorigenesis, Mod Pathol, 21, 96, 10.1038/modpathol.3800980

Penneys, 1994, CD44 expression in Merkel cell carcinoma may correlate with risk of metastasis, J Cutan Pathol, 21, 22, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1994.tb00686.x

Brunner, 2010, Expression of hedgehog signaling molecules in Merkel cell carcinoma, Head Neck, 32, 333, 10.1002/hed.21191

Woegerbauer, 2010, Expression of the tetraspanins CD9, CD37, CD63, and CD151 in Merkel cell carcinoma: strong evidence for a posttranscriptional fine-tuning of CD9 gene expression, Mod Pathol, 23, 751, 10.1038/modpathol.2009.192

Van Gele, 1998, Characteristic pattern of chromosomal gains and losses in Merkel cell carcinoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization, Cancer Res, 58, 1503

Gancberg, 2000, Trisomy 6 in Merkel cell carcinoma: a recurrent chromosomal aberration, Histopathology, 37, 445, 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.01011.x

Larramendy, 2004, Recurrent DNA copy number changes revealed by comparative genomic hybridization in primary Merkel cell carcinomas, Mod Pathol, 17, 561, 10.1038/modpathol.3800091

Van Gele, 2002, Combined karyotyping, CGH and M-FISH analysis allows detailed characterization of unidentified chromosomal rearrangements in Merkel cell carcinoma, Int J Cancer, 101, 137, 10.1002/ijc.10591

Paulson, 2009, Array-CGH reveals recurrent genomic changes in Merkel cell carcinoma including amplification of L-Myc, J Invest Dermatol, 129, 1547, 10.1038/jid.2008.365

Becker, 2009, Merkel cell carcinoma, Cell Mol Life Sci, 66, 1, 10.1007/s00018-008-8483-6

Houben, 2009, Molecular pathogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma, Exp Dermatol, 18, 193, 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00853.x

Helmbold, 2009, Frequent occurrence of RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation and Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma, Mol Carcinog, 48, 903, 10.1002/mc.20540

Pipas, 2009, SV40: cell transformation and tumorigenesis, Virology, 384, 294, 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.024

Gjoerup, 2010, Update on human polyomaviruses and cancer, Adv Cancer Res, 106, 1, 10.1016/S0065-230X(10)06001-X

Schowalter, 2010, Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin, Cell Host Microbe, 7, 509, 10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.006

van der Meijden, 2010, Discovery of a new human polyomavirus associated with trichodysplasia spinulosa in an immunocompromized patient, PLoS Pathog, e1001024, 6

Feng, 2007, Human transcriptome subtraction by using short sequence tags to search for tumor viruses in conjunctival carcinoma, J Virol, 81, 11332, 10.1128/JVI.00875-07

Shuda, 2008, T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for Merkel cell polyomavirus, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 16272, 10.1073/pnas.0806526105

Garneski, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus is more frequently present in North American than Australian Merkel cell carcinoma tumors, J Invest Dermatol, 129, 246, 10.1038/jid.2008.229

Ridd, 2009, The presence of polyomavirus in non-melanoma skin cancer in organ transplant recipients is rare, J Invest Dermatol, 129, 250, 10.1038/jid.2008.215

Duncavage, 2009, Prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma, Mod Pathol, 22, 516, 10.1038/modpathol.2009.3

Loyo, 2010, Quantitative detection of Merkel cell virus in human tissues and possible mode of transmission, Int J Cancer, 126, 2991, 10.1002/ijc.24737

Carter, 2009, Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus–specific antibodies with Merkel cell carcinoma, J Natl Cancer Inst, 101, 1510, 10.1093/jnci/djp332

Kassem, 2008, Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas and identification of a unique deletion in the VP1 gene, Cancer Res, 68, 5009, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0949

Becker, 2009, MC polyomavirus is frequently present in Merkel cell carcinoma of European patients, J Invest Dermatol, 129, 248, 10.1038/jid.2008.198

Andres, 2010, Prevalence of MCPyV in Merkel cell carcinoma and non-MCC tumors, J Cutan Pathol, 37, 28, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01352.x

Houben, 2010, Comparable expression and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein in Merkel cell polyoma virus–positive and negative Merkel cell carcinoma, Int J Cancer, 126, 796, 10.1002/ijc.24790

Wieland, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in persons without Merkel cell carcinoma, Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 1496, 10.3201/eid1509.081575

Sastre-Garau, 2009, Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: pathological and molecular evidence for a causative role of MCV in oncogenesis, J Pathol, 218, 48, 10.1002/path.2532

Touzé, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus strains in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma, Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 960, 10.3201/eid1506.081463

Foulongne, 2010, Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA detection in lesional and nonlesional skin from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma or other skin diseases, Br J Dermatol, 162, 59, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09381.x

Wetzels, 2009, Ultrastructural proof of polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma tumour cells and its absence in small cell carcinoma of the lung, PLoS ONE, 4, e4958, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004958

Sihto, 2009, Clinical factors associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in Merkel cell carcinoma, J Natl Cancer Inst, 101, 938, 10.1093/jnci/djp139

Varga, 2009, Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in Merkel cell carcinomas, Br J Dermatol, 161, 930, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09221.x

Mangana, 2010, Prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus among Swiss Merkel cell carcinoma patients, Dermatology, 221, 184, 10.1159/000315067

Nakajima, 2009, Screening of the specific polyoma virus as diagnostic and prognostic tools for Merkel cell carcinoma, J Dermatol Sci, 56, 211, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.07.013

Katano, 2009, Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma, J Med Virol, 81, 1951, 10.1002/jmv.21608

Woo, 2010, Merkel cell carcinoma: our experience with seven patients in Korea and a literature review, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 63, 2064, 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.01.020

Bhatia, 2010, Immunological detection of viral large T antigen identifies a subset of Merkel cell carcinoma tumors with higher viral abundance and better clinical outcome, Int J Cancer, 127, 1493, 10.1002/ijc.25136

Kassem, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus sequences are frequently detected in nonmelanoma skin cancer of immunosuppressed patients, Int J Cancer, 125, 356, 10.1002/ijc.24323

Dworkin, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of immunocompetent individuals, J Invest Dermatol, 129, 2868, 10.1038/jid.2009.183

Mertz, 2010, Merkel cell polyomavirus is present in common warts and carcinoma in situ of the skin, Hum Pathol, 41, 1369, 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.01.023

Foulongne, 2010, Merkel cell polyomavirus in cutaneous swabs, Emerg Infect Dis, 16, 685, 10.3201/eid1604.091278

Duncavage, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus: a specific marker for Merkel cell carcinoma in histologically similar tumors, Am J Surg Pathol, 33, 1771, 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181ba7b73

Bluemn, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus is not detected in prostate cancers, surrounding stroma, or benign prostate controls, J Clin Virol, 44, 164, 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.11.008

Giraud, 2009, DNA from KI, WU and Merkel cell polyomaviruses is not detected in childhood central nervous system tumours or neuroblastomas, PLoS One, 4, e8239, 10.1371/journal.pone.0008239

Bhatia, 2010, Merkel cell polyomavirus is not detected in mesotheliomas, J Clin Virol, 47, 196, 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.11.019

Goh, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus in respiratory tract secretions, Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 489, 10.3201/eid1503.081206

Bialasiewicz, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in respiratory specimens from children and adults, Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 492, 10.3201/eid1503.081067

Kantola, 2009, Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in tumor-free tonsillar tissues and upper respiratory tract samples: implications for respiratory transmission and latency, J Clin Virol, 45, 292, 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.04.008

Pantulu, 2010, Detection of a novel truncating Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen deletion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, Blood, 116, 5280, 10.1182/blood-2010-02-269829

Kean, 2009, Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses, PLoS Pathog, e1000363, 5

Tolstov, 2009, Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection II. MCV is a common human infection that can be detected by conformational capsid epitope immunoassays, Int J Cancer, 125, 1250, 10.1002/ijc.24509

Pastrana, 2009, Quantitation of human seroresponsiveness to Merkel cell polyomavirus, PLoS Pathog, 5, e1000578, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000578

Chen, 2011, Serological evidence of Merkel cell polyomavirus primary infections in childhood, J Clin Virol, 50, 125, 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.10.015

Laude, 2010, Distinct Merkel cell polyomavirus molecular features in tumour and non tumour specimens from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma, PLoS Pathog, 6, e1001076, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001076

Nakamura, 2010, Nuclear localization of Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen in Merkel cell carcinoma, Virology, 398, 273, 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.024

Kwun, 2009, The minimum replication origin of Merkel cell polyomavirus has a unique large T-antigen loading architecture and requires small T-antigen expression for optimal replication, J Virol, 83, 12118, 10.1128/JVI.01336-09

Houben, 2010, Merkel cell polyomavirus-infected Merkel cell carcinoma cells require expression of viral T antigens, J Virol, 84, 7064, 10.1128/JVI.02400-09

Paulson, 2010, Antibodies to Merkel cell polyomavirus T antigen oncoproteins reflect tumor burden in Merkel cell carcinoma patients, Cancer Res, 70, 8388, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2128

DeCaprio, 2009, Does detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma provide prognostic information?, J Natl Cancer Inst, 101, 905, 10.1093/jnci/djp162

Fischer, 2010, Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in Merkel cell carcinoma cell lines: cell morphology and growth phenotype do not reflect presence of the virus, Int J Cancer, 126, 2133, 10.1002/ijc.24877