Responding to unexpected crises: The roles of slack resources and entrepreneurial attitude to build resilience

Alonso-Dos-Santos, M., & Llanos-Contreras, O. (2019). Family business performance in a post-disaster scenario: The influence of socioemotional wealth importance and entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Research, 101, 492–498. Andres, L., & Round, J. (2015). The creative economy in a context of transition: A review of the mechanisms of micro-resilience. Cities, 45, 1–6. Angel, P., Jenkins, A., & Stephens, A. (2018). Understanding entrepreneurial success: A phenomenographic approach. International Small Business Journal, 36(6), 611–636. Anwar, A., Coviello, N., & Rouziou, M. (2021). Weathering a Crisis: A Multi-Level Analysis of Resilience in Young Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 0(0), 1–29. Athayde, R. (2009). Measuring enterprise potential in young people. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 481–500. Baker, T., Miner, A. S., & Eesley, D. T. (2003). Improvising firms: Bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process. Research Policy, 32(2), 255–276. Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. (2005). Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 329–366. Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27(6), 643–650. Becker, M., & Knudsen, T. (2005). The role of routines in reducing pervasive uncertainty. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 746–757. Belitski, M., Guenther, C., Kritikos, A. S., & Thurik, R. (2022). Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 593–609. Bingham, C. B., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2008). Position, leverage and opportunity: A typology of strategic logics linking resources with competitive advantage. Managerial and Decision Economics, 29(2–3), 241–256. Bhamra, R., Dani, S., & Burnard, K. (2011). Resilience: The concept, a literature review and future directions. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5375–5393. Bourgeois, L. J., III. (1981). On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29–39. Bradley, S. W., Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2011). Swinging a double-edged sword: The effect of slack on entrepreneurial management and growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(5), 537–554. Brewton, K. E., Danes, S. M., Stafford, K., & Haynes, G. W. (2010). Determinants of rural and urban family firm resilience. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(3), 155–166. Bueno, E., Aragón, J. A., Paz Salmador, M., & García, V. J. (2010). Tangible slack versus intangible resources: The influence of technology slack and tacit knowledge on the capability of organisational learning to generate innovation and performance. International Journal of Technology Management, 49(4), 314–337. Bullough, A., & Renko, M. (2013). Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times. Business Horizons, 56(3), 343–350. Campopiano, G., De Massis, A., & Kotlar, J. (2018). Environmental jolts, family-centered non-economic goals and innovation: Toward a framework of family firm resilience. Palgrave Macmillan. Carminati, L. (2018). Generalizability in qualitative research: A tale of two traditions. Qualitative Health Research, 28(13), 2094–2101. Cheng, J. L. C., & Kesner, I. F. (1997). Organizational slack and response to environmental shifts: The impact of resource allocation patterns. Journal of Management, 23(1), 1–18. Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Steier, L. P. (2011). Resilience of Family Firms: An Introduction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(6), 1107–1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00493.x Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., De Massis, A., Minola, T., & Vismara, S. (2016). Management processes and strategy execution in family firms: From “what” to “how.” Small Business Economics, 47(3), 719–734. Chrisman, J. J., & Patel, P. C. (2012). Variations in R&D investments of family and nonfamily firms: Behavioral agency and myopic loss aversion perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 976–997. Christianson, M. K., Farkas, M. T., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Weick, K. E. (2009). Learning through rare events: Significant interruptions at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum. Organization Science, 20(5), 846–860. Cohen, K. J., & Cyert, R. M. (1965). Theory of the firm; resource allocation in a market economy. Prentice-Hall International Series in Management (EUA). Conz, E., Lamb, P. W., & De Massis, A. (2020). Practicing resilience in family firms: An investigation through phenomenography. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 11(2), 100355. Conz, E., & Magnani, G. (2020). A dynamic perspective on the resilience of firms: A systematic literature review and a framework for future research. European Management Journal, 38(3), 400–412. Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, 3, 5–28. Cyert, R. M.,& March, J. G. (1963/1992). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. Dahles, H., & Susilowati, T. P. (2015). Business resilience in times of growth and crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 51, 34–50. Danes, S. M., Lee, J., Amarapurkar, S., Stafford, K., Haynes, G., & Brewton, K. E. (2009). Determinants of family business resilience after a natural disaster by gender of business owner. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 14(04), 333–354. Darnhofer, I., Lamine, C., Strauss, A., & Navarrete, M. (2016). The resilience of family farms: Towards a relational approach. Journal of Rural Studies, 44, 111–122. De Carolis, D. M., Yang, Y., Deeds, D. L., & Nelling, E. (2009). Weathering the storm: The benefit of resources to high-technology ventures navigating adverse events. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(2), 147–160. De Massis, A., & Kammerlander N. (2020). Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for Family Business. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham Glos, UK. ISBN: 978-1-78811-644-2. De Massis, A., Kotlar, J., Mazzola, P., Minola, T., & Sciascia, S. (2018). Conflicting selves: Family owners’ multiple goals and self-control agency problems in private firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(3), 362–389. De Massis, A. D., & Rondi, E. (2020). Covid-19 and the Future of Family Business Research. Journal of Management Studies, 57(8), 1727–1731. Delmar, F., & Shane, S. (2003). Does business planning facilitate the development of new ventures? Strategic Management Journal, 24(12), 1165–1185. Dew, N., Read, S., Sarasvathy, S., & Wiltbank, R. (2009). Effectual versus predictive logics in entrepreneurial decision-making: Differences between experts and novices. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(4), 287–309. Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660–679. DiFrancesco, K. N., & Tullos, D. D. (2014). Flexibility in water resources management: Review of concepts and development of assessment measures for flood management systems. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50(6), 1527–1539. Dimov, D. (2018). Uncertainty under entrepreneurship. Philosophical Reflexivity and Entrepreneurship Research, 184–196. Dubois, A., & Gadde, L.-E. (2002). Systematic combining: An abductive approach to case research. Journal of Business Research, 55(7), 553–560. Dubois, A., & Gadde, L.-E. (2014). “Systematic combining”—A decade later. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), 1277–1284. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25–32. Fadol, Y., Barhem, B., & Elbanna, S. (2015). The mediating role of the extensiveness of strategic planning on the relationship between slack resources and organizational performance. Management Decision, 53(5), 1023–1044. Fama, E. F. (1980). Agency problems and the theory of the firm. Journal of Political Economy, 88(2), 288–307. Fisher, G. (2012). Effectuation, causation, and bricolage: A behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(5), 1019–1051. Foo, M. D. (2011). Emotions and entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(2), 375–393. Garrett, R., Mattingly, S., Hornsby, J., & Aghaey, A. (2020). Impact of relatedness, uncertainty and slack on corporate entrepreneurship decisions. Management Decision, 59(5), 1114–1131. George, G. (2005). Slack resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4), 661–676. Gehman, J., Glaser, V. L., Eisenhardt, K. M., Gioia, D., Langley, A., & Corley, K. G. (2018). Finding theory–method fit: A comparison of three qualitative approaches to theory building. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(3), 284–300. Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. Giones, F., Brem, A., Pollack, J. M., Michaelis, T. L., Klyver, K., & Brinckmann, J. (2020). Revising entrepreneurial action in response to exogenous shocks: Considering the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 14, e00186. Gittell, J. H., Cameron, K., Lim, S., & Rivas, V. (2006). Relationships, layoffs, and organizational resilience: Airline industry responses to September 11. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42(3), 300–329. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Cruz, C., Berrone, P., & De Castro, J. (2011). The bind that ties: Socioemotional wealth preservation in family firms. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 653–707. Grandori, A., & Soda, G. (2006). A relational approach to organization design. Industry and Innovation, 13(2), 151–172. Hadjielias, E., Christofi, M., & Tarba, S. (2022). Contextualizing small business resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from small business owner-managers. Small Business Economics, 59, 1351–1380. Hamel, G., & Välikangas, L. (2003). The quest for resilience. Harvard Business Review, 81(9), 52–63, 131. Kark, K., Philips, A., Lillie, M., Kilpatrick, J., & Ciaramella, J. (2020). People, technology, and the path to organizational resilience: COVID-19| Deloitte Global. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/people--technology--and-the-path-to-organizational-resilience.html. Accessed 1 April 2022. Knight, F. (1921). Risk, uncertainty and profit. Hart, Schaffner & Marx. Korber, S., & McNaughton, R. B. (2018). Resilience and entrepreneurship: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(7), 1129–1154. Kotlar, J., Signori, A., De Massis, A., & Vismara, S. (2018). Financial wealth, socioemotional wealth and IPO underpricing in family firms: A two-stage gamble model. Academy of Management Journal, 61(3), 1073–1099. Koudstaal, M., Sloof, R., & Van Praag, M. (2016). Risk, uncertainty, and entrepreneurship: Evidence from a lab-in-the-field experiment. Management Science, 62(10), 2897–2915. Kuratko, D. F., & Audretsch, D. B. (2021). The future of entrepreneurship: the few or the many?. Small Business Economics, 59, 269–278. Kuratko, D. F., Fisher, G., & Audretsch, D. B. (2021). Unraveling the entrepreneurial mindset. Small Business Economics, 57(4), 1681–1691. Infocamere (2022), Movinprese, https://www.infocamere.it/movimprese. Accessed 1 April 2022. Kusmintarti, A., Thoyib, A., Ashar, K., & Maskie, G. (2014). The relationships among entrepreneurial characteristics, entrepreneurial attitude, and entrepreneurial intention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(6), 25–32. Ismail, H. S., Poolton, J., & Sharifi, H. (2011). The role of agile strategic capabilities in achieving resilience in manufacturing-based small companies. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5469–5487. Le Breton-Miller, I., & Miller, D. (2015). Article Commentary: The Arts and Family Business: Linking Family Business Resources and Performance to Industry Characteristics. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(6), 1349–1370. Leibenstein, H. (1969). Organizational or frictional equilibria, X-efficiency, and the rate of innovation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83(4), 600–623. Leipold, B., & Greve, W. (2009). Resilience: A conceptual bridge between coping and development. European Psychologist, 14(1), 40–50. Leppäaho, T., & Ritala, P. (2021). Surviving the coronavirus pandemic and beyond: Unlocking family firms’ innovation potential across crises. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 13(1), 100440. Leyden, D. P., & Link, A. N. (2015). Public sector entrepreneurship: US technology and innovation policy. Oxford University Press. Linnenluecke, M. K., Griffiths, A., & Winn, M. I. (2013). Firm and industry adaptation to climate change: A review of climate adaptation studies in the business and management field. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 4(5), 397–416. Linnenluecke, M. K. (2017). Resilience in business and management research: A review of influential publications and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 4–30. Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172. Lumpkin, G. T., & Brigham, K. H. (2011). Long-Term Orientation and Intertemporal Choice in Family Firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(6), 1149–1169. Lunnan, A., Nybakk, E., & Vennesland, B. (2006). Entrepreneurial attitudes and probability for start-ups—An investigation of Norwegian non-industrial private forest owners. Forest Policy and Economics, 8(7), 683–690. Marshall, M. N. (1996). The key informant technique. Family Practice, 13(1), 92–97. Mayring, P. (2008). Qualitative content analysis. Basics and techniques. Beltz. McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2006). Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 132–152. McKelvie, A., Haynie, J. M., & Gustavsson, V. (2011). Unpacking the uncertainty construct: Implications for entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 273–292. Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791. Miller, K. D. (2007). Risk and rationality in entrepreneurial processes. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1–2), 57–74. Minola, T., Bau', M., Sieger, P., De Massis, A., & Chirico, F. (2021). Slack and Performance in Family Owned SMEs: An Agency Theory Perspective. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2021, No. 1, p. 10298). Academy of Management. Mishina, Y., Pollock, T., & Porac, J. (2004). Are more resources always better for growth? Resource stickiness in market and product expansion. Strategic Management Journal, 25(12), 1179–1197. Nyland, K., Morland, C., & Burns, J. (2017). The interplay of managerial and non-managerial controls, institutional work, and the coordination of laterally dependent hospital activities. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 14(4), 467–495. Olson, P. D., & Bosserman, D. A. (1984). Attributes of the entrepreneurial type. Business Horizons, 27(3), 53–56. Pal, R., Torstensson, H., & Mattila, H. (2014). Antecedents of organizational resilience in economic crises—An empirical study of Swedish textile and clothing SMEs. International Journal of Production Economics, 147, 410–428. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage. Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. Sage Publication Inc. Penrose E. T. (2009 [1959]). The Theory of Growth of the Firm, (4th edn.). Oxford University Press. Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), 179–191. Powell, E. E., & Baker, T. (2014). It’s what you make of it: Founder identity and enacting strategic responses to adversity. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1406–1433. Reay, T. (2014). Publishing qualitative research. Sage Publications Sage CA. Reinmoeller, P., & van Baardwijk, N. (2005). The Link Between Diversity and Resilience. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(4), 60–65. Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., & Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(4), 13–32. Salvato, C., Sargiacomo, M., Amore, M. D., & Minichilli, A. (2020). Natural disasters as a source of entrepreneurial opportunity: Family business resilience after an earthquake. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(4), 594–615. Santoro, G., Messeni-Petruzzelli, A., & Del Giudice, M. (2021). Searching for resilience: The impact of employee-level and entrepreneur-level resilience on firm performance in small family firms. Small Business Economics, 57(1), 455–471. Sarasvathy, S. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243–263. Sarasvathy, S. D., & Dew, N. (2005). Entrepreneurial logics for a technology of foolishness. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 21(4), 385–406. Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer-Jarz, D. A., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’ entrepreneurial intent. Education+ Training, 51(4), 272–291. Sgourev, S. V., & van Lent, W. (2017). When too many are not enough: Human resource slack and performance at the Dutch East India Company (1700–1795). Human Relations, 70(11), 1293–1315. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. Shepherd, D. A. (2020). COVID 19 and entrepreneurship: Time to pivot? Journal of Management Studies, 57(8), 1750–1753. Smith, C., Nordqvist, M., De Massis, A., & Miller, D. (2021). When so much is at stake: Understanding organizational brinkmanship in family business. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 12(4), 100425. Sutcliffe, K. M., & Vogus, T. J. (2003). Organizing for resilience, in Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline. K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton and R. E. Quinn. San Francisco, CA, Berrett-Koehler, pp 94–110. Tang, J., Zhang, S. X., & Lin, S. (2021). To reopen or not to reopen? How entrepreneurial alertness influences small business reopening after the COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 16, e00275. Teti, M., Schatz, E., & Liebenberg, L. (2020). Methods in the Time of COVID-19: The Vital Role of Qualitative Inquiries. SAGE Publications Sage CA. Teixeira, E., & Werther, W. B., Jr. (2013). Resilience: Continuous renewal of competitive advantages. Business Horizons, 56(3), 333–342. Tognazzo, A., Gubitta, P., & Favaron, S. D. (2016). Does slack always affect resilience? A study of quasi-medium-sized Italian firms. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(9–10), 768–790. Tognazzo, A., Sassetti, S., Caputo, A., & Pellegrini, M. M. (2020). Editorial special issue entrepreneurial decision-making and behavior. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(1), 1–7. Venkataraman, S., Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., & Forster, W. R. (2012). Reflections on the 2010 AMR decade award: Whither the promise? Moving forward with entrepreneurship as a science of the artificial. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 21–33. Vogus, T. J., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007). Organizational resilience: towards a theory and research agenda. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (pp. 3418–3422). IEEE. Wang, Y., Guo, B., & Yin, Y. (2017). Open innovation search in manufacturing firms: The role of organizational slack and absorptive capacity. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(3), 656–674. Weinzimmer, L. G. (2000). A replication and extension of organizational growth determinants. Journal of Business Research, 48(1), 35–41. WHO, World Health Organization. (2022). Health Emergency Dashboard. https://extranet.who.int/publicemergency Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(1), 71–91. Williams, T. A., Gruber, D. A., Sutcliffe, K. M., Shepherd, D. A., & Zhao, E. Y. (2017). Organizational response to adversity: Fusing crisis management and resilience research streams. Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 733–769. Williams, T. A., & Shepherd, D. A. (2016). Building resilience or providing sustenance: Different paths of emergent ventures in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake. Academy of Management Journal, 59(6), 2069–2102. Wolfe, M. T., & Shepherd, D. A. (2015). “Bouncing back” from a loss: Entrepreneurial orientation, emotions, and failure narratives. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 675–700. Yang, M., & Gabrielsson, P. (2017). Entrepreneurial marketing of international high-tech business-to-business new ventures: A decision-making process perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 64, 147–160.