Tree invasions into treeless areas: mechanisms and ecosystem processes

Biological Invasions - Tập 16 Số 3 - Trang 663-675 - 2014
Philip W. Rundel1, Ian A. Dickie2,3, David M. Richardson4
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
2Bio‐Protection Research Centre Lincoln University Lincoln New Zealand
3Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
4Department of Botany and Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aikio S, Duncan RP, Hulme PE (2010) Lag-phases in alien plant invasions: separating the facts from the artefacts. Oikos 119:370–378

Allen JA (1998) Mangroves as alien species: the case of Hawaii. Global Ecol Biogeogr Lett 7:61–67

Archer S (1989) Have southern Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history. Am Nat 134:545–561

Archer S (1994) Woody plant encroachment into Southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates, patterns and proximate causes. In: Vavra M, Laycock W, Piepe R (eds) Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West. Soc Range Manage, Denver, pp 13–68

Archer S, Scifres C, Bassham C, Maggio R (1988) Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: rates, dynamics and processes in the conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecol Monogr 58:111–127

Archer S, Schimel DS, Holland EA (1995) Mechanisms of shrubland expansion: land use, climate or CO2? Climatic Change 29:91–99

Ashkannejhad S, Horton TR (2006) Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer. New Phytol 169:345–354

Bahre CJ (1991) A legacy of change: historic human impact on vegetation of the Arizona borderlands. University of Arizona Press, Tucson 231 pp

Bodel MJ, Ferriter A, Thayer DD (1994) The biology, distribution, and ecological consequences of Melaleuca quinquenervia in the Everglades. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades, the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, pp 341–355

Bond WJ, Midgley GF (2000) A proposed CO2-controlled mechanism of woody plant invasion in grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biol 6:865–870

Brock JH (1998) Invasion, ecology and management of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) in the southwestern United States of America. In: Starfinger U, Edwards K, Kowarik I et al (eds) Plant invasions: ecological mechanisms and human responses. Backhuys, Leiden, pp 123–136

Brown JR, Carter J (1998) Spatial and temporal patterns of exotic shrub invasion in Australian tropical grassland. Landsc Ecol 13:93–102

Browning DM, Archer SR, Asner GP, McClaran MP, Wessman CA (2008) Woody plants in grasslands: post-encroachment stand dynamics. Ecol Appl 18:928–944

Bruce KA, Cameron GN, Harcombe PA (1995) Initiation of a new woodland type on the Texas coastal prairie by the Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L) Roxb). Bull Torrey Bot Club 122:215–225

Bruns TD, Peay KG, Boynton PJ, Grubisha LC, Hynson NA, Nguyen NH, Rosenstock NP (2009) Inoculum potential of Rhizopogon spores increases with time over the first 4 yr of a 99-yr spore burial experiment. New Phytol 181:463–470

Carilla J, Grau HR (2010) 150 Years of tree establishment, land use and climate change in montane grasslands, northwest Argentina. Biotropica 42:49

Carlquist S (1974) Island biology. Columbia University Press, New York

Collier FA, Bidartondo MI (2009) Waiting for fungi: the ectomycorrhizal invasion of lowland heathlands. J Ecol 97:950–963

Coop JD, Givnish TJ (2008) Constraints on tree seedling establishment in montane grasslands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico. Ecology 89:1101–1111

Di Tomaso JM (1998) Impact, biology, and ecology of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the Southwestern United States. Weed Techn 12:326–336

Dickie IA, Reich PB (2005) Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities at forest edges. J Ecol 93:244–255

Dickie IA, Bolstridge N, Cooper JA, Peltzer DA (2010) Co-invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 187:475–484

Dickie IA, Yeates GW, St J, Mark G, Stevenson BA, Scott JT, Rillig MC, Peltzer DA, Orwin KH, Kirschbaum MUF, Hunt JE, Burrows LE, Barbour MM, Aislabie J (2011) Ecosystem service and biodiversity trade-offs in two woody successions. J Appl Ecol 48:926–934

Dickie IA, Davis M, Carswell FE (2012) Quantification of mycorrhizal limitation in beech spread. NZ J Ecol 36:210–215

Dickinson JC (1969) The eucalypt in the Sierra of southern Peru. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 59:294–307

Diez J (2005) Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula. Biol Invasions 7:3–15

Doughty R (2000) The eucalyptus: a natural and commercial history of the gum tree. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Duarte LS, Machado RE, Hartz SM, Pillar VD (2006) What saplings can tell us about forest expansion over natural grasslands. J Veg Sci 17:799–808

Ehrenfeld JG (2003) Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6:503–523

Elton CS (1958) The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Metheun, London

Farley KA (2007) Grasslands to tree plantations: forest transition in the Andes of Ecuador. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 97:755–771

Gade D (1975) Plants, man and the land in the Vilcanota Valley of Peru. Junk Publishers, The Hague

Geesing D, Felker P, Bingham RL (2000) Influences of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) on soil nitrogen and carbon development: implications for global carbon sequestration. J Arid Environ 46:157–180

Glenn EP, Nagler PL (2005) Comparative ecophysiology of Tamarix ramosissima and native trees in western U.S. riparian zones. J Arid Environ 61:419–446

Grotkopp E, Rejmánek M, Rost TL (2002) Toward a causal explanation of plant invasiveness: seedling growth and life-history strategies of 29 pine (Pinus) species. Am Nat 159:396–419

Guo LB, Gifford R (2002) Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Global Change Biol 8:345–360

Hailu S, Demel T, Sileshi N, Fassil A (2004) Some biological characteristics that foster the invasion of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. at middle awash rift valley area, north- eastern Ethiopia. J Arid Environ 58:135–154

Halpern CB, Antos JA, Rice JM et al (2010) Tree invasion of a montane meadow complex: temporal trends, spatial patterns, and biotic interactions. J Veg Sci 21:717–732

Hastings JR, Turner RM (1966) The changing mile. University of Arizona Press, Tucson

Haugo RD, Halpern CB (2010) Tree age and tree species shape positive and negative interactions in a montane meadow. Botany 88:488–499

Hibbard KA, Schimel DS, Archer S, Ojima DS, Parton W (2003) Grassland to woodland transitions: integrating changes in landscape structure and biogeochemistry. Ecol Appl 13:911–926

Higgins SI, Scheiter S (2012) Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally. Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature11238

Hofstede RGM, Groenendijk JP, Coppus R, Fehse JC, Sevink J (2002) Impact of pine plantations on soils and vegetation in the Ecuadorian high Andes. Mt Res Develop 22:159–167

Hopper SD (2009) OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes. Plant Soil 322:49–86

Huxman TE, Wilcox BP, Breshears D, Scott RL, Snyder KA, Small EE, Hultine K, Pockman WT, Jackson RB (2005) Ecohydrological implications of woody plant encroachment. Ecology 86:308–319

Idso SB (1992) Shrubland expansion in the American Southwest. Clim Change 22:85–86

Jackson RB, Banner JL, Jobbágy EG, Pockman WT, Wall DH (2002) Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands. Nature 418:623–626

Jäger H, Tye A, Kowarik I (2007) Tree invasion in naturally treeless environments: impacts of quinine (Cinchona pubescens) trees on native vegetation in Galapagos. Biol Conserv 140:297–307

Kaur R, Gonzáles WL, Llambi LD, Soriano PJ, Callaway RM et al (2012) Community impacts of Prosopis juliflora invasion: biogeographic and congeneric comparisons. PLoS ONE 7(9):e44966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044966

Kleinbauer I, Dullinger S, Peterseil J, Essl F (2010) Climate change might drive the invasive tree Robinia pseudacacia into nature reserves and endangered habitats. Biol Conserv 143:382–390

Langdon B, Pauchard A, Aguayo M (2010) Pinus contorta invasion in the Chilean Patagonia: local patterns in a global context. Biol Invasions 12:3961–3971

Le Maitre DC, Versfeld DB, Chapman RA (2000) The impact of invading alien plants on surface water resources in South Africa: a preliminary assessment. Water SA 26:397–407

Le Maitre DC, Gaertner M, Marchante E, Ens EJ, Holmes PM, Pauchard A, O’Farrell PJ, Rogers AM, Blanchard R, Blignaut J, Richardson DM (2011) Impacts of invasive Australian acacias: implications for management and restoration. Divers Distrib 17:1015–1029

League K, Veblen T (2006) Climatic variability and episodic Pinus ponderosa establishment along the forest-grassland ecotones of Colorado. For Ecol Manag 228:98–107

Ledgard N (2001) The spread of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, Dougl.) in New Zealand. For Ecol Manag 141:43–57

Luzar J (2007) The political ecology of a “forest transition”: eucalyptus forestry in the southern Peruvian Andes. Ethnobot Res Appl 5:85–93

MacDougall AS, Gilbert B, Levine JM (2009) Plant invasions and the niche. J Ecol 97:609–615

Mack RN (2003) Phylogenetic constraint, absent life forms, and preadapted alien plants: a prescription for biological invasions. Intern J Plant Sci 164:S185–S196

Martin MR, Tipping PW, Sickman JO (2009) Invasion by an exotic tree alters above and belowground ecosystem components. Biol Invasions 11:1883–1894

Marx DH (1991) The practical significance of ectomycorrhizae in forest establishment. Ecophysiology of ectomycorrhizae of forest trees. Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, Falun, Sweden, pp 54–90

Mazia CN, Chaneton EJ, Ghersa CM, León JC (2001) Limits to tree species invasion in Pampean grassland and forest plant communities. Oecologia 128:594–602

McClaran MP (2003) A century of vegetation change on the Santa Rita experimental range. Pages 16–33 in Santa Rita experimental range: one-hundred years (1903–2003) of accomplishments and contributions. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Tucson, Arizona

Merritt DM, Poff NL (2010) Shifting dominance of riparian Populus and Tamarix along gradients of flow alteration in western North American rivers. Ecol Appl 20:135–152

Merritt DM, Shafroth PB (2012) Edaphic, salinity, and stand structural trends in chronosequences of native and non-native dominated riparian forests along the Colorado River, USA. Biol Invasions 14:2665–2685

Miller EA, Halpern CB (1998) Effects of environment and grazing disturbance on tree establishment in meadows of the central Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. J Veg Sci 9:265–282

Mitchell B (1991) Peasants on the edge: crop, culture, and crisis in the Andes. University of Texas Press, Austin

Mooney HA (2008) The globalization of ecological thought. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany

Nuñez MA, Horton TR, Simberloff D (2009) Lack of belowground mutualisms hinders Pinaceae invasions. Ecology 90:2352–2359

Pattison RR, Mack RN (2008) Potential distribution of the invasive tree Triadica sebifera (Euphorbiaceae) in the United States: evaluating CLIMEX predictions with field trials. Glob Change Biol 14:813–826

Peña E, Hidalgo M, Langdon B, Pauchard A (2008) Patterns of spread of Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud in a natural reserve in southern South America. For Ecol Manag 256:1049–1054

Pillar VD, Quadros FLF (1997) Grassland–forest boundaries in southern Brazil. Coenoses 12:119–126

Polley HW, Johnson HB, Mayeaux HS (1994) Increasing CO2: competitive responses of the C4 grass Schizachyrium and grassland Prosopis. Ecology 75:976–988

Pringle A, Bever JD, Gardes M, Parrent JL, Rillig MC, Klironomos JN (2009) Mycorrhizal symbioses and plant invasions. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:699–715

Rice JM, Halpern CB, Antos JA et al (2012) Spatio-temporal patterns of tree establishment are indicative of biotic interactions during early invasion of a montane meadow. Plant Ecol 213:555–568

Richardson DM, Bond WJ (1991) Determinants of plant distribution: evidence from pine invasions. Am Nat 137:639–668

Richardson DM, Cowling RM (1992) Why is mountain fynbos invasible and which species invade? In: Van Wilgen BW, Richardson DM, Kruger FJ, van Hensbergen HJ (eds) Fire in South African mountain fynbos. Springer, Berlin, pp 161–181

Richardson DM, Gaertner M (2013) Plant invasions as builders and shapers of novel ecosystems. In: Hobbs RJ, Higgs EC, Hall CM (eds) Novel ecosystems: intervening in the new ecological world order. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 102–114

Richardson DM, Higgins SI (1998) Pines as invaders in the southern hemisphere. In: Richardson DM (ed) Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 450–473

Richardson DM, Rejmánek M (2011) Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species—a global review. Divers Distrib 17:788–809

Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa; how well do we understand the ecological impacts? S Afr J Sci 100:45–52

Richardson DM, Williams PA, Hobbs RJ (1994) Pine invasions in the Southern Hemisphere: determinants of spread and invadability. J Biogeogr 21:511–527

Richardson DM, Allsopp N, D’Antonio CM, Milton SJ, Rejmánek M (2000) Plant invasions: the role of mutualisms. Biol Rev 75:65–93

Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW, Nuñez MA (2008) Alien conifer invasions in South America: short fuse burning? Biol Invasions 10:573–577

Rudel TK, Coomes OT, Moran E, Achard F, Angelsen A, Xu J, Lambin E (2005) Forest transition: towards a global understanding of land use change. Global Environ Change 15:23–31

Rundel PW, Nilsen ET, Sharifi M, Virginia R, Jarrell W, Kohl D, Shearer G (1982) Seasonal dynamics of nitrogen cycling for a Prosopis woodland in the Sonoran Desert. Plant Soil 67:343–353

Salgado Salomón ME, Barroetaveña C, Rajchenberg M (2011) Do pine plantations provide mycorrhizal inocula for seedlings establishment in grasslands from Patagonia, Argentina? New For 41:191–205

Scholes RJ, Archer SR (1997) Tree–grass interactions in savannas. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 28:517544

Serbesoff-King K (2003) Melaleuca in Florida: a literature review on the taxonomy, distribution, biology, ecology, economic importance and control measures. J Aquatic Plant Manag 41:98–112

Shafroth PB, Auble GT, Scott ML (1995) Germination and establishment of native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. monilifera) and the exotic Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.). Conserv Biol 9:1169–1175

Shafroth PB, Cleverly JR, Dudley L, Stuart J, Taylor JP, van Riper C, Weeks EP (2005) Control of Tamarix in the western U.S.—implications for water salvage, wildlife use, and riparian restoration. Environ Manag 35:231–246

Simberloff D (2011) Charles Elton. Neither founder nor siren, but prophet. In: Richardson DM (ed) Fifty years of invasion ecology. The legacy of Charles Elton, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 11–24

Simberloff D, Nuñez MA, Ledgard NJ et al (2010) Spread and impact of introduced conifers in South America: lessons from other southern hemisphere regions. Austral Ecol 35:489–504

Stromberg JC, Chew MK, Nagler PL, Glenn EP (2009) Changing perceptions of change: the role of scientists in Tamarix and river management. Restor Ecol 17:177–186

Terwilliger J, Pastor J (1999) Small mammals, ectomycorrhizae, and conifer succession in beaver meadows. Oikos 85:83–94

Vale TR (1981) Tree invasion of montane meadows in Oregon. Am Midl Nat 105:61–69

Van Auken OW (2000) Shrub invasions of North American semiarid grasslands. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 31:197–215

van Wesenbeeck B, van Mourik T, Duivenvoorden JF, Cleef AM (2003) Strong effects of a plantation with Pinus patula on Andean subpáramo vegetation: a case study from Colombia. Biol Conserv 114:207–218

Vitousek PM, Walker LR (1989) Biological Invasion by Myrica faya in Hawaii—plant demography, nitrogen-fixation, ecosystem effects. Ecol Monogr 59:247–265

Wardle P (1985) New Zealand timberlines. 3. A synthesis. NZ J Bot 23:263–271

Wiemken V, Boller T (2006) Delayed succession from alpine grassland to savannah with upright pine: limitation by ectomycorrhiza formation? For Ecol Manag 237:492–502

Zalba SM, Villamil CB (2002) Woody plant invasion in relictual grasslands. Biol Invas 4:55–72