Breastfeeding and Maternal Employment: Results from Three National Nutritional Surveys in Mexico
Tóm tắt
To evaluate the association between maternal employment and breastfeeding (both duration and status) in Mexican mothers using data from three National Health and Nutrition Surveys conducted in 1999, 2006 and 2012. We analyzed data from the 1999 National Nutrition Survey, the 2006 National Nutrition and Health Survey, and the 2012 National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNS-1999, NHNS-2006 and NHNS-2012) on 5,385 mothers aged 12–49 years, with infants under 1 year. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between breastfeeding and maternal employment adjusted for maternal and infant’s socio-demographic covariates. Maternal formal employment was negatively associated with breastfeeding in Mexican mothers with infants under 1 year. Formally employed mothers were 20 % less likely to breastfeed compared to non-formally employed mothers and 27 % less likely to breastfeed compared to unemployed mothers. Difference in median duration of breastfeeding between formally employed and unemployed mothers was 5.7 months for NNS-1999, 4.7 months for NNHS-2006 and 6.7 months for NNHS-2012 respectively (p < 0.05). In NHNS-2006 and NHNS-2012, health care access was associated with longer breastfeeding duration. Maternal employment has been negatively associated with breastfeeding in Mexican mothers of <1 year infants at least for the last 15 years. For Mexicans involved in policy design, implementation or modification, these data might offer robust evidence on this negative association, and can be used confidently as basis for conceiving a more just legislation for working lactating women.
Tài liệu tham khảo
WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention on Infant Mortality (2000) Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet, 5 355:(9209):1104.
Ip, S., Chung, M., Raman, G., Chew, P., Magula, N., DeVine, D., et al. (2007). Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment (Full Rep) (153):1–186.
Kramer, M. S., & Kakuma, R. (2004). The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 554, 63–77.
Owen, C. G., Martin, R. M., Whincup, P. H., Davey-Smith, G., Gillman, M. W., & Cook, D. G. (2005). The effect of breastfeeding on mean body mass index throughout life: a quantitative review of published and unpublished observational evidence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(6), 1298–1307.
Rtveladze, K., Marsh, T., Barquera, S., Sanchez Romero, L. M., Levy, D., Melendez, G., et al. (2014). Obesity prevalence in Mexico: Impact on health and economic burden. Public Health Nutrition, 17(1), 233–239.
Rea, M. F. (2004). Benefits of breastfeeding and women’s health. Journal of Pediatria, 80(Suppl 5), S142–S146.
Thulier, D., & Mercer, J. (2009). Variables associated with breastfeeding duration. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 38, 259–268.
Guerrero, M. L., Morrow, R. C., Calva, J. J., Ortega-Gallegos, H., Weller, S. C., Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., et al. (1999). Rapid ethnographic assessment of breastfeeding practices in periurban Mexico City. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77, 323–330.
Wojcicki, Janet M. (2011). Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and initiation and duration of breastfeeding: A review of the literature. Journal Of Women’s Health (Larchmt)., 20(3), 341–347.
WHO. (2002). Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. 55th World Health Assembly. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
Hurley, K. M., Black, M. M., Papas, M. A., & Quigg, A. M. (2008). Variation in breastfeeding behaviors, perceptions, and experiences by race/ethnicity among a low-income statewide sample of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants in the United States. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 4, 95–105.
Tenfelde, S. M., Finnegan, L., Miller, A. M., & Hill, P. D. (2012). Risk of breastfeeding cessation among low-income women, infants, and children: A discrete time survival analysis. Nursing Research, 61, 86–95.
Arora, S., McJunkin, C., Wehrer, J., & Kuhn, P. (2000). Major factors influencing breastfeeding rates: Mother’s perception of father’s attitude and milk supply. Pediatrics, 106(5), E67.
Amir, L. H., & Donath, S. (2007). A systematic review of maternal obesity and breastfeeding intention, initiation and duration. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth., 4(7), 9.
Wambach, K., Campbell, S. H., Gill, S. L., Dodgson, J. E., Abiona, T. C., & Heinig, M. J. (2005). Clinical lactation practice: 20 Years of evidence. Journal of Human Lactation, 21(3), 245–258.
Bunik, M., Clark, L., Zimmer, L. M., Jimenez, L. M., O´Connor, M. E., Crane, L. A., et al. (2006). Early infant feeding decisions in low-income Latinas. Breastfeed Medicine., 1(4), 225–235.
Mangasaryan, N., Martin, L., Brownlee, A., Ogunlade, A., Rudert, C., & Cai, X. (2012). Breastfeeding promotion, support and protection: Review of six country programmes. Nutrients., 4(8), 990–1014.
Las Mexicanas y el trabajo II. Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres. Inmujeres. Primera Edición, Septiembre 2003. [Consulted 2014, May 27] http://www.bing.com/search?q=Las+Mexicanas+y+el+trabajo+II.+Instituto+Nacional+de+las+Mujeres.+Inmujeres.+Primera+Edici%C3%B3n%2C+Septiembre+2003.&form=IE10TR&src=IE10TR&pc=CMDTDFJS&adlt=strict.
INMUJERES, Comunicado de Prensa 32-1° de Mayo de 2010 en http://www.inmujeres.gob.mx/sala-de-prensa/inicio-noticias/200-participaeconomicamujer.html consulted September 1, 2010.
Tsai, S. Y. (2013). Impact of a breastfeeding-friendly workplace on an employed mother’s intention to continue breastfeeding after returning to work. Breastfeeding Medicine, 8, 210–216.
Johnston, M. L., & Esposito, N. (2007). Barriers and facilitators for breastfeeding among working women in the United States. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 36, 9–20.
Mandal, B., Roe, B. E., & Fein, S. B. (2010). The differential effects of full-time and part-time work status on breastfeeding. Health Policy, 97, 79–86.
Navarro-Estrella, M., Duque-López, M. X., & Trejo y Pérez, J. A. (2003). Factors associated with short duration of breast-feeding in Mexican working women. Salud Pública de México, 45, 276–284.
Steward-Glenn, J. (2008). Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of managers, coworkers, and employed breastfeeding mothers. AAOHN Journal, 56, 423–429.
Anonymous. (1990). Mexico1987: Results from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Studies in Family Planning, 21(3):181–185.
Gómez Dantés, H., Garnica, M. E., Sepúlveda, J., Valdespino-Gómez, J. L., Lam, N., & Herrera, M. C. (1986). Lactation weaning patterns in Mexico. National Health Survey. Salud Publica de Mexico, 1990(32), 725–734.
González-Cossio T, Moreno-Macías H, Rivera JA, Villalpando S, Shamah-Levy T, Monterrubio EA et al. (2003). Breast-feeding practices in Mexico: Results from the Second National Nutrition Survey 1999. Salud Pública de México, 45(Suppl 4):S477–S489.
González de Cossío, T., Escobar-Zaragoza, L., González-Castell, D., Reyes-Vázquez, H., & Rivera-Dommarco, J. A. (2013). Breastfeeding in Mexico was stable, on average, but deteriorated among the poor, whereas complementary feeding improved: Results from the, 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Surveys. Journal of Nutrition, 143, 664–671.
González de Cosío, T., Escobar-Zaragoza, L., González-Castell, D., & Rivera Dommarco, J. A. (2013). Prácticas de alimentación infantil y deterioro de la lactancia materna en México. Salud Pública de México, 55(Suppl 2), S170–S179.
http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacio-mexico/2013/lactancia-materna-al-mas-bajo-nivel-940809.html consulted, April 4, 2014.
Lutter, C. K., & Al, Morrow. (2013). Protection, promotion, and support and global trends in breastfeeding. Advances in Nutrition, 4, 213–219.
Bartick, M., & Reinhold, A. (2010). The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: a pediatric cost analysis. Pediatrics, 125(5), e1048–e1056.
Frenk, J. (1993). The new public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 14, 469–490.
Resano-Pérez, E., Méndez-Ramírez, I., Shamah-Levy, T., Rivera, J. A., & Sepúlveda-Amor, J. (2003). Methods of the National Nutritional Survey 1999. Salud Pública de México, 45(Suppl 4), S558–S564.
Olaiz-Fernández, G., Rivera-Dommarco, J., Shamah-Levy, T., Rojas, R., Villalpando-Hernández, S., Hernández-Avila, M., et al. (2006). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006. Cuernavaca, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.
Romero-Martínez, M., Shamah-Levy, T., Franco-Nuñez, A., Villalpando, S., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Gutierrez, J. P., et al. (2013). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012:diseño y cobertura. Salud Pública de México, 55(Suppl 2), S332–S340.
-Lungáho M, Huffman SL, Labbok MH, Summerfelt E, Baker J. Tool kit for monotoring breastfeeding pracices and programs. Washington, D.C: Wellstart International, Expanded Promotion of Breastfeeding Program, USAID Policy & Technical Monographs, 1996.
World Health Organization. (2010). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Part 1:Definitions.
Gutiérrez, J. P. & Hernández-Ávila, M. (2013). Cobertura de protección en salud y perfil de la población sin protección en México, 2000–2012. Salud Pública de México, 55(sup 2):83–90.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. (1992). Multivariate data analysis with readings (3rd ed., pp. 223–253). Nueva York (NY): Macmillan Publishing Company.
Dielman, Terry E. (1983). Pooled cross-sectional and time series data: A survey of current statistical methodology. The American Statistician, 37, 111–122.
World Health Organization. (2010). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Part 3: Country profiles. Geneve: WHO Press.
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the Bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall.
Corp, Stata. (2007). Stata statistical software: Release 12. College Station, TX: Stata Corp LP.
Flores, M., Pasquel, M. R., Maulén, I., & Rivera, J. (2005). Exclusive breastfeeding in 3 rural localities in Mexico. Journal of Human Lactation, 21, 276–283.
Pérez-Escamilla, R., Lutter, C., Segall, A. M., Rivera, A., Treviño-Siller, S., & Sanghvi, T. (1995). Exclusive breast-feeding duration is associated with attitudinal, socioeconomic and biocultural determinants in three Latin American countries. Journal of Nutrition, 125, 2972–2984.
Ley Federal del Trabajo de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Disponible en: ww.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Federal/wo9059.doc.
Winikoff, B., & Laukaran, V. H. (1989). Breast feeding and bottle feeding controversies in the developing world: Evidence from a study in four countries. Social Science and Medicine, 29(7), 859–868.
Chin, N. P., & Solomonik, A. (2009). Inadequate: A metaphor for the lives of low-income women? Breastfeeding Medicine, 4(Suppl 1), S41–S43.
Chaparro, C. M., & Lutter, C. K. (2010). Increases in breastfeeding duration observed in Latin America and the Caribbean and the role of maternal demographic and healthcare characteristics. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 31(Supplement 2), S117–S127.
https://www.prospera.gob.mx/Portal/wb/Web/funciones_prospera.