Scientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and Degradation

Chemical Reviews - Tập 107 Số 10 - Trang 3904-3951 - 2007
Rodney L. Borup1, Jeremy P. Meyers1, Bryan S. Pivovar1, Yu Seung Kim1, Rangachary Mukundan1, Nancy Garland1, Deborah J. Myers1, Mahlon S. Wilson1, Fernando H. Garzón1, David L. Wood1, Piotr Zelenay1, Karren L. More1, K.R. Stroh1, Tom Zawodzinski1, James M. Boncella1, James E. McGrath1, Masaaki Inaba1, Kenji Miyatake1, Michio Hori1, Ken‐ichiro Ota1, Zempachi Ogumi1, Seizo Miyata1, Atsushi Nishikata1, Zyun Siroma1, Yoshiharu Uchimoto1, Kazuaki Yasuda1, Ken’ichi Kimijima1, Norio Iwashita1
1Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0292, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44120, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, Doshisha Univerisy, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan,...

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Perry M. L., 2002, J. Electrochem. Soc., 149, S59, 10.1149/1.1488651

Chalk S. G., 2006, J. Power Sources, 159, 73, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.058

Fowler, M.; Mann, R. F.; Amphlett, J. C.; Peppley, B. A.; Roberge, P. R. InHandbook of Fuel Cells, Fundamentals, Technology and Applications; Vielstich, W., Gasteiger, H. A., Lamm, A., Eds.; 2003; Vol. 3, p 663.

Wilson M. S., 1993, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 2872, 10.1149/1.2220925

Wilkinson D. P., 2003, Handbook of Fuel Cells:  Fundamentals, Technology, and Applications, 3, 611

2007, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/

NEDO homepage: http://www.nedo.go.jp/nenryo/gijutsu/index.html, 2007.

European Technology Platform, 2007, www.HFPeurope.org

Appleby A. J., 1989, Fuel Cell Handbook

Crowe B. J., 1973, NASA Report SP-5115

Raistrick L. D., 1986, Soc. Proc. Ser.

Ticianelli E., 1988, J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 2209, 10.1149/1.2096240

Ticianelli E., 1988, J. Electroanal. Chem., 251

Wilson M. S., 1992, J. Appl. Electrochem., 22

Wilson M. S., 1992, J. Electrochem. Soc., 139, L28, 10.1149/1.2069277

Uchida M., 1995, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 463, 10.1149/1.2044068

Borup R. L., 2006, J. Power Sources, 163, 76, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.009

Borup R., 2003, Fuel Cell Semin. Abstr., 134

Wood D. L., 2004, Fuel Cell Semin. Abstr

2005, Durability test Protocol for PEM Fuel Cells

2006, Solicitation announcement DE-PS36-06GO96018

Lane D., 2004, Fuel Cell Semin. Abstr., 303

2007, Cell Component Accelerated Stress Test Protocols for PEM Fuel Cells

Ciureanu M., 1999, J. Electrochem. Soc., 146, 4031, 10.1149/1.1392588

Garcia G., 2006, Catal. Today, 116, 415, 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.05.069

Hayter P., 1997, of Trade and Industry

JARI., 2004, Japan Automobile Research Institute

Mikkola M., 2004, 205th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society

Mikkola M. S., 2007, Fuel Cells Fund. Sys., 07, 153, 10.1002/fuce.200600206

Mohtadi R., 2003, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 6, A272, 10.1149/1.1621831

Mohtadi R., 2004, J. Power Sources, 138, 216, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.06.036

Moore J. M., 2000, J. Power Sources, 85, 254, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00341-9

Mukerjee S., 2002, Electrochim. Acta, 47, 3219, 10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00242-6

Myers D., 2006, Annual DOE Fuel Cell Program Review

Myers D., 2006, 2nd Annual MEA Manufacturing Conference

Pino L., 1998, Abstr. Fuel Cell Semin., 10, 671

Rockward T., 2005, Electrochem. Soc. Meeting Abstracts

Soto H. J., 2005, of South Carolina

Thampan T., 2006, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 2005

Uribe F., 2001, Jr. 200th Meeting Electrochem. Soc.

Uribe F., 2004, 205th Meeting Electrochem. Soc.

Uribe F., 2005, LANL Provisional Patent Application #97B96

Uribe F. A., 2002, J. Electrochem. Soc., 149, A293, 10.1149/1.1447221

Veldhuis J., 1998, Abstr. Fuel Cell Semin., 47, 598

Garzon F., 2006, 2006 Annual DOE Fuel Cell Program Review

Semmelsberger T. A. Ph.D., 2005, Case Western Reserve University

Gu T., 2002, Proc. Electrochem. Soc.

Gu T., 2005, Appl. Catal., B, 56, 43, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.08.016

Amphlett J., 1993, Abstr. Am. Chem. Soc., 206

Benesch R., 2005, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 14607, 10.1021/ja050139f

Bhatia K., 2004, Electrochim. Acta, 49, 2333, 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.014

Ciureanu M., 2000, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 3, 107

Jiang, R.; Kunz, H. R.; Fenton, J. M.205th Meeting Electrochem. Soc., 2004, p 674.

Krishnan P., 2006, J. Power Sources, 159, 817, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.071

Lee W., 2003, Fuel Cells, 3, 52, 10.1002/fuce.200331102

Murthy M., 2001, 4th Int. Sym. on New Mater. for Electrochemical Systems, 281

Qi Z., 2002, J. Power Sources, 111, 239, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00300-2

Qi Z., 2003, J. Power Sources, 113, 115, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00489-5

Si Y., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1820, 10.1149/1.1796446

Sung L., 2004, J. Fuel Cell Sci., Eng. Technol., 621

Thampan T., 2005, MRS Meeting, The Hydrogen Cycle-Generation, Storage and Fuel Cells. Sym.

Yongchao S., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1820, 10.1149/1.1796446

Zhang J., 2002, J. Electrochem. Soc., 149, A765, 10.1149/1.1475686

Baschuk J., 2002, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 1, 55

Baschuk J., 2003, Trans. ASME J. Energy Resources Technol., 125, 94, 10.1115/1.1538186

Baschuk J., 2003, Int. J. Global Energy Issues, 20, 245, 10.1504/IJGEI.2003.003966

Baschuk J. J., 2003, Int. J. Energy Res., 27, 1095, 10.1002/er.934

Chu H., 2006, J. Power Sources, 159, 1071, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.045

Janssen G., 2004, Fuel Cells, 4, 169, 10.1002/fuce.200400023

Korsgaard A. R., 2006, Proc. of 4th Int. ASME Conf. on Fuel Cell Science FUELCELL2006

Liu P., 2003, Electrochim. Acta, 48, 3731, 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00538-3

Murthy, M.; Moore, D.206th Meeting of the Electrochem. Soc., 2004, p 1886.

Rodrigues A., 1997, Proc. 32nd Intersociety Energy Conversion Eng. Conf.

Springer T. E., 2001, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A11, 10.1149/1.1344516

Thirumalai, D.; Zawodzinski, T. A.; Springer, T. E.; Gottesfeld, S.Abstr.Electrochem. Soc.1997.

Wang C., 2006, J. Power Sources, 159, 1025, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.004

Wang C.-P., 2006, Proc. of 4th Int. ASME Conference on Fuel Cell Science FUELCELL2006

Yan Q., 1964, J. 206th Meeting Electrochem. Soc. Abstracts 2004

Yan W., 2006, J. Power Sources, 159, 1071, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.045

Zhang J., 2005, Proc.Electrochem. Soc., 2003, 134

Zhou T., 2003, Eng. Technol.

Chu H. S., 2006, J. Power Sources, 159, 1025, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.004

Adams W., 2005, J. Power Sources, 145, 55, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.049

Adcock P. A., 2005, Proc.Electrochem. Soc., 2002, 159

Carrette L., 2001, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 320, 10.1039/b005843m

Divisek J., 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 3811, 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00140-6

Rohland B., 1999, J. Power Sources, 84, 183, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00315-8

Wan C.-H., 2007, Electrochim. Acta, 52, 4111, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.11.045

Gottesfeld S., 1988, J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 2651, 10.1149/1.2095401

Allan, D. E.; Wilkinson, D. P.; Chow, C. Y. F.; Johannes, E. P.; Roberts, J. A.; St-Pierre, J.; Longley, C. J.; Chan, J. K. K. PCT Int. Appl. WO9934465, 1999.

Knights, S. D.; Lauritzen, M. V.; Vohra, R.; Wilkinson, D. P. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 1017121, 2000.

Roberts J., 2001, Patent 6,329,089

St-Pierre J., 2003, Appl. Publ., 010629, 2003

Wilkinson, D. P.; Knights, S. D.; Lauritzen, M. V. PCT Int. Appl. EP0736921, 2000.

Wilkinson D. P., 1997, Proc. of the Int. Sym. on New Materials for Fuel Cell and Modern Battery Systems, 266

Wilkinson, D. P.; Voss, H. H.; Dudley, J.; Lamont, G. J.; Basura, V. PCT Int. Appl. WO9508850, 1995.

Wilkinson, D. P.; Voss, H. H.; Dudley, J.; Lamont, G. J.; Basura, V. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9508851, 1995.

Wilkinson D. P., 1996, Patent 5,482,680

Wilkinson D. P., 1996, Patent EP0736921

Crabb E., 2000, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 4440, 10.1149/1.1394083

Holleck G., 1998, Second Int. Sym. on Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel, Cells II, 150

Isono T. S., 2000, J. Power Sources, 86, 269, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00441-3

Mukerjee S., 1999, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2, 12, 10.1149/1.1390718

Papageorgopoulos D., 2002, Electrochim. Acta, 48, 197, 10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00602-3

Santiago E., 2003, J. Solid State Electrochem., 7, 607, 10.1007/s10008-003-0390-z

Stevens D., 2006, ECS Trans., 3, 355, 10.1149/1.2356155

Gasteiger H., 1995, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 16757, 10.1021/j100045a042

Lee S., 1999, Electrochim. Acta, 44, 3283, 10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00052-3

Rheaume J., 1998, J. Power Sources, 76, 60, 10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00141-4

Roth C., 2005, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 14607, 10.1021/ja050139f

Strmcnik D., 2005, Solid State Ionics, Diffus. React., 176, 1759, 10.1016/j.ssi.2005.04.028

Garzon F., 2005, DOE Hydrogen Program Review

Uribe F. U.S., 2004, DOE Hydrogen Program Review

Krumpelt M., 2002, Catal. Today, 77, 3, 10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00230-4

Cho E., 2003, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A1667, 10.1149/1.1621877

Mukundan R., 2005, ECS Trans., 1, 403, 10.1149/1.2214572

Simpson S. F., 1995, Electrochem. Soc., 182

Wilson M. S., 1995, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 355, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)00272-3

Deryu C., 2001, J. Power Sources, 96, 174, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00567-5

Oszcipok M., 2005, J. Power Sources, 145, 407, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.058

Knights S. D., 2004, J. Power Sources, 127, 127, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.033

Cappadonia M., 1994, J. Electroanal. Chem., 376, 189, 10.1016/0022-0728(94)03586-5

Siu A., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 6072, 10.1021/jp0531208

Yoshida H., 1992, J. Membr. Sci., 68, 1, 10.1016/0376-7388(92)80145-A

Thompson E. L., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A2351, 10.1149/1.2359699

McDonald R. C., 2004, Fuel Cells, 4, 208, 10.1002/fuce.200400015

Guo Q. H., 2006, J. Power Sources, 160, 1269, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.093

He S., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A1724, 10.1149/1.2216547

Lee C., 2007, J. Power Sources, 164, 141, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.092

Fuel Cell Operations, 2005, SubFreezing Temperatures Workshop, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fc_freeze_ workshop.html

Cho E., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A661, 10.1149/1.1683580

Hishinuma Y., 2004, JSME Int. J. Ser. B, Fluids Thermal Eng., 47, 235, 10.1299/jsmeb.47.235

Qiangu Y., 2006, J. Power Sources, 160, 1242, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.075

Ishikawa Y., 2007, J. Power Sources, 163, 708, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.08.026

Oszcipok M., 2006, J. Power Sources, 154, 404, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.035

Ahluwalia R. K., 2006, J. Power Sources, 162, 502, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.071

Pesaran A. A., 2006, http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/pem_fc_freeze_milestone.pdf

Fuller T. F., 1993, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1218, 10.1149/1.2220960

Jerkiewicz G., 2004, Electrochim. Acta, 49, 1451

Kinoshita K., 1974, Carbon, 12, 525, 10.1016/0008-6223(74)90054-2

Schulze M., 2007, Electrochim. Acta, 52, 2328, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.05.063

Patterson, T. 2002 AIChE Spring National Meeting

Darling R. M., 2003, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A1523, 10.1149/1.1613669

Darling R. M., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A242, 10.1149/1.1836156

Komanicky V., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, B446, 10.1149/1.2229284

Wang X., X., 2006, J. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 9, A225, 10.1149/1.2180536

Taniguchi A., 2004, J. Power Sources, 130, 42, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.035

Wilkinson, 2002, D. P. In 202nd Meeting of Electrochemical Society

Meyers J. P., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A1432, 10.1149/1.2203811

Gu W., 2006, Prepr. Symp.Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem.

Makharia R., 2006, ECS Trans., 1, 3, 10.1149/1.2214540

Barton H. R. U.S., 2004, Patent 6,724,194

Reiser C. A., 2005, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8, A273, 10.1149/1.1896466

Patterson T. W., 2006, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 9, A183, 10.1149/1.2167930

Pekula N., 2005, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. a-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors Associated Equipment, 542, 134, 10.1016/j.nima.2005.01.090

Perry M. L., 2006, ECS Trans., 3, 783, 10.1149/1.2356198

Yan X. Q., 2007, J. Power Sources, 163, 966, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.075

Kusoglu A., 2006, J. Power Sources, 161, 987, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.05.020

Huang X. Y., 2006, Part B:  Polym. Phys

LaConti A. B., 2003, Handbook of Fuel Cells-Fundamentals, Technology and Application, 3

Banerjee S., 2004, J. Fluorine Chem., 125, 1211, 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.05.018

Steck, A.Proc. 1st Int. Sym. New Materials for Fuel Cell Systems, 1995; Savagodo, O., Roberge, P. R., Veziroglu, T. N., Eds.; p 74.

Hickner M. A., 2004, Chem. Rev., 104, 4587, 10.1021/cr020711a

Stucki S., 1998, J. Appl. Electrochem., 28, 1041, 10.1023/A:1003477305336

Borup R., 2004, DOE Hydrogen Program Review

Curtin D. E., 2004, J. Power Sources, 131, 41, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.01.023

Steck A. E., Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on New Materials for Fuel Cell and Modern Battery Systems

Wei J., 1995, Patent 5,422,411

Yu J., 2003, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 611, 10.1039/b209020a

Buchi F. N., 1995, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 345, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)00274-5

Gubler L., 2004, Fuel Cells, 4, 196, 10.1002/fuce.200400019

Wang H., 1998, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 780, 10.1149/1.1838345

Rozière J., 2003, J. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 33, 503, 10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022702.154657

Aoki M., 2006, Electrochem. Commun., 8, 1412, 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.06.028

Gubler L., 2005, Solid State Ionics, 176, 2849, 10.1016/j.ssi.2005.09.045

Soczka-guth, T.; Baurmeister, J.; Frank, G.; Kanuf, R. US, 2002; Vol. 6,355,149.

Faure S., 2nd International Symposium on New Materials for Fuel Cell and Modern Battery Systems

Asano N., 2006, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 1762, 10.1021/ja0571491

Wang J.-T., 1996, Electrochim. Acta, 41, 193, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00313-4

Frank, 2003, G. In Proc. 2nd European PEFC Forum

Li Q., 2004, Fuel Cells, 4, 147, 10.1002/fuce.200400020

Xiao L. X., 2005, Chem. Mater., 17, 5328, 10.1021/cm050831+

Schmidt, T. J. 208th Meeting Electrochem. Soc., Los Angeles, 2005; p 2197.

Lakshmanan B., 2003, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 6, A282, 10.1149/1.1619647

Protsailo L., 2006, 2006 DOE Hydrogen Program Review

Cleghorn S. J. C., 2006, J. Power Sources, 158, 446, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.09.062

Endoh E., 2002, Soc. Abstracts

Inaba M., 2007, Electrochemistry, 75, 207, 10.5796/electrochemistry.75.207

Luo Z., 2006, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 31, 1831, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.02.029

Oomori Y., 2003, 11th FCDIC Fuel Cell Symp.; FCDIC:  Tokyo

Yoshioka S., 2005, Fuel Cell Bull., 3, 11, 10.1016/S1464-2859(05)00554-7

Yu J., 2005, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 7, 373, 10.1039/B412600A

Yan Q., J. 207th Meeting Electrochem. Soc., 2005; MA2005-01

Ohma A., 2006, ECS Trans., 3, 519, 10.1149/1.2356173

Inaba M., 2006, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 5746, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.008

Teranishi K., 2006, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 9, A475, 10.1149/1.2266163

Qiao J., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A967, 10.1149/1.2186768

Mittal V. O., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A1755, 10.1149/1.2219708

Mathias M. F., 2005, Interface, 14, 24

Hicks M., 2006, Washington DC

LaConti A. B., 2006, ECS Trans., 1, 199, 10.1149/1.2214554

LaConti, 1982, A. B. In ACS Polymer Division Topical Workshop on Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes, Lake Buena Vista, FL

LaConti A. B., 1977, Proceeding of the Symposium on Electrode Materials and Process for Energy Conversion and Storage; McIntyre, J. D. E., Will, S. S., F. G., Eds.; The Electrochemical Society, Inc.:  Princeton, NJ

Damjanovic A., 1969, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, 5

Tarasevich M. R., 1983, Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, 7

Markovic N. M., 1995, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 3411, 10.1021/j100011a001

Markovic N. M., 2002, Surf. Sci. Rep., 45, 117, 10.1016/S0167-5729(01)00022-X

Antoine O., 2000, J. Appl. Electrochem., 30, 839, 10.1023/A:1003999818560

Paulus U. A., 2001, J. Electroanal. Chem., 495, 134, 10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00407-1

Inaba M., 2006, ECS Trans., 1, 315, 10.1149/1.2214564

Liu W., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A1165, 10.1149/1.1904988

Kinumoto T., 2006, J. Power Sources, 158, 1222, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.043

Pozio A., 2003, Electrochim. Acta, 48, 1543, 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00026-4

Endoh E., 2004, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7, A209, 10.1149/1.1739314

Endoh E., 2006, ECS Trans., 3, 9, 10.1149/1.2356118

Panchenko A., 2004, J. Power Sources, 127, 325, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.047

Scatchard G., 1952, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 3715, 10.1021/ja01135a001

Hommura S., 2005, Polym. Prepr., Jpn., 54, 4517

Hommura S., 2005, Extended Abstracts of The 207th Electrochemical Society Meeting

Miyatake K., 2003, Macromolecules, 36, 9691, 10.1021/ma035452l

Mittal V. O., 2006, ECS Trans., 1, 275, 10.1149/1.2214560

Mittal V. O., 2006, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 9, A299, 10.1149/1.2192696

Liu H., 2006, ECS Trans., 1, 283, 10.1149/1.2214561

Ferreira P. J., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A2256, 10.1149/1.2050347

Yasuda K., 2006, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, 746, 10.1039/B514342J

Ohyagi S., 2006, The 47th Battery Symposium in Japan

Mitov S., 2005, Chem. Phys. Lett., 485, 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.12.070

Healy J., 2005, Fuel Cells, 5, 302, 10.1002/fuce.200400050

Schiraldi D. A., 2006, Extended Abstracts of The 210th Electrochemical Society Meeting

Hübner G., 1999, J. Mater. Chem., 9, 409, 10.1039/a807129b

Panchenko A., 2006, J. Membr. Sci., 278, 269, 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.11.010

Jang W. B., 2005, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 90, 431, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.012

Schumb W. C., 1955, American Chemical Society Monograph Series

Aoki A., 2005, Electrochem. Commun., 7, 1434, 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.10.008

Miyatake K., 2004, Macromolecules, 37, 4961, 10.1021/ma049547e

Chikashige Y., 2005, Macromolecules, 38, 7121, 10.1021/ma050856u

Wang L., 2005, Part A:  Polym. Chem

Gebel G., 2006, Polymer, 47, 5003, 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.04.007

Genies C., 2001, Polymer, 42, 359, 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00384-0

Perrot C., 2006, Fuel Cells, 6, 10, 10.1002/fuce.200500090

Einsla B. R., 2004, Part A:  Polym. Chem

Einsla B. R., 2005, J. Membr. Sci., 255, 141, 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.01.030

Guo X., 2002, Macromolecules, 35, 6707, 10.1021/ma020260w

Yin Y., 2003, Polymer, 44, 4509, 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00439-7

Yin Y., 2005, Part A:  Polym. Chem

Yasuda T., 2006, Part A:  Polym. Chem

Asano N., 2004, Chem. Mater., 16, 2841, 10.1021/cm049550c

Gubler L. G., 2005, Fuel Cells, 5, 317, 10.1002/fuce.200400078

Xing D., 2006, Polym. Adv. Technol., 17, 591, 10.1002/pat.758

Wang F., 2002, J. Membr. Sci., 15, 231, 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00620-2

Wang F., 2001, Symp.

Burlastsky S. F., 2004, Patent Application U.S.A

Tsurumaki S., 2006, Annual Review of NEDO R&D for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technology

Chen J., 2006, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 100, 4565, 10.1002/app.22567

Lin J.-C., 2000, Electrochem. Soc. Meeting Abstr., 2000, 238

Buchi F. N., 1995, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 3044, 10.1149/1.2048683

Borup R., 2005, DOE Hydrogen Program Review

Statterfield M. B., 2006, Part B:  Polym. Phys

Kundu S., 2005, Polymer, 46, 11707, 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.059

Blackwell R. I., 2005, Polym. Adv. Technol., 16, 212, 10.1002/pat.574

Liu D., 2006, Part B:  Polym. Phys

Aoki M., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A1154, 10.1149/1.2193334

Yeo S. C., 1977, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 21, 875, 10.1002/app.1977.070210401

Kyu T., 1982, Perfluoroinated Ionomer Membranes, 180

Page K. A., 2005, Macromolecules, 38, 6472, 10.1021/ma0503559

Page K. A., 2006, Macromolecules, 39, 3939, 10.1021/ma052359j

Weiss R. A., 1991, Macromolecules, 24, 1071, 10.1021/ma00005a015

Weiss R. A., 1991, Polymer, 32, 2785, 10.1016/0032-3861(91)90109-V

Rigdahl M., 1981, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 19, 1641, 10.1002/pol.1981.180191013

Yang S., 1990, J. Polym. Sci., Part B, 28, 1685, 10.1002/polb.1990.090281004

Mauritz K. A., 2004, Polymer, 45, 3001, 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.078

Gupta B., 1994, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 54, 469, 10.1002/app.1994.070540407

Kim Y. S., 2003, Macromolecules, 36, 6281, 10.1021/ma0301451

Lai, Y. H.; Gittleman, C. S.; Mittelsteadt, C. K.; Dillard, D. A. 3rd Int. Conf. on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering, and Technology, Ypsilanti, MI, 2005; p 161.

Bellinger M. A., 1997, Polymer, 38, 309, 10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00508-3

Hara M., 1988, Macromolecules, 21, 3183, 10.1021/ma00189a010

Reyna-Valencia A., 2005, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 98, 2380, 10.1002/app.22417

Budinski, M.; Gittleman, C.; Yeh-Hung, L.; Litteer, B.; Miller, D.AIChE2004.

Hamrock S. J., 2006, Part C:  Polym. Rev

Yandrasits, 2005, M. In 2nd International Conference on polymer Batteries and Fuel Cells

DuPontFuel Cells Data Sheet, 2007,http://www.dupont.com/fuelcells/pdf/dfc101.pdf.

Uan-Zo-Li J. T. M.Sc., 2001, Materials Science and Engineering

Bauer F., 2005, Part B:  Polym. Phys

Laporta M., 1999, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 4619, 10.1039/a904460d

Zawodzinski T. A., 1993, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1041, 10.1149/1.2056194

Harrison W. L., 2005, Fuel Cells, 5, 201, 10.1002/fuce.200400084

Lin G., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1999, 10.1149/1.1808633

Rollet A. L. G., 2001, Part B:  Polym. Phys

Kim M. H., 2006, Macromolecules, 39, 4775, 10.1021/ma060576u

Lee K., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A639, 10.1149/1.1652052

Kim Y. S., 2003, Polymer, 44, 5729, 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00580-9

Okuyama K., 1994, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 12, 1091, 10.1246/nikkashi.1994.1091

Broka K., 1997, J. Appl. Electrochem., 27, 117, 10.1023/A:1018469520562

Lee K., 2003, Fuel Cell Sci., Eng., Technol., 241

Yeo R. S., 1985, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, No. 16

Zawodzinski T. A., 1993, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1981, 10.1149/1.2220749

Hinatsu J. T., 1994, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 1493, 10.1149/1.2054951

Tricoli V., 2000, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 1286, 10.1149/1.1393351

Sone Y., 1996, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 1254, 10.1149/1.1836625

Wei J. H., 2006, J. Membr. Sci., 279, 608, 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.12.055

Cheng X., 2006, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 4620, 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.12.043

Alberti G., 2001, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 73, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00635-9

Kim Y. S., 2003, Part B:  Polym. Phys

Ma S., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A2274, 10.1149/1.2357727

Casciola M., 2006, J. Power Sources, 162, 141, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.023

Tant M. R., 1989, ACS Symp. Ser.

Moore R. B., 1989, Macromolecules, 3594, 10.1021/ma00199a016

Ridge S. J., 1989, J. Electrochem. Soc., 136, 1902, 10.1149/1.2097078

Ren X. M., 2001, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A87, 10.1149/1.1344521

Ghielmi A., 2005, J. Power Sources, 145, 108, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.068

Rivard L., 2003, Miami Beach, 73

Bahar B., 1997, Patent 5,599,614

Bahar B., 1996, Patent 5,547,551

Liu F. Q., 2003, J. Membr. Sci., 212, 213, 10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00503-3

Nakao M., 2003, Handbook of Fuel Cells:  fundamentals, Technology and Applications, 3

Nouel K. M., 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 2381, 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10151-7

Yu T. L., 2004, J. Polym. Res., 11, 217, 10.1023/B:JPOL.0000043408.24885.c6

Yong-Hao L., 2006, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 9, A356, 10.1149/1.2203230

Hill M. L., 2006, J. Membr. Sci., 283, 102, 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.016

Woo M. H., 2006, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 6051, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.02.043

Yang C., 2001, J. Power Sources, 103, 1, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00812-6

Yang C., 2004, J. Membr. Sci., 237, 145, 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.03.009

Kim Y. S., 2003, J. Membr. Sci., 212, 263, 10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00507-0

Deng Q., 1998, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 68, 747, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980502)68:5<747::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-O

Chalkova E., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A1742, 10.1149/1.1971216

Adiemian K. T., 2002, J. Electrochem. Soc., 149, A256, 10.1149/1.1445431

Kerres J. A., 2005, Fuel Cells, 5, 230, 10.1002/fuce.200400079

Fu Y. Z., 2006, Electrochem. Commun., 8, 1386, 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.06.018

Barton R. H., 2000, Patent 6,057,054

Bonk S. P., 2002, Patent 6,399,234

Steck A. E., 1995, Patent 5,464,700

Schmid O., 2000, Patent 6,080,503

Kelland J. W., 1992, Patent 5,187,025

Antolini E., 2003, J. Mater. Sci., 38, 2995, 10.1023/A:1024771618027

Xie J., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A1011, 10.1149/1.1873492

Mathias M., 2004, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc., 228, 002

Guilminot E., 2007, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, B96, 10.1149/1.2388863

Pourbaix M., 1966, Atlas of electrochemical equilibria

Lee J. B., 1981, Corrosion, 37, 467, 10.5006/1.3585993

Nagy Z., 2002, Electrochim. Acta, 47, 3037, 10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00223-2

You H., 2000, J. Physica B, 283, 212, 10.1016/S0921-4526(99)01959-6

Sun A., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, B260, 10.1149/1.2200156

Teliska A., 2005, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 8076, 10.1021/jp0502003

Paik C. H., 2004, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7, A82, 10.1149/1.1649698

Uribe F. A., 2002, Electrochim. Acta, 47, 3799, 10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00350-X

Paik C. H., 2007, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 10, B39, 10.1149/1.2400204

Azaroul M., 2001, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 4453, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00752-9

Bowles F. W., 1995, J. Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, 529, 65

Bindra P., 1979, J. Electrochem. Soc., 126, 1631, 10.1149/1.2129345

Wood S. A., 1991, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 1759, 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90021-V

Kim J.-H., 2007, Electrochim. Acta, 52, 2492, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.059

Azaroul M., 2003, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 2511, 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01415-1

Benke G., 2002, Hydrometallurgy, 64, 205, 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00044-0

Johnson D. C., 1970, Electrochim. Acta, 15, 1493, 10.1016/0013-4686(70)80070-6

Kinoshita K., 1973, J. Electroanal. Chem., 48, 157, 10.1016/S0022-0728(73)80257-8

Mitsushima S., 2007, Electrochem. Commun., 75

Rand D. A. J., 1972, J. Electroanal. Chem., 35, 209, 10.1016/S0022-0728(72)80308-5

Arvia A. J., 1986, Electrochim. Acta, 31, 1359, 10.1016/0013-4686(86)87046-3

Canullo J. C., 1986, J. Electroanal. Chem., 200, 397, 10.1016/0022-0728(86)90074-4

Egli W. A., 1993, J. Appl. Surf. Sci., 68, 583, 10.1016/0169-4332(93)90240-C

Ota K. I., 1988, J. Electroanal. Chem., 257, 205, 10.1016/0022-0728(88)87042-6

Aragane J., 1988, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1670, 10.1246/nikkashi.1988.1670

Aragane J., 1988, J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 844, 10.1149/1.2095790

Aragane J., 1996, J. Appl. Electrochem., 26, 147, 10.1007/BF00364064

Honji A., 1988, J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 355, 10.1149/1.2095614

Tseung A. C. C., 1975, Electrochim. Acta, 20, 681, 10.1016/0013-4686(75)90067-5

Schulze M., 2004, J. Power Sources, 127, 213, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.016

Akita T., 2006, J. Power Sources, 159, 461, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.111

Yasuda K., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A1599, 10.1149/1.2210590

Landsman D. A., 2003, Handbook of Fuel CellsFundamentals, Technology, and Applications, 4

Gasteiger H. A., 2005, Appl. Catal., B, 56, 9, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.06.021

Jalan V., 1983, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2299, 10.1149/1.2119574

Stamenkovic V., 2002, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 11970, 10.1021/jp021182h

Koh S., 2007, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 3744, 10.1021/jp067269a

Piela P., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A2053, 10.1149/1.1814472

Antolini E., 2006, J. Power Sources, 160, 957, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.006

Yu P., 2005, J. Power Sources, 144, 11, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.11.067

Colon-Mercado H. R., 2006, J. Power Sources, 155, 253, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.011

Ball S., 2006, ECS Trans., 1

Wikander K., 2007, Electrochim. Acta, 52, 6848, 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.106

Borup R., 2006, ECS Trans., 3, 879, 10.1149/1.2356206

Garzon F. H., 2005, ECS Trans., 1, 153, 10.1149/1.2214551

Ascarelli P., 2002, J. Appl. Phys., 91, 4556, 10.1063/1.1453495

Giorgi R., 2001, Appl. Surf. Sci., 178, 149, 10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00314-2

Blom D. A., 2003, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150

More K. L., 2005, Microsc. Microanal., 11

More K. L., 2005, DOE Hydrogen Program Review

More K. L., 2006, ECS Trans., 3

Bi W., 2007, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 10, B101, 10.1149/1.2712796

Borup R., 2006, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Annual Progress Report

More K. E., 2006, DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Progress Report

Yu P. T., 2007, ECS Trans., 3, 797

Kinoshita, K.Carbon:  Electrochemical and PhysicochemicalProperties; Wiley:  New York, 1988.

Roen L. M., 2004, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7, A19, 10.1149/1.1630412

Tang H., 2006, J. Power Sources, 158, 1306, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.059

Gruver G. A., 1978, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 1719, 10.1149/1.2131280

Alderucci V., 1990, J. Appl. Electrochem., 20, 811, 10.1007/BF01094311

Alderucci V., 1990, J. Appl. Electrochem., 20, 235, 10.1007/BF01033600

Paffett M. T., 1991, J. Power Sources, 36, 137, 10.1016/0378-7753(91)80010-U

Mitsuda K., 1991, J. Appl. Electrochem., 21, 524, 10.1007/BF01018605

Mitsuda K., 1993, J. Appl. Electrochem., 23, 19, 10.1007/BF00241570

Lee S.-B., 2000, J. Appl. Electrochem., 30, 795, 10.1023/A:1004059714791

Binder H., 1964, Electrochim. Acta, 9, 255, 10.1016/0013-4686(64)80015-3

Kinoshita K., 1973, Carbon, 11, 237, 10.1016/0008-6223(73)90026-2

Kinoshita K., 1973, Carbon, 11, 403, 10.1016/0008-6223(73)90080-8

McBreen J., 1981, J. Appl. Electrochem., 11, 787, 10.1007/BF00615184

Stonehart P., 1984, Carbon, 22, 423, 10.1016/0008-6223(84)90015-0

Antonucci P. L., 1988, Carbon, 26, 197, 10.1016/0008-6223(88)90037-1

Passalacqua E., 1992, Electrochim. Acta, 37, 2725, 10.1016/0013-4686(92)85199-U

Pyun S.-I., 1994, Carbon, 32, 155, 10.1016/0008-6223(94)90020-5

Pyun S.-I., 1994, Carbon, 32, 161, 10.1016/0008-6223(94)90021-3

Kiho M., 2001, Electrochemistry, 69, 580, 10.5796/electrochemistry.69.580

Boehm H. P., 2002, Carbon, 40, 145, 10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00165-8

Willsau J., 1984, J. Electroanal. Chem., 161, 93, 10.1016/S0022-0728(84)80252-1

Kangasniemi K. H., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, E125, 10.1149/1.1649756

Siroma Z., 2005, Electrochem. Commun., 7, 1153, 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.08.014

Kinumoto T., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A58, 10.1149/1.2130665

Chaparro A. M., 2006, J. Electroanal. Chem., 591, 69, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.03.055

Wang X., 2006, J. Power Sources, 158, 154, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.09.039

Laser D., 1974, J. Electroanal. Chem., 52, 291, 10.1016/S0022-0728(74)80371-2

Neffe S., 1988, Carbon, 26, 687, 10.1016/0008-6223(88)90072-3

Barbero C., 1993, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1, 10.1149/1.2056086

Swain G. M., 1994, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 3382, 10.1149/1.2059343

Yang Y., 1995, J. Appl. Electrochem., 25, 259, 10.1007/BF00262965

Alliata D., 1999, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2, 33, 10.1149/1.1390725

Sullivan M. G., 2000, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 2636, 10.1149/1.1393582

Weinberg N. L., 1973, J. Appl. Electrochem., 3, 73, 10.1007/BF01119470

Neffe S., 1987, Carbon, 25, 761, 10.1016/0008-6223(87)90147-3

Yue Z. R., 1999, Carbon, 37, 1785, 10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00047-0

Goss C. A., 1993, Anal. Chem., 65, 1378, 10.1021/ac00058a014

Hathcock K. W., 1995, Anal. Chem., 67, 2201, 10.1021/ac00109a045

Gewirth A. A., 1988, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 5563, 10.1021/j100331a006

Zhang B., 1995, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 2627, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00111-Q

Serp P., 2003, Appl. Catal. A, 253, 337, 10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00549-0

Lee K., 2006, J. Appl. Electrochem., 36, 507, 10.1007/s10800-006-9120-4

Bessel C. A., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 1115, 10.1021/jp003280d

Carmo M., 2005, J. Power Sources, 142, 169, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.10.023

Figueiredo J. L., 2006, Carbon, 44, 2516, 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.033

Frackowiak E., 2004, AIP Conf. Proc.

Gennett T., 2003, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.

Liang Y. M., 2005, Carbon, 43, 3144, 10.1016/j.carbon.2005.06.017

Maiyalagan T., 2005, Electrochem. Commun., 7, 905, 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.07.007

Moloney P., 2006, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.

Pan M., 2004, J. Mater. Res., 19, 2279, 10.1557/JMR.2004.0301

Rajesh B., 2002, Fuel, 81, 2177, 10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00162-X

Sasaki K., 1912, 206th Meeting Electrochem. Soc. 2004

Shao Y., 2006, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 5853, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.021

Steigerwalt E. S., 2002, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 760, 10.1021/jp012707t

Wu G., 2005, Electrochem. Commun., 7, 1237, 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.07.015

Xu B. Q., 2006, J. Electrochem. Commun., 8, 982, 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.04.005

Yuan F. L., 2004, J. Nanotechnology, 15, S596, 10.1088/0957-4484/15/10/017

Yuan F. L., 2004, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 7, 311

Yuan F. L., 2004, J. Electrochim. Acta, 50, 685, 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.106

Wang C., 2004, Nano Lett., 4, 345, 10.1021/nl034952p

Zhang Y., 2005, J. Rare Earths, 23, 40

Chen C. C., 2005, Diamond Relat. Mater., 14, 770, 10.1016/j.diamond.2004.12.038

Hyeon T., 2003, Angew. Chem., 42, 4352, 10.1002/anie.200250856

Park K. W., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 939, 10.1021/jp0368031

Yoshitake T., 2002, Physica B, 323, 124, 10.1016/S0921-4526(02)00871-2

Piao Y. Z., 2006, J. Mater. Chem., 16, 2984, 10.1039/b601684g

Kim C., 2004, J. Appl. Phys., 96, 5903, 10.1063/1.1804242

Wang M. Y., 2004, Carbon, 42, 3257, 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.07.018

Rajalakshmi N., 2005, J. Power Sources, 140, 250, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.08.042

Li X. G., 2006, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 5250, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.01.046

Dieckmann G. R., 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 44, 437, 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00061-9

Hayase M., 2004, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7, A231, 10.1149/1.1756859

Wu G., 2005, Carbon, 43, 2579, 10.1016/j.carbon.2005.05.011

Rajesh B., 2003, Chem. Commun., 2022, 10.1039/b305591d

Lefebvre M. C., 1999, J. Electrochem. Soc., 146, 2054, 10.1149/1.1391891

Rajesh B., 2005, J. Power Sources, 141, 35, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.09.014

Swathirajan S., 1992, J. Electrochem. Soc., 139, 2105, 10.1149/1.2221186

Zhao X. S., 2004, Carbon, 42, 3263, 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.07.031

Li W. Z., 2002, Carbon, 40, 791, 10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00039-8

Tang H., 2004, Carbon, 42, 191, 10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.023

Chen G. Y., 2003, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, E423, 10.1149/1.1594729

Ioroi T., 2005, Electrochem. Commun., 7, 183, 10.1016/j.elecom.2004.12.007

Kuroki T., 2004, Meeting abstracts

Feng C. H., 2006, Electrochem. Commun., 8, 1235, 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.05.020

Seo Y. H., 2004, Sens. Mater., 16, 277

Min K., 2006, J. Micromech. Microeng., 16, 505, 10.1088/0960-1317/16/3/005

D'Arrigo G., 2003, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 23, 13, 10.1016/S0928-4931(02)00228-X

Yeom J., 2005, Sens. Actuators, B, 107, 882, 10.1016/j.snb.2004.12.050

Rajesh B., 2004, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7, A404, 10.1149/1.1799955

Wang J., 2003, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, E24, 10.1149/1.1524612

Wang J., 2000, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 3, 75

Wang J., 2000, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 3, 286, 10.1149/1.1391126

Bennett J. A., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, E184, 10.1149/1.1890745

Montilla F., 2003, Electrochim. Acta, 48, 3891, 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00526-7

Enea O., 2002, Nano Lett., 2, 241, 10.1021/nl015666l

Gao J. S., 2000, Chem. Mater., 12, 3495, 10.1021/cm000465o

Honda K., 2001, J. Electroanal. Chem., 514, 35, 10.1016/S0022-0728(01)00614-3

Gonzalez-Gonzalez I., 2006, Diamond Relat. Mater., 15, 275, 10.1016/j.diamond.2005.08.037

Suffredini H. B., 2006, J. Power Sources, 158, 124, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.09.040

Parsonage E. E., 1994, Patent 5,338,430

Debe M. K., 1999, Patent 5,879,828

Debe M., 2003, Handbook of Fuel Cells Fundamentals, Technology and Applications

Bonakdarpour A., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A61, 10.1149/1.1828971

Debe M., 2005, DOE Hydrogen Program Review

Johnson Matthey Precious Metals Marketing, 2007, http://www. platinum.matthey.com/prices/price_charts.html.

Kinoshita K., 1990, J. Electrochem. Soc., 137, 845, 10.1149/1.2086566

Zhang J., 2005, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 22701, 10.1021/jp055634c

Fernandez J. L., 2005, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 13100, 10.1021/ja0534710

Raghuveer V., 2005, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 22909, 10.1021/jp054815b

Zhang J., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 10955, 10.1021/jp0379953

Alonso-Vante N., 2002, Electrochim. Acta, 47, 3807, 10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00351-1

Vante N. A., 1986, Nature, 323, 431, 10.1038/323431a0

Cao D. X., 2006, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A869, 10.1149/1.2180709

Zhang L., 2006, J. Power Sources, 156, 171, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.069

Houston J. E., 1974, Science, 185, 258, 10.1126/science.185.4147.258

Colton R. J., 1975, Chem. Phys. Lett., 34, 337, 10.1016/0009-2614(75)85287-0

Bennett L. H., 1974, Science, 184, 563, 10.1126/science.184.4136.563

Colton R. J., 1976, Inorg. Chem., 15, 236, 10.1021/ic50155a049

Levy R. B., 1973, Science, 181, 547, 10.1126/science.181.4099.547

Binder H., 1969, Nature, 224, 1299, 10.1038/2241299b0

Kawamura G., 1987, J. Electrochem. Soc., 137, 1653, 10.1149/1.2100730

Okamoto H., 1987, J. Electrochem. Soc., 134, 1649, 10.1149/1.2100729

Okamoto H., 1987, J. Electrochem. Soc., 134, 1345, 10.1149/1.2100671

Kudo T., 1983, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 1491, 10.1149/1.2120017

Machida K., 1990, J. Electrochem. Soc., 137, 871, 10.1149/1.2086570

Palanker V. S., 1977, Electrochim. Acta, 22, 133, 10.1016/0013-4686(77)85025-1

Silberberg E., 1997, C. Proceedings of the second international symposium on new materials fuel cell and modren battery systems

Armstrong R. D., 1971, J. Electrochem. Soc., 118, 568, 10.1149/1.2408112

Böhm H., 1970, Electrochim. Acta, 15, 1273, 10.1016/0013-4686(70)85020-4

Ilchenko N. I., 1996, Carbides of transition metals as catalysts for oxidation reactions, 10.1007/978-94-009-1565-7_16

Scholl H., 1994, Electrochim. Acta, 39, 115, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)85017-8

Scholl H., 1992, Electrochim. Acta, 37, 447, 10.1016/0013-4686(92)87034-W

Voorhies J. D., 1972, J. Electrochem. Soc., 119, 219, 10.1149/1.2404164

Yoneyama H., 1973, Denki Kagaku, 41, 719, 10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.41.719

Yoneyama H., 1974, Denki Kagaku, 42, 178, 10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.42.178

Bianchi, V. G.; Mazza, F.; Trasatti, S.Z. Phys. Chem.1964,Bd.226, 40.

Armstrong R. D., 1972, J. Appl. Electrochem., 2, 143, 10.1007/BF00609130

Morita M., 1975, Denki Kagaku, 43, 740, 10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.43.740

Tamari N., 1976, Denki Kagaku, 44, 477, 10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.44.477

Cowling R. D., 1970, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 1447, 10.1149/1.2407342

Cowling R. D., 1971, J. Electrochem. Soc., 118, 1912, 10.1149/1.2407866

Lavrenko V. A., 1982, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 267, 1395

Yoneyama H., 1971, Denki Kagaku, 39, 816, 10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.39.816

Tomashov N. D., 1985, Zashch. Met., 21, 682

Tomashov N. D., 1989, Zashch. Met., 25, 911

Mazza F., 1963, J. Electrochem. Soc., 110, 847, 10.1149/1.2425884

Voïnov M., 1971, J. Electrochem. Soc., 118, 1137, 10.1149/1.2408265

Scholta J., 1992, Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser.

Lee K., 2004, Electrochim. Acta, 49, 2479, 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.024

Ota K., 2005, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 8, 25

Ishihara A., 2005, Papers of EXPO World Conference on Wind energy, Renewable energy, Fuel cell & Exhibition

Bhattarai J., 1998, Corros. Sci., 40, 757, 10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00177-7

Šepa D. B., 1967, Electrochim. Acta, 12, 746, 10.1016/0013-4686(67)85044-8

Niedrach L. W., 1969, J. Electrochem. Soc., 116, 152, 10.1149/1.2411738

Broyde B., 1968, J. Catal., 10, 13, 10.1016/0021-9517(68)90217-0

Damjanovic A., 1968, J. Res. Inst. Catal., Hokkaido Univ., 16, 1

Fishman J. H., 1969, Electrochim. Acta, 14, 1314, 10.1016/0013-4686(69)87025-8

McHardy J., 1973, J. Electrochem. Soc., 120, 53, 10.1149/1.2403398

Bockris J. O. M., 1973, J. Electrochem. Soc., 120, 61, 10.1149/1.2403399

Appleby A. J., 1976, J. Electrochem. Soc., 123, 200, 10.1149/1.2132786

Liu L., 2005, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8, A400, 10.1149/1.1943550

Yato K., 2006, Suiso enerugi shisutemu, 31, 58

Doi S., 2006, ECS Trans., 1, 17, 10.1149/1.2214471

Ishihara A., 2006, ECS Trans., 1, 51, 10.1149/1.2214474

Shibata Y., 2007, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 10, B43, 10.1149/1.2402983

Ishihara A., 2004, Proc. 15th World Hydrogen Energy Conf.

Ishihara A., 2005, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8, A201, 10.1149/1.1865612

Azuma M., 1987, J. Electroanal. Chem., 220, 369, 10.1016/0022-0728(87)85122-7

Azuma M., 1988, J. Electroanal. Chem., 225, 179, 10.1016/0022-0728(88)80013-5

Azuma M., 1987, Mater. Res. Bull., 22, 527, 10.1016/0025-5408(87)90264-9

Azuma M., 1988, J. Electroanal. Chem., 250, 73, 10.1016/0022-0728(88)80193-1

Zhong H., 2006, Electrochem. Commun., 8, 707, 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.02.020

Faubert G., 1996, Electrochim. Acta, 41, 1689, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00423-8

Lalande G., 1995, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 2635, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00104-M

Lefevre M., 2003, Electrochim. Acta, 48, 2749, 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00393-1

Lefevre M., 2002, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 8705, 10.1021/jp020267f

Lefevre M., 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 11238, 10.1021/jp002444n

Medard C., 2006, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 3202, 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.09.012

Fournier J., 1997, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, 218, 10.1149/1.1837388

Wang H., 1999, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 2042, 10.1021/jp9821735

Villers D., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1507, 10.1149/1.1781611

Jaouen F., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 5553, 10.1021/jp057135h

Faubert G., 1999, Electrochim. Acta, 44, 2589, 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00382-X

Jaouen F., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 1376, 10.1021/jp021634q

Jasinski R., 1964, Nature, 201, 1212, 10.1038/2011212a0

Jasinski R., 1965, J. Electrochem. Soc., 112, 526, 10.1149/1.2423590

Elzing A., 1986, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., 200, 313, 10.1016/0022-0728(86)90063-X

Wang B., 2005, J. Power Sources, 152, 1, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.098

Gouerec P., 1999, Electrochim. Acta, 44, 2653, 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00384-3

Sawai K., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A682, 10.1149/1.1690287

Matter P. H., 2006, Catal. Lett., 109, 115, 10.1007/s10562-006-0067-1

Matter P. H., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 18374, 10.1021/jp062206d

Matter P. H., 2006, J. Catal., 243, 395, 10.1016/j.jcat.2006.07.029

Matter P. H., 2006, J. Catal., 239, 83, 10.1016/j.jcat.2006.01.022

Posudievsky O. Y., 2004, Synth. Met., 144, 107, 10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.02.009

Bashyam R., 2006, Nature, 443, 63, 10.1038/nature05118

Bashyam R., 2007, 233rd Am. Chem. Soc. Natl. Meet.

Zelenay P., 2006, Hydrogen Annual Progress Report

Lefevre M., 2003, Electrochim. Acta, 48, 2749, 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00393-1

Faubert G., 1996, Electrochim. Acta, 41, 1689, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00423-8

Lalande G., 1995, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 2635, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00104-M

Maruyama J., 2006, Chem. Mater., 18, 1303, 10.1021/cm0517972

Maruyama J., 2005, Chem. Mater., 17, 4660, 10.1021/cm047944y

Zelenay P., 2005, Hydrogen Annual Progress Report

Nguyen T. V., 1996, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, L103, 10.1149/1.1836666

You L., 2002, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 45, 2277, 10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00322-2

Natarajan D., 2003, J. Power Sources, 115, 66, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00624-9

Weber A. Z., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1715, 10.1149/1.1792891

Williams M. V., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1617, 10.1149/1.1789791

Pasaogullari R., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A399, 10.1149/1.1646148

Pasaogullari U., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A380, 10.1149/1.1850339

Weber A. Z., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A677, 10.1149/1.1861194

Yi J. S., 1999, J. Electrochem. Soc., 146, 38, 10.1149/1.1391561

Li G., 2003, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, C745, 10.1149/1.1611493

Williams M. V., 2005, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A635, 10.1149/1.1860034

Wood D. L., 2002, Patent No. 6,350,539

Tseng C.-J., 2005, Proc. Int. Hydrogen Energy Congr. Exhibition

Yu J., 2005, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8, A156, 10.1149/1.1854781

Wood D. L., 2002, Abstracts of the 2002 Fuel Cell Seminar

Bluemle M. J., 1932, Electrochem. Soc Joint Int. Meet. 2004

Liu W., 1930, 2004 Electrochem. Soc. Joint Int. Meet. 2004

Jordan L. R., 2000, J. Power Sources, 86, 250, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00489-9

Dohle H., 2003, J. Power Sources, 124, 371, 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00800-0

Ihonen J., 2004, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1152, 10.1149/1.1763138

Weber A. Z., 2004, Chem. Rev., 104, 4679, 10.1021/cr020729l

Bernardi D. M., 1992, J. Electrochem. Soc., 139, 2477, 10.1149/1.2221251

Springer T. E., 1993, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 3513, 10.1149/1.2221120

Springer T. E., 1996, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 587, 10.1149/1.1836485

Nam J. H., 2003, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 46, 4595, 10.1016/S0017-9310(03)00305-3

Kumbur E. C., 2006, J. Power Sources, 161, 333, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.093

Kumbur E. C., J. Electrochem. Soc., Submitted.

Hou J., 2006, J. Power Sources, 162, 513, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.07.010

St-Pierre J., 2000, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 3, 99

Wood D., 2005, Proc. Fuel Cell Seminar

Liu D., 2006, J. Power Sources, 162, 521, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.07.007

Kuriki H. H., 2006, Proc. Fuel Cell Seminar 2006

Yan Q. G., 2006, J. Power Sources, 160, 1242, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.075

Lee W. K., 1999, J. Power Sources, 84, 45, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00298-0

Kitahara T., 2006, Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng., 72, 192, 10.1299/kikaia.72.661

Wilde P. M., 2004, Fuel Cells, 4, 180, 10.1002/fuce.200400022

Murata M., 2005, J. Soc. Automotive Eng. Jpn., 59, 109

Kim Y. S., 2006, 2006 DOE Hydrogen Program Review

Guo Q. H., 1999, J. Membr. Sci., 154, 175, 10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00282-8

Liu B., 2006, 232nd ACS National Meeting

Miyatake K., 2001, Macromolecules, 34, 2065, 10.1021/ma0019959

Fang J., 2002, Macromolecules, 35, 9022, 10.1021/ma020005b

Almeida S. H., 1999, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 58, 569, 10.1023/A:1010196226309

Shi Z., 2005, Macromolecules, 38, 4193, 10.1021/ma0477549

Nasef M. M., 2002, Eur. Polym. J., 38, 87, 10.1016/S0014-3057(01)00175-6

Calcagno L., 1993, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 91, 461, 10.1016/0168-583X(94)96269-3

Swier S., 2005, Polym. Eng. Sci., 45, 1081, 10.1002/pen.20361

Marani D., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 15817, 10.1021/jp062085h

Mitsushima S., 2007, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, B153, 10.1149/1.2400596