A literature review of titanium metallurgical processes

Anon, 1983, Titanium: past, present, and future Barksdale, 1966 Berkovich, 1975 Bracanin, 1980, Direct reduction — the Western titanium process for the production of synthetic rutile, ferutil and sponge iron, Pro., 275, 33 Brooks, 2007, Challenges in light metals production, Inst. Min Metall. C Miner. Process. Extractive Metallurgy Trans., 116, 1 Cardarelli, F. 2003. A method for electrowinning of titanium metal or alloy from titanium oxide containing compound in the liquid state. WO Patent No. 03/046258. Cassidy, 1986, The AMC Narngulu synthetic rutile plant, a world source of ilmenite, rutile, monazite and zircon, 123 Chen, 2000, Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride, Nature, 407, 361, 10.1038/35030069 Chen, 2001, Cathodic deoxygenation of the alpha case on titanium and alloys in molten calcium chloride, Metallogr. Mater Trans. B, 32B, 1041, 10.1007/s11663-001-0093-8 Deura, 1998, Titanium powder production of TiCl4 gas injection into magnesium through molten salts, Metall. Trans. B, 29B, 1167, 10.1007/s11663-998-0038-6 Doblin, 2007, TiRO™ — the development of a new process to produce titanium Dooley, 1975, Titanium production: ilmenite vs. rutile., JOM, 8, 10.1007/BF03355886 Duyvesteyn, W., Sabachy, B., Verhulst, D., Edmund, V., West-sells, P.G., 2001a. Processing titaniferrous ore to titanium dioxide pigment, WO Patent 2001/00531 A1. Duyvesteyn, W., Spitler, T., Sabachy, B., Vince, A., Prochazka, J., 2001b. Processing aqueous solution to titanium dioxide pigment, WO Patent 2001/00530 A1. Duyvesteyn, W., Spitler, T., Sabachy, B., Prochazka, J., 2001c. Processing aqueous titanium chloride solution to ultrafine dioxide pigment, WO Patent 2001/12555 A2. Duyvesteyn, W., Sabachy, B., Edmund, V., Verhulst, D., West-sells, P. G., Spitler, T. M., Vince, A., Burkholder, J. R., Paulus, B.J., and Huls, M., 2002. Processing titaniferrous ore to titanium dioxide pigment, US Patent 2002/6375923 B1. Duyvesteyn, W., Spitler, T., Sabachy, B., Vince, A., Prochazka, J., 2003. Processing aqueous solution to titanium dioxide pigment, US Patent 2003/6548039 B1. El-Hazek, 2007, Hydrometallurgical criteria for TiO2 leaching from Rosetta ilmenite by hydrochloric acid, Hydrometallurgy, 87, 45, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.01.003 Elliott, 1998, The continuous production of titanium powder using circulating molten salt, JOM, 48, 10.1007/s11837-998-0415-2 Ellsworth, 2000, Titanium nanoparticles move to the marketplace, Chem. Innov., 30, 30 Farrow, 1987, The reaction between reduced ilmenite and oxygen in ammonium chloride solution, Hydrometallurgy, 18, 21, 10.1016/0304-386X(87)90014-4 Fray, 2001, Emerging molten salt technologies for metals production, JOM, 26 Fuwa, 2005, Producing titanium by reducing TiCl2–MgCl2 mixed salt with magnesium in the molten state, JOM, 56, 10.1007/s11837-005-0153-7 Gambogi, 2009, Titanium, 2007 minerals yearbook, US Geological Surv., 176 Gambogi, 2009, Titanium mineral concentrates, US Geological Surv., 172 Gambogi, 2010, Titanium and titanium dioxide, mineral commodity summaries, US Geological Surv., 176 Girgin, 1986, Hydrochloric acid leaching of ilmenite — effect of alcohol species, Bull. Proc., 291, 61 Hamor, 1986, Titanium dioxide manufacture, a world source of ilmenite, rutile, monazite and zircon, 143 Hayes, 1984, Advances in titanium extraction metallurgy, JOM, 70, 10.1007/BF03338480 Hiatt, 1990, In the 21st century, will titanium come of age?, JOM, 32, 10.1007/BF03220892 Hoecker, W., 1994. Process for the production of synthetic rutile. European Patent EP0612854. Ikeshima, 1985, Proceedings of the fifth international conference of titanium, 1, 3 Jackson, 2006, A review of advances in processing and metallurgy of titanium alloys, Mater. Sci. Technol., 22, 881, 10.1179/174328406X111147 Kahn, 1984, Non-rutile feed stocks for the production of titanium, JOM, 33, 10.1007/BF03338498 Kataoka, 1973, Acid leaching upgrades ilmenite to synthetic rutile, Chem. Eng., 80, 92 Knittel, 1983, Titanium and titanium alloys, 23, 98 Lakshmanan, V. I. and Sridhar, R., 2002. Methods for separation of titanium from ore, Canadian patent 2289967. Lakshmanan, V. I., Sridhar, R., Rishea, M. M., and Joseph, D. E. Laat R, 2001. Production of titanium metal from titanium-bearing ores involves leaching and selective removal of iron values by solvent extraction. US Patent 2001/007646–A1. Lakshmanan, V. I., Sridhar, R., Rishea, M. M., and Joseph, D. E. Laat R., 2002. Separation of titanium halides from aqueous solutions”, U.S. patent 2002/6500396. Lakshmanan, 2004, A novel hydrometallurgical process for very high purity TiO2 production, 92 Lakshmanan, V. I., Sridhar, R., Rishea, M. M., and Joseph, D. E. Laat R., 2004b. Methods for separation of titanium from ore. U.S. patent 2004/6699446–B2. Lakshmanan, V. I., Sridhar, R., Harris, B. G. and Puvvada, G., 2005a. Process for the recovery of titanium in mixed chloride media. WO patent 2005/049872. Lakshmanan, V. I., Sridhar, R., Harris, B. G. and Puvvada, G., 2005b. Process for the recovery of titanium in mixed chloride media. US patent 2005/0142051 A1. Lasheen, 2005, Chemical benefication of Rosetta ilmenite by direct reduction leaching, Hydrometallurgy, 76, 123, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.10.002 Liu, 2006, Decomposition of ilmenite by concentrated KOH solution under atmospheric pressure, International J. Mineral Processing, 81, 79, 10.1016/j.minpro.2006.07.003 Mahmoud, 2004, Reduction leaching of ilmenite ore in hydrochloric acid for preparation of synthetic rutile, Hydrometallurgy, 73, 99, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2003.08.001 Minkler, 1981, The production of titanium, zirconium and hafnium, 171 Nagesh, 2004, echanism of titanium sponge formation in the Kroll reduction reactor, Metall. Trans. B, 35B, 65, 10.1007/s11663-004-0097-2 Ono, 2002, A new concept for producing Ti sponge: calciothermic reduction, JOM, 59, 10.1007/BF02701078 Puvvada, 2003, Chloride metallurgy: PGM recovery and titanium dioxide production, JOM, 38, 10.1007/s11837-003-0103-1 Qi, T., Liu, Y. M., Chu, J. L., Li, H. J., and Li, Z. H., 2005. Preparation of potassium titanate using sub-molten salt method. China patent, CN 200510059715.5. Reaveley, 1980, Synthetic rutile production at Associated Minerals Consolidated LTD, Capol, W.A., 782 Rhee, 1990, The selective chlorination of iron from ilmenite ore by CO–Cl2 mixtures: Part 1. Intrinsic kinetics., Metall. Trans B, 21B, 321, 10.1007/BF02664200 Robinson, 1977, The Laporte high-efficiency ilmenite beneficiation process, 89 Roche, 2004 Roche, 2005 Rosebaum, 1982, Titanium technology trends, JOM, 76, 10.1007/BF03338034 Sakatani, Y. and Koike, H., 2003. Titanium oxide production process. US Patent 2003/068268-A1. Sakatani, Y. and Koike, H., 2004. Titanium oxide production process. US Patent 6726891-B2. Sakatani, Y., Koike, H., Kakatani, Y., and Oike, H., 2002. Production of titanium oxide used as photocatalyst by reacting titanium compound with ammonia exceeding stoichiometric amount for converting titanium compound to titanium hydroxide, or with base, and calcining product. EP Patent 1178011-A. Sinha, 1972, Ilmenite upgrading by the Murso process, Light Metals, 261 Sinha, 1975, The Murso synthetic rutile process, Light Metals, 367 Stuart, A.D., Reynolds, G.A., Lawson, J.A., 2005. Production of titania. WO Patent 2005090619-A1. Stuart, A.D., Lawson, J.A., Ward, C.B., and Peng, H., 2010. A sulphate process. WO Patent 2010034083-A1. Suzuki, 2007, Direct reduction processes for titanium oxide in molten salt, JOM, 68, 10.1007/s11837-007-0014-7 Suzuki, 2003, Calciothermic reduction of titanium oxide and in-situ electrolysis in molten CaCl2, Metall. Trans. B, 34B, 287, 10.1007/s11663-003-0074-1 Takeda, 2006, Fundamental study on magnesiothemic reduction of titanium dichloride, Metall. Trans. B, 37B, 823, 10.1007/s11663-006-0064-1 Takenaka, 1999, The new concept for electrowinning process of liquid titanium metal in molten salt, Electrochemistry, 67, 661, 10.5796/electrochemistry.67.661 Thomas, J. B., 1985. Titanium dioxide pigment production from ilmenite. European Patent 0186370. Tong, 2007, Preparation of potassium titanate whiskers and titanium dioxide from titaniferous slag using KOH sub-molten salt method, Chinese J. Process Engineering, 7, 85 van Vuuren, 2009, A critical evaluation of processes to produce primary titanium, J. The Southern African Institute Mining Metallurgy, 109, 455 van Vuuren, 2005, Opportunities in the electrowinning of molten titanium from titanium dioxide, JOM, 53, 10.1007/s11837-005-0152-8 Verhulst, 2002, The Altair TiO2 pigment process and its extension into the field of nanomaterials, CIM Bulletin ProQuest Science Journals, 95, 89 Verhulst, 2003, New developments in the Altair hydrochloride TiO2 pigment process, vol. 1, 565 Walpole, 2002, The Austpac ERMS and EARS processes for the manufacture of high-grade synthetic rutile by the hydrochloride leaching of ilmenite, 2, 401 Watanable, M. and Sei, R. 1988. Method for recovering titanium. European Patent 0,198,763-A2. Wellwood, G. A. and Doblin, C., 2008. Low temperature industrial process. US Patent 2008/0307925. Whitehead, 1983, Titanium compounds (inorganic), 23, 131 Xie, 2007, Morphological control in solvothermal synthesis of titanium oxide, J Mater. Sci., 42, 6583, 10.1007/s10853-007-1506-0 Xue, 2009, Decomposition kinetics of titanium slag in sodium hydroxide system, Hydrometallurgy, 95, 22, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.04.004 Zhang, 2009, An electrochemical study of the reduction and dissolution of ilmenite in sulfuric acid solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 97, 146, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.02.009 Zhang, 2009, A novel preparation of titanium dioxide from titanium slag, Hydrometallurgy, 96, 52, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.08.002