Optimization of environmental parameters for Nannochloropsis salina growth and lipid content using the response surface method and invading organisms
Tóm tắt
Algae biofuel has the potential to replace fossil fuels. However, cultivation and productivity of target algae need improvement, while controlling undesired organisms that can lower the efficiency of production systems. A central composite design and response surface model were utilized to predict cultivation optima of marine microalga, Nannochloropsis salina, under a suite of environmental parameters. The effects of salinity, pH, and temperature and their interactions were studied on maximum sustainable yield (MSY, a measure for biomass productivity), lipid content of N. salina, and invading organisms. Five different levels of each environmental predictor variable were tested. The environmental factors were kept within ranges that had previously been determined to allow positive N. salina growth (14.5–45.5 PSU; pH 6.3–9.7; 11–29 °C). The models created for this experiment showed that N. salina’s MSY and lipid content are not strongly affected over the broad range of salinity and temperature values. Calculated optima levels were 28 PSU/20 °C for MSY and 14.5 PSU/20 °C for lipid accumulation, but neither value significantly influenced the model. However, pH was the most important factor to influence algae productivity, and pH optimum was estimated around 8. Both MSY and lipid content were strongly reduced when pH deviated from the optimum. Occurrence of invading organisms seemed stochastic, and none of the environmental factors studied significantly influenced abundance. In conclusion, pH should be kept around 8 for maximum productivity of N. salina. Temperature and salinity should be kept around 20 °C and 28 PSU; however, moderate variations are not too much of a concern and might enhance lipid content of N. salina.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abu-Rezq TS, Al-Musallam L, Al-Shimmari J, Dias P (1999) Optimum production conditions for different high-quality marine algae. Hydrobiologia 403:97–107
Bartley ML, Boeing WJ, Corcoran AA, Holguin FO, Schaub T (2013) Effects of salinity on growth and lipid accumulation of biofuel microalga Nannochloropsis salina and invading organisms. Biomass Bioenergy 54:83–88
Bartley ML, Boeing WJ, Dugan BN, Holguin FO, Schaub T (2014) pH effects on growth and lipid accumulation of the biofuel microalgae Nannochloropsis salina and invading organisms. J Appl Phycol 26:1431–1437
Becker EW (1994) Microalgae biotechnology and microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 128–142
Bigelow NW, Hardin WR, Barker JP, Ryken SA, MacRae AC, Cattolico RA (2011) A comprehensive GC-MS sub-microscale assay for fatty acids and its applications. J Am Oil Chem Soc 88:1329–1338
Borowitzka MA (1998) Limits to growth. In: Wong YS, Tam NFY (eds) Wastewater treatment with algae. Springer, Berlin, pp 203–218
Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14:557–577
Brown MR, Garland CD, Jeffrey SW, Jameson ID, Leroi JM (1993) The gross and amino acid compositions of batch and semi-continuous cultures of Isochrysis sp. (clone T. ISO), Pavlova lutheri and Nannochloropsis oculata. J Appl Phycol 5:285–296
Campos H, Boeing WJ, Dungan BN (2014) Cultivating the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis salina under various nitrogen sources: effect on biovolume yields, lipid content and composition, and invasive organisms. Biomass Bioenergy 66:301–307
Chen CY, Durbin EG (1994) Effects of pH on the growth and carbon uptake of marine phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 109:83–94
Chen M, Tang H, Ma H, Holland TC, Ng KS, Salley SO (2011) Effect of nutrients on growth and lipid accumulation in the green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Bioresource Technol 102:1649–1655
Cheng-Wu Z, Zmora O, Kopel R, Richmond A (2001) An industrial-size flat plate glass reactor for mass production of Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae). Aquaculture 195:35–49
Chi Z, Lui Y, Frear C, Shulin C (2009) Study of a two-stage growth of DHA-producing marine algae Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 with shifting dissolved oxygen level. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 81:1141–1148
Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae. BiotechnolAdv 25:294–306
Clavero E, Hernández-Mariné M, Grimalt JO, Garcia-Pichel F (2008) Salinity tolerance of diatoms from thalassic hypersaline environments. J Phycol 36:1021–1034
Doan TTY, Sivaloganathan B, Obbard JP (2011) Screening of marine microalgae for biodiesel feedstock. Biomass Bioenergy 35:2534–2544
Griffiths MJ, van Hille RP, Harrison ST (2010) Selection of direct transesterification as the preferred method for assays of fatty acid content of microalgae. Lipids 45:1053–1060
Guillard RRL, Rhyther JH (1962) Studies of marine planktonic diatoms: I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt, and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can J Microbiol 8:229–239
Hill PS, Tripati AK, Schauble EA (2014) Theoretical constraints on the effects of pH, salinity, and temperature on clumped isotope signatures of inorganic carbon species and precipitating carbonate minerals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 125:610–652
Hu H, Gao K (2006) Response of growth and fatty acid compositions of Nannochloropsis sp. to environmental factors under elevated CO2 concentration. Biotechnol Lett 28:987–992
Inouye BD (2001) Response surface experimental design for investigating interspecific competition. Ecology 82:2696–2706
Laurens LML, Quinn M, Van Wychen S, Templeton DW, Wolfrum EJ (2012) Accurate and reliable quantification of total microalgae fuel potential as fatty acid methyl esters by in situ transesterification. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:167–178
Ma J, Lu N, Qin W, Xu R, Wang Y, Chen X (2006) Differential responses of eight cyanobacterial and green algal species, to carbamate insecticides. Ecotox Environ Safe 62:268–274
Mata TM, Martins A, Caetano NS (2010) Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14:217–232
Moazami N, Ashori A, Ranjbar R, Tangestani M, Eghtesadi R, Nejad AS (2012) Large-scale biodiesel production using microalgae biomass of Nannochloropsis. Biomass Bioenergy 39:449–453
Moheimani NR, Borowitzka MA (2011) Increased CO2 and the effect of pH on growth and calcification of Pleurochrysis carterae and Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) in semicontinuous cultures. Appl Microbiol Biot 90:1399–1407
Neter J, Kutner M, Nachtsheim C, Wasserman W (2004) Applied linear regression models—4th edition. McGraw-Hill
Patil P, Reddy H, Muppaneni T, Mannarswamy A, Holguin O, Schaub T, Nirmalakhandan N, Cooke P, Deng S (2012) Power dissipation in microwave-enhanced in-situ transesterification of algal biomass to biodiesel. Green Chem 14:809–818
R Core Team (2014) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/
Rebolloso-Fuentes MM, Navarro-Perez A, Garćia-Camacho F, Ramos-Miras JJ, Guil-Guerrero JL (2001) Biomass nutrient profiles of the microalga Nannochloropsis. J Agric Food Chem 49:2966–2972
Renaud SM, Parry DL (1994) Microalgae for use in tropical aquaculture II: Effect of salinity on growth, gross chemical composition and fatty acid composition of three species of marine microalgae. J Appl Phycol 6:347–356
Richmond A, Cheng-Wu Z (2001) Optimization of a flat plate glass reactor for mass production of Nannochloropsis sp. outdoors. J Biotechnol 85:259–269
Rocha J, Garcia JEC, Henriques MHF (2003) Growth aspects of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana. Biomol Eng 20:237–242
Rodolfi L, Zittelli GC, Bassi N, Padovani G, Biondi N, Bonini G, Tredici MR (2009) Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 102:100–112
Roessler PG (1990) Environmental control of glycerolipid metabolism in microalgae: commercial implications and future research directions. J Phycol 26:393–399
Sforza E, Bertucco A, Morosinotto T, Giacometti GM (2012) Photobioreactors for microalgal growth and oil production with Nannochloropsis salina: from lab-scale experiments to large-scale design. Chem Eng Res Des 90:1151–1158
Søgaard DH, Hansen PJ, Rysgaard S, Glud RN (2011) Growth limitation and three Arctic sea ice algal species: effects of salinity, pH, and inorganic carbon availability. Polar Biol 34:1157–1165
Sommer U, Gliwicz ZM, Lampert W, Duncan A (1986) The PEG model of a seasonal succession of planktonic events in fresh waters. Arch Hydrobiol 106:433–471
Sporalore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, Isambert A (2006) Optimization of Nannochloropsis oculata growth using the response surface method. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:1049–1056
Sukenik A, Zmora O, Carmeli Y (1993) Biochemical quality of marine unicellular algae with special emphasis on lipid composition. II Nannochloropsis sp. Aquaculture 117:313–326
Van Wagenen J, Miller TW, Hobbs S, Hook P, Crowe B, Huesemann M (2012) Effects of light and temperature on fatty acid production in Nannochloropsis salina. Energies 5:731–740
Xu Y, Boeing WJ (2014) Modeling maximum lipid productivity of microalgae: review and next step. Renew Sust Energ Rev 32:29–39
Zittelli GC, Pastorelli R, Tredici MR (2000) A modular flat panel photobioreactor (MFPP) for indoor mass cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. under artificial illumination. J Appl Phycol 12:521–526
Zittelli GC, Rodolfi L, Tredici MR (2003) Mass cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. in annular reactors. J Appl Phycol 15:107–114