Poly (ε-caprolactone)-based electrospun nano-featured substrate for tissue engineering applications: a review
Tóm tắt
The restoration of normal functioning of damaged body tissues is one of the major objectives of tissue engineering. Scaffolds are generally used as artificial supports and as substrates for regenerating new tissues and should closely mimic natural extracellular matrix (ECM). The materials used for fabricating scaffolds must be biocompatible, non-cytotoxic and bioabsorbable/biodegradable. For this application, specifically biopolymers such as PLA, PGA, PTMC, PCL etc. satisfying the above criteria are promising materials. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is one such potential candidate which can be blended with other materials forming blends, copolymers and composites with the essential physiochemical and mechanical properties as per the requirement. Nanofibrous scaffolds are fabricated by various techniques such as template synthesis, fiber drawing, phase separation, self-assembly, electrospinning etc. Among which electrospinning is the most popular and versatile technique. It is a clean, simple, tunable and viable technique for fabrication of polymer-based nanofibrous scaffolds. The design and fabrication of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds are of intense research interest over the recent years. These scaffolds offer a unique architecture at nano-scale with desired porosity for selective movement of small molecules and form a suitable three-dimensional matrix similar to ECM. This review focuses on PCL synthesis, modifications, properties and scaffold fabrication techniques aiming at the targeted tissue engineering applications.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abedalwafa M, Wang F, Wang L, Li C (2013) Biodegradable poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) for tissue engineering applications: a review. Rev Adv Mater Sci 34:123–140
Adeli-Sardou M, Yaghoobi MM, Torkzadeh-Mahani M, Dodel M (2019) Controlled release of lawsone from polycaprolactone/gelatin electrospun nano fibers for skin tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 124:478–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.237
Agarwal S (2010) Chemistry, chances and limitations of the radical ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals for the synthesis of degradable polyesters. Polym Chem 1:953–964. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0py00040j
Aghdam RM, Shakhesi S, Najarian S, Mohammadi MM, Ahmadi Tafti SH, Mirzadeh H (2014) Fabrication of a nanofibrous scaffold for the in vitro culture of cardiac progenitor cells for myocardial regeneration. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 63:229–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2013.800983
Aguirre-Chagala YE, Altuzar V, Leon-Sarabia E, Tinoco-Magana JC, Yanez-Limon JM, Mendoza-Barrera C (2017) Physicochemical properties of polycaprolactone/collagen/elastin nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning. Mater Sci Eng C 76:897–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.118
Ahmed SM, Ahmed H, Tian C, Tu Q, Guo Y, Wang J (2016) Whey protein concentrate doped electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) fibers for antibiotic release improvement. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 143:371–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.059
Alemi PS, Atyabi SA, Sharifi F, Mohamadali M, Irani S, Bakhshi H, Atyabi SM (2019) Synergistic effect of pressure cold atmospheric plasma and carboxymethyl chitosan to mesenchymal stem cell differentiation on PCL/CMC nanofibers for cartilage tissue engineering. Polym Adv Technol 30:1356–1364. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4568
Asadian M, Grande S, Morent R, Nikiforov A, Declercq H, Geyter ND (2017) Effects of pre- and post-electrospinning plasma treatments on electrospun PCL nanofibers to improve cell interactions. J Phys Conf Ser 841:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/841/1/012018
Asadian M, Chan KV, Norouzi M, Grande S, Cools P, Morent R, Geyter ND (2020) Fabrication and plasma modification of nanofibrous tissue engineering scaffolds. Nanomaterials 10:119–182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010119
Atyabi SM, Sharifi F, Irani S, Zandi M, Mivehchi H, Nagheh Z (2016) Cell attachment and viability study of PCL nano-fiber modified by cold atmospheric plasma. Cell Biochem Biophys 74:181–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-015-0718-1
Awad HA, O’Keefe RJ, Lee CH, Mao JJ (2014) Bone tissue engineering: Clinical challenges and emergent advances in orthopedic and craniofacial surgery. In: Lanza R, Langer R, Vacanti J (eds) Principles of tissue engineering. Elsevier Science, New York, pp 1733–1743. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398358-9.00083-5
Bailey WJ, Ni Z, Wu SR (1982) Synthesis of poly-ε-caprolactone via a free radical mechanism. Free radical ring-opening polymerization of 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 20:3021–3030. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.170201101
Barbarisi M, Marino G, Armenia E, Vincenzo Q, Rosso F, Porcelli M, Barbarisi A (2015) Use of polycaprolactone (PCL) as scaffolds for the regeneration of nerve tissue. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 103:1755–1760. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35318
Barnes CP, Sell SA, Boland ED, Simpson DG, Bowlin GL (2007) Nanofiber technology: designing the next generation of tissue engineering scaffolds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:1413–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.022
Bertram U, Steiner D, Poppitz B, Dippold D, Kohn K, Beier JP, Detsch R, Boccaccini AR, Schubert DW, Horch RE, Arkudas A (2017) Vascular tissue engineering: effects of integrating collagen into a PCL based nanofiber material. Biomed Res Int 2017:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9616939
Bhullar SK, Rana D, Lekesiz H, Bedeloglu AC, Ko J, Cho Y, Aytac Z, Uyar T, Jun M, Ramalingam M (2017) Design and fabrication of auxetic PCL nanofiber membranes for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C 81:334–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.022
Binulal NS, Natarajan A, Menon D, Bhaskaran VK, Mony U, Nair SV (2012) Gelatin nanoparticles loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous semi-synthetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 7:065001–065016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/7/6/065001
Binulal NS, Natarajan A, Menon D, Bhaskaran VK, Mony U, Nair SV (2014) PCL-gelatin composite nanofibers electrospun using diluted acetic acid-ethyl acetate solvent system for stem cell-based bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 25:325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2013.859872
Bolaina-Lorenzo E, Martinez-Ramos C, Monleon-Pradas M, Herrera-Kao W, Cauich-Rodriguez JV, Cervantes-Uc JM (2017) Electrospun polycaprolactone/chitosan scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering: Physicochemical characterization and Schwann cell biocompatibility. Biomed Mater 12:015008–015019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/12/1/015008
Boni R, Ali A, Shavandi A, Clarkson AN (2018) Current and novel polymeric biomaterials for neural tissue engineering. J Biomed Sci 25:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-018-0491-8
Braud C, Atlan A, Ducos C, Vert M (1998) Capillary zone electrophoresis in normal or reverse polarity separation modes for the analysis of hydroxy acid oligomers in neutral phosphate buffer. J Chromatogr B Biomed 706:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00468-4
Brugmans MCP, Sontjens SHM, Cox MAJ, Nandakumar A, Bosman AW, Mes T, Janssen HM, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT, Driessen-Mol A (2015) Hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of electrospun supramolecular biomaterials: In vitro degradation pathways. Acta Biomater 27:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.034
Butcher AL, Offeddu GS, Oyen ML (2014) Nanofibrous hydrogel composites as mechanically robust tissue engineering scaffolds. Trends Biotechnol 32:564–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.09.001
Causa F, Netti PA, Ambrosio L, Ciapetti G, Baldini N, Pagani S, Martini D, Giunti A (2006) Poly-ε-caprolactone/hydroxyapatite composites for bone regeneration: In vitro characterization and human osteoblast response. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 76:151–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30528
Chaudhari AA, Vig K, Baganizi DR, Sahu R, Dixit S, Dennis V, Singh SR, Pillai SR (2016) Future prospects for scaffolding methods and biomaterials in skin tissue engineering: a review. Int J Mol Sci 17:1974–2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121974
Chen QZ, Bismarck A, Hansen U, Junaid S, Tran MQ, Harding SE, Ali NN, Boccaccini AR (2008) Characterisation of a soft elastomer poly(glycerol sebacate) designed to match the mechanical properties of myocardial tissue. Biomaterials 29:47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.010
Choi JS, Lee SJ, Christ GJ, Atala A, Yoo JJ (2008) The influence of electrospun aligned poly(ε-caprolactone)/collagen nanofiber meshes on the formation of self-aligned skeletal muscle myotubes. Biomaterials 29:2899–2906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.03.031
Chong LH, Hassan MI, Sultana N (2015) Electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL/nano-hydroxyapatite (PCL/nHA) based nanofibers for bone tissue engineering application. 10th Asian Control Conf (ASCC) 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ASCC.2015.7244569.
Christanti Y, Walker LM (2001) Surface tension driven jet break up of strain-hardening polymer solutions. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 100:9–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(01)00135-5
Cipitria A, Skelton A, Dargaville TR, Dalton PD, Hutmacher DW (2011) Design, fabrication and characterization of PCL electrospun scaffolds: a review. J Mater Chem 21:9419–9453. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm04502k
Coimbra P, Santos P, Alves P, Miguel SP, Carvalho MP, de Sa KD, Correia L, Ferreira P (2017) Coaxial electrospun PCL/Gelatin-MA fibers as scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Colloids Surf b Biointerfaces 159:7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.065
Crowder SW, Liang Y, Rath R, Park AM, Maltais S, Pintauro PN, Hofmeister W, Lim CC, Wang X, Sung HJ (2013) Poly(-caprolactone) carbon nanotube composite scaffolds for enhanced cardiac differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Nanomedicine 8:1763–1776. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.12.204
da Silva MLA, Martins A, Costa-Pinto AR, Costa P, Faria S, Gomes M, Reis RL, Neves NM (2010) Cartilage tissue engineering using electrospun pcl nanofiber meshes and MSCs. Biomacromol 11:3228–3236. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm100476r
Davidson MG, Jones MD, Lunn MD, Mahon MF (2006) Synthesis and X-ray structures of new titanium (IV) aryloxides and their exploitation for the ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. Inorg Chem 45:2282–2287. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic051708n
Dhandayuthapani B, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T, Kumar DS (2011) Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: a review. Int J Polym Sci 2011:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/290602
Diaz E, Sandonis I, Valle MB (2014) In vitro degradation of poly(caprolactone)/nHA composites. J Nanomater 2014:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/802435
Dong H, Wang H, Cao S, Shen J (1998) Lipase-catalyzed polymerization of lactones and linear hydroxyesters. Biotechnol Lett 20:905–908. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005441707356
Duan N, Geng X, Ye L, Zhang A, Feng Z, Guo L, Gu Y (2016) A vascular tissue engineering scaffold with core-shell structured nano-fibers formed by coaxial electrospinning and its biocompatibility evaluation. Biomed Mater 11:035007–035018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/11/3/035007
Duda A (1996) Polymerization of ε-caprolactone initiated by aluminum isopropoxide carried out in the presence of alcohols and diols: kinetics and mechanism. Macromolecules 29:1399–1406. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma951442b
Dutta SD, Patel DK, Seo YR, Park CW, Lee SH, Kim JW, Kim J, Seonwoo H, Lim KT (2019) In vitro biocompatibility of electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone)/cellulose nanocrystals-nanofibers for tissue engineering. J Nanomater 2019:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2061545
Ebrahimi O, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Davaran S (2014) Preparation and characterization of novel electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)-based nanofibrous scaffolds. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 44:504–509. https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.965310
Entekhabi E, Nazarpak MH, Moztarzadeh F, Sadeghi A (2016) Design and manufacture of neural tissue engineering scaffolds using hyaluronic acid and polycaprolactone nanofibers with controlled porosity. Mater Sci Eng C 69:380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.078
Eslami M, Vrana NE, Zorlutuna P, Sant S, Jung S, Masoumi N, Khavari-Nejad RA, Javadi G, Khademhosseini A (2014) Fiber-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering. J Biomater Appl 29:399–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0885328214530589
Ezhilarasu H, Sadiq A, Ratheesh G, Sridhar S, Ramakrishna S, Mohd MH, Rahim YMM, Jose R, Reddy VJ (2019) Functionalized core/shell nanofibers for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for vascular tissue engineering. Nanomedicine 14:201–214. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0271
Franca DC, Bezerra EB, de Souza Morais DD, Araujo EM, Wellen RMR (2016) Hydrolytic and thermal degradation of PCL and PCL/bentonite compounds. Mater Res 19:618–627. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0797
Fu W, Liu Z, Feng B, Hu R, He X, Wang H, Yin M, Huang H, Zhang H, Wang W (2014) Electrospun gelatin/PCL and collagen/PLCL scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine 9:2335–2344. https://doi.org/10.2147/2FIJN.S61375
Gautam S, Chou CF, Dinda AK, Potdar PD, Mishra NC (2014) Surface modification of nanofibrous polycaprolactone/gelatin composite scaffold by collagen type I grafting for skin tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 34:402–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.043
Gentile P, McColgan-Bannon K, Gianone NC, Sefat F, Dalgarno K, Ferreira AM (2017) Biosynthetic PCL-graft-collagen bulk material for tissue engineering applications. Materials 10:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10070693
Ghafari AM, Rajabi-Zeleti S, Naji M, Ghanian MH, Baharvand H (2017) Mechanical reinforcement of urinary bladder matrix by electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers. Sci Iran 24:3476–3480. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2017.4418
Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ramakrishna S (2008b) Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29:4532–4539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.08.007
Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Morshed M, Karbalaei K, Fesharaki M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H (2008a) Electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofiber mat as extracellular matrix. Cell J 10:179–184
Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ramakrishna S (2010) Bio-functionalized PCL nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 30:1129–1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.06.004
Ghobeira R, Geyter ND, Morent R (2017) Plasma surface functionalization of biodegradable electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. In: Rohman G (ed) Biodegradable polymers: recent developments and new perspectives. IAPC Publishing, Croatia, pp 191–236. https://doi.org/10.5599/obp.14.4
Ghosal K, Manakhov A, Zajickova L, Thomas S (2017) Structural and surface compatibility study of modified electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) composites for skin tissue engineering. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 18:72–81. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-016-0500-8
Gomes S, Rodrigues G, Martins G, Henriques C, Silva JC (2017) Evaluation of nanofibrous scaffolds obtained from blends of chitosan, gelatin and polycaprolactone for skin tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 102:1174–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.004
Gupta D, Venugopal J, Prabhakaran MP, Dev VRG, Low S, Choon AT, Ramakrishna S (2009) Aligned and random nanofibrous substrate for the in vitro culture of Schwann cells for neural tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 5:2560–2569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.039
Hackett JM, Dang TNT, Tsai EC, Cao X (2010) Electrospun biocomposite polycaprolactone/collagen tubes as scaffolds for neural stem cell differentiation. Materials 3:3714–3728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3063714
Hasan A, Soliman S, El Hajj F, Tseng YT, Yalcin HC, Marei HE (2018) Fabrication and in vitro characterization of a tissue engineered PCL-PLLA heart valve. Sci Rep 8:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26452-y
Heidari M, Bahrami SH, Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Milan PB (2019) Smart electrospun nanofibers containing PCL/gelatin/graphene oxide for application in nerve tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 103:109768–109777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.109768
Hekmati AH, Norouzi M (2017) Electrospun scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. In: Uyar T, Kny E (eds) Electrospun materials for tissue engineering and biomedical applications: research, design and commercialization. Woodhead Publishing, UK, pp 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101022-8.00008-9
Hiep NT, Khon HC, Hai ND, Byong-Taek L, Toi VV, Hung LT (2017) Biocompatibility of PCL/PLGA-BCP porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 28:864–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2017.1311821
Hitscherich P, Aphale A, Gordan R, Whitaker R, Singh P, Lai-Hua X, Patra P, Lee EJ (2018) Electroactive graphene composite scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 106:2923–2933. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36481
Houshyar S, Kumar GS, Rifai A, Tran N, Nayak R, Shanks RA, Padhye R, Fox K, Bhattacharyya A (2019) Nanodiamond/poly-ε-caprolactone nanofibrous scaffold for wound management. Mater Sci Eng C 100:378–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.110
Huang H, Xu H, Zhang J (2019) Current tissue engineering approaches for cartilage regeneration. In: Nikolopoulos DD, Safos GK, Dimitrios K (eds) Cartilage tissue engineering and regeneration techniques. IntechOpen, UK, pp 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84429
Jana S, Bhagia A, Lerman A (2019) Optimization of polycaprolactone fibrous scaffold for heart valve tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 14:065014–065030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ab3d24
Joseph B, Augustine R, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S, Seantier B, Grohens Y (2019) Recent advances in electrospun polycaprolactone based scaffolds for wound healing and skin bioengineering applications. Mater Today Commun 19:319–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.02.009
Jun I, Han HS, Edwards JR, Jeon H (2018) Electrospun fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering: viewpoints on architecture and fabrication. Int J Mol Sci 19:745–759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030745
Kai D, Prabhakaran MP, Stahl B, Eblenkamp M, Wintermantel E, Ramakrishna S (2012) Mechanical properties and in vitro behavior of nanofiber-hydrogel composites for tissue engineering applications. Nanotechnology 23:095705. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/9/095705
Khang G (2017) Handbook of intelligent scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 2nd edn. Pan Stanford Publishing, Singapore
Kim JI, Kim CS (2018) Harnessing nanotopography of PCL/collagen nanocomposite membrane and changes in cell morphology coordinated with wound healing activity. Mater Sci Eng C 91:824–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.021
Kim MS, Jun I, Shin YM, Jang W, Kim SI, Shin H (2010) The development of genipin-crosslinked poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin nanofibers for tissue engineering applications. Macromol Biosci 10:91–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200900168
Kim HN, Kang D-H, Kim MS, Jiao A, Kim D-H, Suh K-Y (2012) Patterning methods for polymers in cell and tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 40:1339–1355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-012-0510-y
Kitsara M, Agbulut O, Kontziampasis D, Chen Y, Menasche P (2017) Fibers for hearts: a critical review on electrospinning for cardiac tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 48:20–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.014
Ko YM, Choi DY, Jung SC, Kim BH (2015) Characteristics of plasma treated electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 15:192–195. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.8372
Ku SH, Park CB (2010) Human endothelial cell growth on mussel-inspired nanofiber scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. Biomaterials 31:9431–9437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.071
Lam CXF, Savalani MM, Teoh SH, Hutmacher DW (2008) Dynamics of in vitro polymer degradation of polycaprolactone-based scaffolds: accelerated versus simulated physiological conditions. Biomed Mater 3:034108–034123. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/3/3/034108
Li H, Huang C, Jin X, Ke Q (2018) An electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocomposite fibrous mat with a high content of hydroxyapatite to promote cell infiltration. RSC Adv 8:25228–25235. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02059k
Li P, Wang Y, Jin X, Dou J, Han X, Wan X, Yuan J, Shen J (2020) Fabrication of PCL/keratin composite scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering with catalytic generation of nitric oxide potential. J Mater Chem B 8:6092–6099. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00857e
Mahapatro A, Kumar A, Gross RA (2004) Mild, solvent-free ω-hydroxy acid polycondensations catalyzed by candida antarctica lipase B. Biomacromol 5:62–68. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0342382
Mahoney C, Conklin D, Waterman J, Bhattarai N (2016) Electrospun nanofibers of poly (ε-caprolactone)/depolymerized chitosan for respiratory tissue engineering applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 27:611–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2016.1144454
Malikmammadov E, Tanir TE, Kiziltay A, Hasirci V, Hasirci N (2018) PCL and PCL-based materials in biomedical applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 29:863–893. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2017.1394711
Mingotaud A-F, Cansell F, Gilbert N, Soum A (1999) Cationic and anionic ring-opening polymerization in supercritical CO2 preliminary results. Polymer J 31:406–410. https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.31.406
Mkhabelal VJ, Ray SS (2014) Poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering: a brief overview. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14:535–545. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.9055
Mohammadi MR, Rabbani S, Bahrami SH, Joghataei MT, Moayer F (2016) Antibacterial performance and in vivo diabetic wound healing of curcumin loaded gum tragacanth/poly(ε-caprolactone) electrospun nanofibers. Mater Sci Eng C 69:1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.032
Mondal D, Griffith M, Venkatraman SS (2016) Polycaprolactone-based biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery: current scenario and challenges. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 65:255–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2015.1103241
Munir N, Callanan A (2018) Novel phase separated polycaprolactone/collagen scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 13:051001–051012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aac91f
Naghashzargar E, Fare S, Catto V, Bertoldi S, Semnani D, Karbasi S, Tanzi MC (2015) Nano/micro hybrid scaffold of PCL or P3Hb nanofibers combined with silk fibroin for tendon and ligament tissue engineering. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 13:156–168. https://doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000216
Naragund VS, Panda PK (2018) Electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane for bacteria removal. J Mater Sci Appl 4:68–74
Natta FJV, Hill JW, Carothers WH (1934) Studies of polymerization and ring formation. XXIII. 1 ε-caprolactone and its polymers. J Am Chem Soc 56:455–457. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01317a053
Nazeer MA, Yilgor E, Yilgor I (2019) Electrospun polycaprolactone/silk fibroin nanofibrous bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Polymer 168:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.023
Nomura N, Taira A, Tomioka T, Okada M (2000) Catalytic approach for cationic living polymerization: Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of lactones. Macromolecules 33:1497–1499. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma991580r
Norman JJ, Desai TA (2005) Control of cellular organization in three dimensions using a microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane-collagen composite tissue scaffold. Tissue Eng 11:378–387. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2005.11.378
Panda PK, Sahoo B (1990) Synthesis and applications of electrospun nanofibers-a review. In: Navani NK, Sinha S, Govil JN (eds) Nanotechnology, fundamental and applications, 1st edn. Studiun Press LLC Publishing, pp 399–416
Panda PK, Sahoo B (2019) Water purification by removal of pathogens using electrospun polymer nanofiber membranes: a review. J Mater Sci Appl 5:1–8
Pattanashetti NA, Achari DD, Torvi AI, Doddamani RV, Kariduraganavar MY (2019) Multilayer electrospinning of PCL and PVA: NaAlg nanofibres for bone tissue engineering. Materialia. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3484669 (in Press)
Perale G, Hilborn J (2016) Bioresorbable polymers for biomedical applications: From fundamentals to translational medicine. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-02798-0
Pitt CG, Chasalow FI, Hibionada YM, Klimas DM, Schindler A (1981) Aliphatic polyesters I. The degradation of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) in vivo. J Appl Polym Sci 26:3779–3787. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261124
Prabhakaran MP, Venugopal JR, Chyan TT, Hai LB, Chan CK, Lim AY, Ramakrishna S (2008) Electrospun biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds for neural tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 14:1787–1797. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0393
Qin X (2017) Coaxial electrospinning of nanofibers. In: Afshari M (ed) Electrospun nanofibers. Woodhead Publishing, UK, pp 41–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100907-9.00003-9
Rad ZP, Mokhtari J, Abbasi M (2018) Fabrication and characterization of PCL/zein/gum arabic electrospun nanocomposite scaffold for skin tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 93:356–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.010
Rad ZP, Mokhtari J, Abbasi M (2019) Calendula officinalis extract/PCL/Zein/Gum arabic nanofibrous bio-composite scaffolds via suspension, two-nozzle and multilayer electrospinning for skin tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 135:530–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.204
Rai R, Tallawi M, Frati C, Falco A, Gervasi A, Quaini F, Roether JA, Hochburger T, Schuhert DW, Seik L, Barbani N, Lazzeri L, Rosellini E, Boccaccini AR (2015) Bioactive electrospun fibers of Poly(glycerol sebacate) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) for cardiac patch application. Adv Healthc Mater 4:2012–2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201500154
Ramakrishna S, Fujihara K, Teo WE, Lim TC, Ma Z (2005) An introduction to electrospinning and nanofibers. World Scientific, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/5894
Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Bahrami SH (2015) Development of nanofibrous scaffolds containing gum tragacanth/poly (ε-caprolactone) for application as skin scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C 48:71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.020
Reddy CS, Venugopal JR, Ramakrishna S, Zussman E (2014) Polycaprolactone/oligomer compound scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 102:3713–3725. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35045
Remya KR, Joseph J, Mani S, John A, Varma HK, Ramesh P (2013) Nanohydroxyapatite incorporated electrospun polycaprolactone/polycaprolactone-polyethyleneglycol-polycaprolactone blend scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Nanotechnol 9:1483–1494. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2013.1640
Rijal NP, Adhikari U, Khanal S, Pai D, Sankar J (2018) Magnesium oxide-poly (ε-caprolactone)-chitosan based composite nano fiber for tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng B 228:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2017.11.006
Robb B, Lennox B (2011) The electrospinning process, conditions & control. In: Bosworth LA, Downes S (eds) Electrospinning for tissue regeneration. Woodhead Publishing, UK, pp 51–66
Rocco KA, Maxfield MW, Best CA, Dean EW, Breuer CK (2014) In vivo applications of electrospun tissue-engineered vascular grafts: a review. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 20:628–640. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0123
Roy T, Maity PP, Rameshbabu AP, Das B, John A, Dutta A, Ghorai SK, Chattopadhyay S, Dhara S (2018) Core-shell nanofibrous scaffold based on polycaprolactone-silk fibroin emulsion electrospinning for tissue engineering applications. Bioengineering 5:68–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5030068
Saderi N, Rajabi M, Akbari B, Firouzi M, Hassannejad Z (2018) Fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticle-doped electrospun PCL/chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 29:134–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-018-6144-3
Safaeijavan R, Soleimani M, Divsalar A, Eidi A (2014) Biological behavior study of gelatin coated PCL nanofiberous electrospun scaffolds using fibroblasts. J Paramed Sci 5:67–73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jps.v5i1.5467
Salehi M, Niyakan M, Ehterami A, Haghi-Daredeh S, Nazarnezhad S, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi G, Vaez A, Hashemi SF, Rezaei N, Mousavi SR (2020) Porous electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous mat containing cinnamon for wound healing application: in vitro and in vivo study. Biomed Eng Lett 10:149–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-019-00138-4
Sanchez-Gonzalez S, Diban N, Urtiaga A (2018) Hydrolytic degradation and mechanical stability of poly(ε-caprolactone)/reduced graphene oxide membranes as scaffolds for in vitro neural tissue regeneration. Membranes 8:12–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes8010012
Sara S, Shavandi M, Ahangari G, Shokrolahi F (2016) Electrospun layered double hydroxide/poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocomposite scaffolds for adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Appl Clay Sci 128:52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.04.004
Shafei S, Foroughi J, Chen Z, Wong CS, Naebe M (2017) Short oxygen plasma treatment leading to long-term hydrophilicity of conductive PCL-PPy nanofiber scaffolds. Polymers 9:614–628. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110614
Sharif S, Ai J, Azami M, Verdi J, Atlasi MA, Shirian S, Samadikuchaksaraei A (2018) Collagen-coated nano-electrospun PCL seeded with human endometrial stem cells for skin tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 106:1578–1586. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33966
Sharifi F, Atyabi SM, Norouzian D, Zandi M, Irani S, Bakhshi H (2018) Polycaprolactone/carboxymethyl chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering application. Int J Biol Macromol 115:243–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.045
Shelke NB, Lee P, Anderson M, Mistry N, Nagarale RK, Ma XM, Yu X, Kumbar SG (2016) Neural tissue engineering: nanofiber-hydrogel based composite scaffolds. Polym Adv Technol 27:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3594
Sheng L, Jiang R, Zhu Y (2014) Electrospun cellulose nanocrystals/polycaprolactone nanocomposite fiber mats. J Macromol Sci b: Physics 53:820–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2013.861311
Siddiqui N, Asawa S, Birru B, Baadhe R, Rao S (2018) PCL-based composite scaffold matrices for tissue engineering applications. Mol Biotechnol 60:506–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-018-0084-5
Silva JC, Udangawa RN, Chen J, Mancinelli CD, Garrudo FFF, Mikael PE, Cabral JMS, Ferreira FC, Linhardt RJ (2020) Kartogenin-loaded coaxial PGS/PCL aligned nanofibers for cartilage tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 107:110291–110303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110291
Silver FH, Bradica G, Tria A (2002) Elastic energy storage in human articular cartilage: estimation of the elastic modulus for type II collagen and changes associated with osteoarthritis. Matrix Biol 21:129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0945-053X(01)00195-0
Strange DG, Tonsomboon K, Oyen ML (2014) Mechanical behaviour of electrospun fibre-reinforced hydrogels. J Mater Sci Mater Med 25:681–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5123-y
Subbiah T, Bhat GS, Tock RW, Parameswaran S, Ramkumar SS (2005) Electrospinning of nanofibers. J Appl Polym Sci 96:557–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21481
Subia B, Kundu J, Kundu SC (2010) Biomaterial scaffold fabrication techniques for potential tissue engineering applications. In: Eberli D (ed) Tissue engineering. InTech Publisher, Europe, pp 141–157. https://doi.org/10.5772/8581
Sumitha MS, Shalumon KT, Sreeja VN, Jayakumar R, Nair SV, Menon D (2012) Biocompatible and antibacterial nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone)-nanosilver composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. J Macromol Sci Part A Pure Appl Chem 49:131–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2012.642208
Tian H, Tang Z, Zhuang X, Chen X, Jing X (2012) Biodegradable synthetic polymers: preparation, functionalization and biomedical application. Prog Polym Sci 37:237–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.004
Venugopal J, Zhang YZ, Ramakrishna S (2005b) Fabrication of modified and functionalized polycaprolactone nanofibre scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Nanotechnology 16:2138–2142. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/16/10/028
Venugopal J, Ma LL, Ramakrishna S (2005a) Biocompatible nanofiber matrices for the engineering of a dermal substitute for skin regeneration. Tissue Eng 11:847–854. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2005.11.847
Venugopal E, Sahanand KS, Bhattacharyya A, Rajendran S (2019) Electrospun PCL nanofibers blended with Wattakaka volubilis active phytochemicals for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 21:102044–102054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2019.102044
Vogt L, Rivera LR, Liverani L, Piegat A, El Fray M, Boccaccini AR (2019) Poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(glycerol sebacate) electrospun scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering using benign solvents. Mater Sci Eng C 103:109712–109725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.091
Wang X, Ding B, Li B (2013) Biomimetic electrospun nanofibrous structures for tissue engineering. Mater Today 16:229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.06.005
Won BSK, Ee KL, Ae WB, Im HK (2008) Precipitation polymerization of 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane in supercritical carbon dioxide. Polym J 40:332–338. https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.PJ2007095
Xie J, MacEwcm MR, Willerth SM, Li X, Moran DW, Sakiyama-Elbert SE, Xia Y (2009) Conductive core-sheath nanofibers and their potential application in neural tissue engineering. Adv Funct Mater 19:2312–2318. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801904
Yan D, Jones J, Yuan X, Xu X, Sheng J, Lee JCM, Ma G, Yu Q (2013) Plasma treatment of random and aligned electrospun PCL nanofibers. J Med Biol Eng 33:171–178. https://doi.org/10.5405/jmbe.1072
Yao Q, Cosme JGL, Xu T, Miszuk JM, Picciani PHS, Fong H, Sun H (2017) Three dimensional electrospun PCL/PLA blend nanofibrous scaffolds with significantly improved stem cells osteogenic differentiation and cranial bone formation. Biomaterials 115:115–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.018
Yarin AL (2011) Coaxial electrospinning and emulsion electrospinning of core-shell fibers. Polym Adv Technol 22:310–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1781
Zadehnajar P, Akbari B, Karbasi S, Mirmusavi MH (2020a) Preparation and characterization of poly ε-caprolactone-gelatin/multi-walled carbon nanotubes electrospun scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 69:326–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2018.1563088
Zadehnajar P, Karbasi S, Akbari B, Ghasemi L (2020b) Incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes into electrospun PCL/gelatin scaffold: The influence on the physical, chemical and thermal properties and cell response for tissue engineering. Mater Technol 35:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2019.1651539
Zahedi E, Esmaeili A, Eslahi N, Shokrgozar MA, Simchi A (2019) Fabrication and characterization of core-shell electrospun fibrous mats containing medicinal herbs for wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Mar Drugs 17:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17010027
Zarekhalili Z, Bahrami SH, Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Milan PB (2017) Fabrication and characterization of PVA/Gum tragacanth/PCL hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds for skin substitutes. Int J Biol Macromol 94:679–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.042
