Vasoactive hormones and renal sclerosis

Kidney International - Tập 49 - Trang 578-597 - 1996
Jesús Egido1
1Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain

Tài liệu tham khảo

Remuzzi, 1991, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition improves glomerular size-selectivity in IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 39, 1267, 10.1038/ki.1991.160 Coppo, 1993, Angiotensin II local hyperreactivity in the progression of IgA nephropathy, Am J Kidney Dis, 21, 593, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80031-X Cattran, 1994, Long-term benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with severe immunoglobulin A nephropathy: A comparison to patients receiving treatment with other antihypertensive agents and to patients receiving no therapy, Am J Kidney Dis, 23, 247, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80980-2 Ter Wee, 1993, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic chronic renal disease, Arch Intern Med, 153, 1749, 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410150027003 Hollenberg, 1993, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and renal protection. As assessment of implications for therapy, Arch Intern Med, 153, 2426, 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410210044006 Lewis, 1993, The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy, N Engl J Med, 329, 1456, 10.1056/NEJM199311113292004 Ichikawa, 1991, Angiotensin actions in the kidney: renewed insight into the old hormone, Kidney Int, 40, 583, 10.1038/ki.1991.249 Mimran, 1988, Comparative effect of captopril and nifedipine in normotensive patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy, Diabetes Care, 11, 850, 10.2337/diacare.11.10.850 Wolf, 1993, Angiotensin II as a renal growth factor, J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, 1531, 10.1681/ASN.V391531 Dzau, 1994, Cell biology and genetics of angiotensin in cardiovascular disease, J Hypertens, 12, S3 Mulrow, 1993, The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 2, 41, 10.1097/00041552-199301000-00006 Dzau, 1994, Molecular biology of angiotensin receptors: target for drug research, J Hypertens, 12, S1 Yanagisawa, 1993, A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells, Nature, 332, 411, 10.1038/332411a0 Simonson, 1993, Endothelins: Multifunctional renal peptides, Physiol Rev, 73, 375, 10.1152/physrev.1993.73.2.375 Simonson, 1991, Endothelin peptides: A possible role in glomerular inflammation, Lab Invest, 64, 1 Perico, 1993, Role of endothelin in glomerular injury, Kidney Int, 43, S76 Seikaly, 1990, Endogenous angiotensin concentrations in specific intrarenal fluid compartments of the rat, J Clin Invest, 86, 1352, 10.1172/JCI114846 Paul, 1993, Gene expression of the renin-angiotensin system in human tissues. Quantitative analysis by the polymerase chain reaction, J Clin Invest, 91, 2058, 10.1172/JCI116428 Ray, 1994, Angiotensin II stimulates human fetal mesangial cell proliferation and fibronectin biosynthesis by binding to AT1 receptors, Kidney Int, 45, 177, 10.1038/ki.1994.21 Stoll, 1995, The angiotensin AT-2-receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells, J Clin Invest, 95, 651, 10.1172/JCI117710 Johnson, 1992, Angiotensin II receptor subtypes and coupling to signaling systems in cultured fetal fibroblast, Endocrinology, 129, 1266, 10.1210/endo-129-3-1266 Marrero, 1994, Angiotensin II stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gammal in vascular smooth muscle cells, J Biol Chem, 269, 10935, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)34147-9 Mukoyama, 1993, Expression cloning of type 2 angiotensin II receptor reveals a unique class of seven-transmembrane receptors, J Biol Chem, 268, 24539, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74498-6 Marx, 1993, Renal matrix and adhesion in injury and inflammation, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 2, 527, 10.1097/00041552-199307000-00002 Naftilan, 1989, Induction of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells, J Clin Invest, 83, 1419, 10.1172/JCI114032 Griffin, 1991, Angiotensin II causes vascular hypertrophy in part by a non-pressor mechanism, Hypertension, 17, 626, 10.1161/01.HYP.17.5.626 Gibbons, 1992, Vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy vs hyperplasia. Autocrine transforming growth factor-β1 expression determines growth response to angiotensin II, J Clin Invest, 90, 456, 10.1172/JCI115881 Itoh, 1993, Multiple growth factors modulate vascular smooth muscle cell growth response to angiotensin II, J Clin Invest, 91, 2268, 10.1172/JCI116454 Campbell-Boswell, 1981, Effects of angiotensin II and vasopressin on human smooth muscle cells in vitro, Exp Mol Pathol, 35, 265, 10.1016/0014-4800(81)90066-6 Geisterfer, 1988, Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy not hyperplasia of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells, Circ Res, 62, 749, 10.1161/01.RES.62.4.749 Kagami, 1994, Angiotensin II stimulates extracellular matrix protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth factor-β expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells, J Clin Invest, 93, 2431, 10.1172/JCI117251 Stouffer, 1994, TGF-β promotes proliferation of cultured SMC via both PDGF-AA-dependent and PDGF-AA-independent mechanisms, J Clin Invest, 93, 2048, 10.1172/JCI117199 Sudhir, 1993, Mechanical strain and collagen potentiate mitogenic activity of angiotensin II in rat vascular smooth muscle cells, J Clin Invest, 92, 3003, 10.1172/JCI116923 Riser, 1992, Intraglomerular pressure and mesangial stretching stimulate extracellular matrix formation in the rat, J Clin Invest, 90, 1932, 10.1172/JCI116071 Homma, 1992, Activation of S6 kinase by repeated cycles of stretching and relaxation in rat glomerular mesangial cells, J Biol Chem, 267, 23129, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50066-1 Wolf, 1993, Angiotensin II as a hypertrophogenic cytokine for proximal tubular cells, Kidney Int, 43, S100 Wolf, 1992, Angiotensin II stimulates the proliferation and biosynthesis of type I collagen in cultured mesangial cells, Am J Pathol, 140, 95 Anderson, 1993, Angiotensin II causes mesangial hypertrophy, Hypertension, 21, 29, 10.1161/01.HYP.21.1.29 Bagby, 1993, Proliferative synergy of ANG II and EGF in porcine aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, Am J Physiol, 265, F239 Saltis, 1991, Transforming growth factor-beta 1 enhances the proliferative effects of epidermal growth factor on vascular smooth muscle from the spontaneously hypertensive rat, J Hypertens, S6, S184 Gibbons, 1994, The emerging concept of vascular remodeling, N Engl J Med, 330, 1431, 10.1056/NEJM199405193302008 Weber, 1994, Angiotensin II induces delayed mitogenesis and cellular proliferation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, J Clin Invest, 93, 788, 10.1172/JCI117033 Rupprecht, 1992, Effect of vasoactive agents on induction of Egr-1 in rat mesangial cells: correlation with mitogenicity, Am J Physiol, 263, F623 Rosenberg, 1993, In vivo effect of angiotensin II and norepinephrine on early growth response genes in the rat kidney, Kidney Int, 43, 601, 10.1038/ki.1993.88 Neyses, 1993, Induction of immediate-early genes by angiotensin II and endothelin-1 in adult rat cardiomyocytes, J Hypertens, 11, 927, 10.1097/00004872-199309000-00006 Wolf, 1990, Angiotensin II induces cellular hypertrophy in cultured murine proximal tubular cells, Am J Physiol, 259, F768 Wolf, 1993, Angiotensin II stimulates cellular hypertrophy of LLC-PK1 cells through the AT1 receptor, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 8, 128 Donnelly, 1990, Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and angiotensin II (All) stimulate S6 kinase activity and protein synthesis in cultured rabbit proximal tubule cells, J Am Soc Nephrol, 1, 468 Norman, 1987, EGF-induced mitogenesis in proximal tubular cells: potentiation by angiotensin II, Am J Physiol, 253, F299 Ruiz-Ortega, 1993, Effect of angiotensin II and endothelin on matrix protein synthesis by cultured mesangial cells. A complicated network of interactions, J Am Soc Nephrol, 4, 664 Ruiz-Ortega, 1994, Involvement of angiotensin II and endothelin in matrix protein production and renal sclerosis, J Hypertens, 12, S51 Simon, 1994, Stimulation of vascular glycosaminoglycan synthesis by subpressor doses of Angiotensin II in rats, Hypertension, 23, 148, 10.1161/01.HYP.23.1_Suppl.I148 Border, 1992, Transforming growth factor-β in disease: The dark side of tissue repair, J Clin Invest, 90, 1, 10.1172/JCI115821 Okuda, 1990, Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-Beta and proteoglycan production in experimental glomerulonephritis, J Clin Invest, 86, 453, 10.1172/JCI114731 Yamamoto, 1994, Sustained expression of TGF-β1 underlies development of progressive kidney fibrosis, Kidney Int, 45, 916, 10.1038/ki.1994.122 Isaka, 1993, Glomerulosclerosis induced by in vivo transfection of transforming growth factor-β or platelet-derived growth gene into the rat kidney, J Clin Invest, 92, 2597, 10.1172/JCI116874 López-Armada, 1994, Immune complexes stimulate the expression and synthesis of matrix proteins in cultured rat and human mesangial cells. Role of transforming growth factor β, J Am Soc Nephrol, 25, 812 Ruiz-Ortega, 1994, Platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulates the expression and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins in cultured renal cells, J Am Soc Nephrol, 25, 683 Brunner, 1992, Nephrology Forum: ACE inhibitors in renal disease, Kidney Int, 42, 463, 10.1038/ki.1992.311 Shinamura, 1971, A progressive glomerulosclerosis occurring in five-sixths nephrectomized rats, Am J Pathol, 79, 95 Hostetter, 1981, Hyperfiltration in remmant nephrons: a potentially adverse response to renal ablation, Am J Physiol, 24L, F85 Anderson, 1986, Therapeutic advantages of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat, J Clin Invest, 77, 1993, 10.1172/JCI112528 Raij, 1985, Therapeutic implications of hypertension induced glomerular injury. Comparison of enalapril and a combination of hydralazine, reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide in an experimental model, Am J Med, 79, 37, 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90078-6 Dworkin, 1989, Renal vascular effects of antihypertensive therapy in uninephrectomized SHR, Kidney Int, 35, 790, 10.1038/ki.1989.54 Kiyama, 1994, Inhibitory effects of antihypertensive drugs on mesangial cell proliferation after anti-thymocyte serum (ATS)-induced mesangiolysis in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Life Sci, 54, 1891, 10.1016/0024-3205(94)90147-3 Sánchez Crespo, 1982, Rat serum sickness: possible role of inflammatory mediators allowing deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane, Clin Exp Immunol, 49, 631 Ruiz Ortega, 1995, ACE inhibition reduces proteinuria, glomerular lesions and extracellular matrix production in a normotensive rat model of immune complex nephritis, Kidney Int, 48, 1778, 10.1038/ki.1995.476 Jong, 1991, Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibition: clinical effects in chronic renal disease, Am J Kidney Dis, 17, 85 Rodicio, 1990, Influence of converting enzyme inhibition on glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria, Kidney Int, 38, 590, 10.1038/ki.1990.247 Gansevoort, 1993, Long-term benefits of the antiproteinuric effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in nondiabetic renal disease, Am J Kidney Dis, 22, 202, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)70187-7 Praga, 1992, Long-term beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with nephrotic proteinuria, Am J Kidney Dis, 20, 240, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80696-2 Praga, 1991, Nephrotic proteinuria without hypoalbu-minemia: clinical characteristics and response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, Am J Kidney Dis, 17, 330, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80483-5 Mogensen, 1982, Long term antihypertensive treatment inhibiting progression of diabetic nephropathy, Br Med J, 285, 685, 10.1136/bmj.285.6343.685 Parving, 1983, Early aggressive antihypertensive treatment reduces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy, Lancet, 1, 1175, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92462-5 Taguma, 1985, Effect of captopril on heavy proteinuria in azotemic diabetics, N Engl J Med, 313, 1617, 10.1056/NEJM198512263132601 Burnier, 1994, The advantages of angiotensin II antagonism, J Hypertens, 12, S7 Lafayette, 1992, Angiotensin II receptor blockade limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass, J Clin Invest, 90, 766, 10.1172/JCI115949 Pollock, 1993, Angiotensin II receptor blockade improves renal function in rats with reduced renal mass, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 267, 657 Gansevoort, 1994, Is the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition mediated by interference in the renin-angiotensin system, Kidney Int, 45, 861, 10.1038/ki.1994.113 Meyer, 1987, Reversing glomerular hypertension stabilizes established glomerular injury, Kidney Int, 31, 752, 10.1038/ki.1987.62 Savage, 1992, Progressive renal insufficiency: The role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, Adv Intern Med, 37, 85 Morelli, 1990, Effects of converting-enzyme inhibition on barrier function in diabetic glomerulopathy, Diabetes, 39, 76, 10.2337/diacare.39.1.76 Johnson, 1992, Renal injury from angiotensin II-mediated hypertension, Hypertension, 19, 464, 10.1161/01.HYP.19.5.464 Mai, 1993, Early interstitial changes in hypertension-induced renal injury, Hypertension, 22, 754, 10.1161/01.HYP.22.5.754 Yamamoto, 1993, Angiotensin III is a new chemoattractant for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 193, 1038, 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1729 Bascands, 1993, Evidence for existence of two distinct bradykinin receptors on rat mesangial cells, Am J Physiol, 264, F548 Garg, 1989, Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells, J Clin Invest, 83, 1774, 10.1172/JCI114081 Sorbi, 1993, Captopril inhibits the 72kDa and 92kDa matrix metalloproteinases, Kidney Int, 44, 1266, 10.1038/ki.1993.378 Gerald, 1991, Mechanisms of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, Kidney Int, 39, 550, 10.1038/ki.1991.63 Giachelli, 1994, Osteopontin expression in angiotensin II-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis, Kidney Int, 45, 515, 10.1038/ki.1994.67 Rosenberg, 1994, Paradox of the renin-angiotensin system in chronic renal disease, Kidney Int, 45, 403, 10.1038/ki.1994.52 Fogo, 1990, Importance of angiogenic action of angiotensin II in the glomerular growth of maturing kidneys, Kidney Int, 38, 1068, 10.1038/ki.1990.314 Villarreal, 1993, Identification of functional angiotensin II receptors on rat cardiac fibroblasts, Circulation, 88, 2849, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.6.2849 Schorb, 1993, Angiotensin II is mitogenic in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts, Circulation Res, 72, 1245, 10.1161/01.RES.72.6.1245 Crabos, 1994, Characterization of angiotensin II receptors in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts, J Clin Invest, 93, 2372, 10.1172/JCI117243 Rodemann, 1993, Fibroblasts of rabbit kidney in culture. I. Characterization and identification of cell-specific markers, Am J Physiol, 261, F283 Klahr, 1991, New insights into the consequences and mechanisms of renal impairment in obstructive nephropathy, Am J Kidney Dis, 18, 689, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80611-1 Kaneto, 1993, Increased expression of TGF-β1 mRNA in the obstructed kidney of rats with unilateral ureteral ligation, Kidney Int, 44, 313, 10.1038/ki.1993.246 Sharma, 1993, Interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy, Kidney Int, 44, 774, 10.1038/ki.1993.312 Pimentel, 1993, Regulation of renin-angiotensin system in unilateral ureteral obstruction, Kidney Int, 44, 390, 10.1038/ki.1993.257 Pimentel, 1994, Regulation of the renal angiotensin II receptor gene in acute unilateral ureteral obstruction, Kidney Int, 45, 1614, 10.1038/ki.1994.212 Kaneto, 1994, Enalapril reduces collagen type IV synthesis and expansion of the interstitium in the obstructed rat kidney, Kidney Int, 45, 1637, 10.1038/ki.1994.215 Diamond, 1990, Irreversible tubulointerstitial damage associated with chronic aminonucleoside nephrosis; amelioration by angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition, Am J Pathol, 137, 1323 Tamaki, 1994, TGFβ1 in glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis of adriamycin nephropathy, Kidney Int, 45, 525, 10.1038/ki.1994.68 Clavell, 1994, Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of endothelin in the kidney, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 3, 66, 10.1097/00041552-199401000-00010 Lüscher, 1993, Molecular and cellular biology of endothelin and its receptors: Part I, J Hypertens, 11, 7, 10.1097/00004872-199301000-00002 Marsen, 1994, Renal actions of endothelin: Linking cellular signaling pathways to kidney disease, Kidney Int, 45, 336, 10.1038/ki.1994.43 Masaki, 1994, V. International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature of endothelin receptors, Pharmacol Rev, 46, 137 Ujiie, 1992, Messenger RNA expression and synthesis of endothelin-1 along rat nephron segments, J Clin Invest, 90, 1043, 10.1172/JCI115918 Terrada, 1992, Different localization of two types of endothelin receptor mRNA in microdissected rat nephron segments using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, J Clin Invest, 60, 107, 10.1172/JCI115822 Kohan, 1992, Production of endothelin-1 by rat mesangial cells: regulation by tumor necrosis factor, J Lab Clin Med, 119, 477 Rebibou, 1992, Functional endothelin 1 receptors on human glomerular podocytes and mesangial cells, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 7, 288, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a092130 Kohan, 1993, Endothelin production by human inner medullary collecting duct cells, J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, 1719, 10.1681/ASN.V3101719 Zoja, 1991, Constitutive expression of endothelin gene in cultured human mesangial cells and its modulation by transforming growth factor-β, thrombin, and thromboxane A2 analogue, Lab Invest, 64, 16 Ehrenreich, 1990, Endothelins, peptides with potent vasoactive properties, are produced by human macrophages, J Exp Med, 172, 1741, 10.1084/jem.172.6.1741 Imai, 1993, Heparin has an inhibitory effect on endothelin 1 synthesis and release by endothelial cells, Hypertension, 21, 353, 10.1161/01.HYP.21.3.353 Imai, 1992, Induction of endothelin 1 gene by angiotensin and vasopressin in endothelial cells, Hypertension, 19, 753, 10.1161/01.HYP.19.6.753 Simonson, 1989, Endothelin stimulates phospholipase C, Na/H exchange, c-fos expression, and mitogenesis in rat mesangial cells, J Clin Invest, 83, 708, 10.1172/JCI113935 Bard, 1989, Mesangial cell, glomerular and renal vascular responses to endothelin in the rat kidney, J Clin Invest, 83, 336, 10.1172/JCI113880 Owada, 1994, Endothelin (ET)-3 stimulates cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate production via ETB receptor by producing nitric oxide in isolated rat glomerulus, and in cultured rat mesangial cells, J Clin Invest, 93, 556, 10.1172/JCI117007 Gomez-Garre, 1994, ACE inhibition decreases the endothelin-induced fibronectin synthesis in cultured mesangial cells, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 9, 892 Montero, 1993, A role for platelet-activating factor in endothelin-1 induced rat mesangial cell proliferation, Eur J Pharmacol, 243, 235, 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90180-P Ishimura, 1991, Regulation of mRNA expression for extracellular matrix (ECM) by cultured rat mesangial cells (MCs), J Am Soc Nephrol, 2, 546 Hahn, 1993, Expression of soluble and insoluble fibronectin in rat aorta: Effects of angiotensin II and endothelin-1, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 192, 189, 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1399 Lopez-Farre, 1991, Renal effects and mesangial cell contraction induced by endothelin are mediated by PAF, Kidney Int, 39, 624, 10.1038/ki.1991.74 Lopez-Farre, 1991, Inhibition by L-arginine of the endothelin-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium in human neutrophils, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 178, 884, 10.1016/0006-291X(91)90974-C Gómez-Garre, 1992, Aggregation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by endothelin: role of platelet-activating factor, Eur J Pharmacol, 224, 167, 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90801-A Lerma, 1991, Circulating and tissue endothelin immunore-activity in advanced atherosclerosis, N Engl J Med, 325, 997, 10.1056/NEJM199110033251404 Sakurai, 1993, Endothelins. Vascular actions and clinical implications, Drugs, 46, 795, 10.2165/00003495-199346050-00001 López-Farre, 1993, Effect of endothelin-1 on neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells and perfused heart, Circulation, 88, 1166, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.3.1166 Kon, 1991, Biological actions and pathophysiological significance of endothelin in the kidney, Kidney Int, 40, 1, 10.1038/ki.1991.172 Nord, 1993, Nephrology Forum: Renal actions of endothelin, Kidney Int, 44, 451, 10.1038/ki.1993.265 Benigni, 1991, Increased renal endothelin production in rats with reduced renal mass, Am J Physiol, 260, F331 Orisio, 1993, Renal endothelin gene expression is increased in remnant kidney and correlates with disease progression, Kidney Int, 43, 354, 10.1038/ki.1993.53 Benigni, 1993, A specific endothelin subtype A receptor antagonist protects against injury in renal disease progression, Kidney Int, 44, 440, 10.1038/ki.1993.263 Osada, 1991, Endothelin gene expression in glomeruli and medulla from focal glomerulosclerosis (FSG), J Am Soc Nephrol, 2, 412 Nakamura, 1993, Renal expression of mRNAs for endothelin-1, endothelin-3 and endothelin receptors in NZB/WF1 mice, Renal Physiol Biochem, 16, 233 Mardsen, 1992, Transcriptional regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by TNFα, Am J Physiol, 262, C854, 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.4.C854 Yoshimura, 1995, Endothelin-1 and endothelin B type receptor are induced in mesangial proliferative nephritis in the rat, Kidney Int, 48, 1290, 10.1038/ki.1995.413 Nakamura, 1995, Effect of a specific endothelin A receptor antagonist on murine lupus nephritis, Kidney Int, 47, 481, 10.1038/ki.1995.61 Nakamura, 1993, Endothelin-1 mRNA expression by peripheral blood monocytes in IgA nephropathy, Lancet, 342, 1147, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92126-E Yamauchi, 1990, Enhanced secretion of endothelin-1 by elevated glucose levels from cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, FEBS Lett, 267, 16, 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80276-O Inishi, 1991, High ambient glucose down-regulates endothelin-1 receptors in cultured rat mesangial cells, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2, 291 Fukui, 1993, Gene expression for endothelins and their receptors in glomeruli of diabetic rats, J Lab Clin Med, 122, 149 Ohta, 1991, Urinary excretion of endothelin-1 in normal subjects and patients with renal disease, Kidney Int, 39, 307, 10.1038/ki.1991.38 Abassi, 1993, Urinary endothelin: a possible biological marker of renal damage, Am J Hypertens, 6, 1046, 10.1093/ajh/6.12.1046 Kohno, 1992, Angiotensin II stimulates endothelin-1 secretion in cultured rat mesangial cells, Kidney Int, 42, 860, 10.1038/ki.1992.361 Chua, 1993, Regulation of endothelin-1 mRNA by angiotensin II in rat heart endothelial cells, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1178, 201, 10.1016/0167-4889(93)90010-M Webb, 1992, The endothelin receptor antagonist, BQ-123 inhibits angiotensin II-induced contractions in rabbit aorta, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 185, 887, 10.1016/0006-291X(92)91710-8 Kanno, 1993, Up-regulation of ETb receptor subtype mRNA by angiotensin II in rat cardiomyocytes, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 194, 1282, 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1962 Takagi, 1988, Endothelin, a new inhibitor of renin release, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 157, 1164, 10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80996-3 Moe, 1991, Effects of endothelin on in vitro renin secretion, Am J Physiol, 260, E251 Lin, 1993, Effect of endothelin-1 on glomerular hydraulic pressure and renin release in dogs, Hypertension, 21, 845, 10.1161/01.HYP.21.6.845 Kawaguchi, 1990, Endothelin stimulates angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells, J Mol Cell Cardiol, 22, 839, 10.1016/0022-2828(90)90115-I Neyses, 1992, Action of an ACE inhibitor on myocardial early growth response, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 20, S12 Chang, 1994, Effects of renin-angiotensin system in mediating endothelin-induced renal vasoconstriction: therapeutic implications, J Hypertens, 12, S43 Mortensen, 1992, Captopril prevents chronic hypertension produced by infusion of endothelin-1 in rats, Hypertension, 19, 676, 10.1161/01.HYP.19.6.676 Yoshida, 1992, Inhibition by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors of endothelin secretion from cultured human endothelial cells, Life Sci, 50, 195, 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90432-O Momose, 1993, Captopril inhibits endothelin-1 secretion from endothelial cells through bradykinin, Hypertension, 21, 921, 10.1161/01.HYP.21.6.921 Uemasu, 1994, Inhibition of plasma endothelin-1 concentration by captopril in patients with essential hypertension, Clin Nephrol, 41, 150 Ruiz Ortega, 1995, Molecular characterization of angiotensin II effects on renal interstitial fibroblasts, J Am Soc Nephrol, 69, 909 Fujibayashi, 1991, Vasoconstrictors stimulate interleukin-6 (IL-6) release from mouse mesangial cells (MC), J Am Soc Nephrol, 2, 437 Neuwirth, 1989, Angiotensin II causes formation of platelet activating factor in cultured rat mesangial cells, Circ Res, 64, 1224, 10.1161/01.RES.64.6.1224 Vertes, 1964, Renal arteriography, separate renal-function studies and renal biopsy in human hypertension, N Engl J Med, 270, 656, 10.1056/NEJM196403262701303 Davis, 1979, Prevalence of renovascular hypertension in patients with grade III or IV hypertensive retinopathy, N Engl J Med, 301, 1273, 10.1056/NEJM197912063012307 Wagner, 1992, Accelerated progression of renal failure in transgenic rats carrying an additional renin gene [TGR (mREN2) 27], J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, 448 Battle, 1993, Continuous versus intermittent angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in renal hypertensive rats, Hypertension, 22, 188, 10.1161/01.HYP.22.2.188 Garg, 1989, Inhibition of rat mesangial cell mitogenesis by nitric oxide-generating vasodilators, Am J Physiol, 257, F60 Trachtman, 1995, Nitric oxide modulates the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins in cultured rat mesangial cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 207, 120, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1161 Kolpakov, 1995, Nitric oxide-generating compounds inhibit total protein and collagen synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, Circ Res, 76, 305, 10.1161/01.RES.76.2.305 Mene, 1988, Modulation of mesangial cell proliferation by prostaglandins, Kidney Int, 33, 276 Rennke, 1989, Pathogenesis and significance of nonprimary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, Am J Kidney Dis, 13, 443, 10.1016/S0272-6386(89)80001-0 Remuzzi, 1990, Is glomerulosclerosis a consequence of altered glomerular permeability to macromolecules, Kidney Int, 38, 384, 10.1038/ki.1990.217 Rennke, 1994, The progression of renal disease: Structural and functional correlations, 116 Bruggeman, 1991, Thromboxane stimulates synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins in vitro, Am J Physiol, 261, F488 Ortiz, 1995, Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-α in the pathogenesis of experimental and human glomerulonephritis, Adv Nephrol, 24, 53 Gans, 1992, Bartter's syndrome, 782 Yoshida, 1994, Angiotensin II type receptor gene abnormality in a patient with Bartter's syndrome, Kidney Int, 46, 1505, 10.1038/ki.1994.431 Dunn, 1981, Nephrology Forum: Prostaglandins and Bartter's syndrome, Kidney Int, 19, 86, 10.1038/ki.1981.12 D'Amico, 1991, Clinical factors in progressive renal injury. The role of proteinuria, Am J Kidney Dis, 17, 48 Gaber, 1994, Effects of different antihypertensive treatments on morphologic progression of diabetic nephropathy in uninephrectomized dogs, Kidney Int, 46, 161, 10.1038/ki.1994.255 Kanse, 1991, Cytokines stimulated endothelin release from endothelial cells, Life Sci, 48, 1379, 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90434-D Gretz, 1993, The remnant kidney model, 1 Pupilli, 1992, Distribution and content of renin and renin mRNA in remnant kidney of adult rat, Am J Physiol, 263, F731 Correa-Rotter, 1992, Renin expression in renal ablation, Hypertension, 20, 483, 10.1161/01.HYP.20.4.483 Shah, 1989, Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in experimental glomerular disease, Kidney Int, 35, 1093, 10.1038/ki.1989.96 Ohishi, 1989, Differences in the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors with or without a thiol group in chronic renal failure in rats, Clin Sci, 76, 353, 10.1042/cs0760353 Andreoli, 1993, Captopril scavenges hydrogen peroxide and reduces, but does not eliminate, oxidant-induced cell injury, Am J Physiol, 264, F120 Marworth, 1991, Quinapril. A review of its pharmalogical properties and therapeutic efficacy in cardiovascular disorders, Drugs, 41, 378 Weber, 1991, Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, Circulation, 83, 1849, 10.1161/01.CIR.83.6.1849 Brilla, 1993, Anti-aldosterone treatment and the prevention of myocardial fibrosis in primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism, J Mol Cell Cardiol, 25, 563, 10.1006/jmcc.1993.1066 Hatekeyama, 1994, Vascular aldosterone. Biosynthesis and a link to angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells, J Biol Chem, 269, 24316, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)51084-5 Takeda, 1995, Aldosterone biosynthesis and action in vascular cells, Steroids, 60, 120, 10.1016/0039-128X(94)00026-9 Kelly, 1994, Immunopathogenic mechanisms of tubulointerstitial injury, 699 Marinides, 1987, Failure of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition to affect the course of chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy, Am J Pathol, 129, 394 Tanaka, 1994, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor modulates glomerular function and structure by distinct mechanisms, Kidney Int, 45, 537, 10.1038/ki.1994.69 Ikoma, 1991, Cause of variable therapeutic efficiency of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on glomerular lesions, Kidney Int, 40, 195, 10.1038/ki.1991.200 Rakugi, 1994, Induction of angiotensin converting enzyme in the neointima after vascular injury, J Clin Invest, 93, 339, 10.1172/JCI116965 Johnston, 1989, Comparative studies of tissue inhibition by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, J Hypertens, 7, S11 Wolf, 1990, Cyclosporine A stimulates procollagen transcription and synthesis in tubulointerstitial fibroblasts and proximal tubular cells, J Am Soc Nephrol, 1, 918, 10.1681/ASN.V16918 Alvarez, 1992, Biosynthetic and proliferative characteristics of tubulointerstital fibroblasts probed with paracrine cytokines, Kidney Int, 41, 14, 10.1038/ki.1992.3 Muller, 1991, Characterization of human renal fibroblasts in health and disease: I. Immunophenotyping of cultured tubular epithelial cells and fibroblasts derived from kidneys with histologically proven interstitial fibrosis, Am J Kidney Dis, 6, 680, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80351-9 Rodeman, 1991, Characterization of human renal fibroblasts in health and disease: II. In vitro growth, differentiation, and collagen synthesis of fibroblasts from kidneys with interstitial fibrosis, Am J Kidney Dis, 6, 684, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80352-0 Weber, 1992, Circulatory and extracircu-latory effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, Am Heart J, 123, 1414, 10.1016/0002-8703(92)91063-7 Bachmann, 1994, Nitric oxide in the kidney: synthesis, localization, and function, Am J Kidney Dis, 24, 112, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80170-3 Herbert, 1994, Remission of nephrotic range proteinuria in type I diabetes, Kidney Int, 46, 1688, 10.1038/ki.1994.469 Sinniah, 1977, Glomerular lesions in patients with asymptomatic persistent and orthostatic proteinuria discovered on routine medical examination, Clin Nephrol, 7, 1 Klahr, 1994, The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease, N Engl J Med, 330, 877, 10.1056/NEJM199403313301301 Ruggenenti, 1994, Long-term treatment with either enalapril or nitrendipine stabilizes albuminuria and increases glomerular filtration rate in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, Am J Kidney Dis, 24, 753, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80668-8 Miller, 1969, Long-term results of steroid therapy in adults with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, Am J Med, 46, 919, 10.1016/0002-9343(69)90094-1 Doi, 1992, Receptor-specific increase in extracellular matrix production in mouse mesangial cells by advanced glycosylation end products is mediated via platelet-derived growth factor, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 89, 2873, 10.1073/pnas.89.7.2873 Vlassara, 1992, Receptor-mediated interactions of advanced glycosylation end products with cellular components within diabetic tissues, Diabetes, 41, 52, 10.2337/diab.41.2.S52 Kamper, 1990, Effect of enalapril on hemoglobin and serum erythropoietin in patients with chronic nephropathy, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 50, 611, 10.3109/00365519009089178 Pratt, 1992, Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on erythropoietin concentrations in healthy volunteers, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 34, 363, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1992.tb05644.x Jensen, 1993, Effect of captopril on the renal veno-arterial gradient of erythropoietin and oxygen in unilateral renal artery disease, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 53, 859, 10.3109/00365519309086499 Torregrosa, 1994, Efficacy of captopril on posttransplant erythrocytosis. Long-term follow-up, Transplantation, 58, 311, 10.1097/00007890-199408150-00010 Brilla, 1993, Renin-angiotensin system and myocardial fibrosis in hypertension: regulation of the myocardial collagen matrix, Eur Heart J, J57 Weber, 1994, Collagen network of the myocardium: function, structural remodeling and regulatory mechanisms, J Mol Cell Cardiol, 26, 279, 10.1006/jmcc.1994.1036 Guarda, 1993, Effects of endothelins on collagen turnover in cardiac fibroblasts, Cardiovasc Res, 27, 2130, 10.1093/cvr/27.12.2130 Simonson, 1992, Differential regulation of fos and jun gene expression and AP-1 cis-element activity by endothelin isopeptides. Possible implications for mitogenic signaling by endothelin, J Biol Chem, 267, 8643, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42491-X Roberts, 1992, TGFβ: Regulation of extracellular matrix, Kidney Int, 41, 557, 10.1038/ki.1992.81 Arai, 1995, In vivo transfection of genes for renin and angiotensinogen into the glomerular cells induced phenotypic change of the mesangial cells and glomerular sclerosis, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 206, 525, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1075 Keane, 1985, Relationship among altered glomerular barrier permselectivity, angiotensin II, and mesangial uptake of macromolecules, Lab Invest, 52, 599 Michel, 1994, Effect of dietary protein and uninephrectomy on renal angiotensin converting enzyme activity in the rat, Kidney Int, 45, 1587, 10.1038/ki.1994.209 Kim, 1994, Contribution of renal angiotensin II type I receptor to gene expressions in hypertension-induced renal injury, Kidney Int, 46, 1346, 10.1038/ki.1994.404 Fujiwara, 1988, Angiotensin II (AII) stimulates mesangial cell growth through phosphoinositide (PI) cascade, 24A Homma, 1990, Angiotensin II (AII) induces hypertrophy and stimulates collagen production in cultured rat mesangial cell (MC), Clin Res, 38, 358 Wolthuis, 1992, Vasoactive agents affect growth and protein synthesis of cultured rat mesangial cells, Kidney Int, 41, 124, 10.1038/ki.1992.16 Orth, 1995, Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy and hyperplasia in adult human mesangial cells, Exp Nephrol, 3, 23